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PHYSICS
Class 9th (KPK)
NAME: __________________________

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CLASS: ___________ SECTION: ________

ROLL #: _____ SUBJECT: ____________

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Chapter # 02
Kinematics
Comprehensive questions:

Q# 1. What is motion? Describe that motion is relative. How two observers in relative
motion can have conflicting views about same object?

Ans: Motion:

A body is said to be in state of motion if it changes its position with respect to its surroundings
(or an observer).

Examples:

1. A flying bird

2. A moving car

3. A running boy, etc

Rest and Motion is Relative:

The rest and motion are not absolute. Both are relative because they need specification of
observer.

Explanation:

Objects can be at rest and in motion at the same time. Sometimes it happens that a body “A”
will be at rest with respect to body “B” but at the same time it will be in motion with respect to
body “C”. So for same even so observers can have different observations.

Examples:

1. For example, a person travelling by train is at rest with respect to its fellow passenger but the
same person is in motion with respect to all the bodies outside the train. Thus, the motion and
rest are not absolute but relative. This means that we have to specify the observer while telling
about the rest or motion of the body.

2. Similarly, in the classroom, when teacher changes her position while the students are sitting
on their chairs. According to the student observation, teacher is in motion whereas, the teacher
while moving also observes the students to move as well because the distance between teacher
and students in classroom is changing with respect to each other. This shows that rest and
motion are relative.

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Q#2. Explain different types of motion and give an example of each.

Ans: Types of Motion:

In general, there are three types of motion which are described below:

1. Translatory Motion

2. Rotatory Motion

3. Vibratory Motion

1. Translator Motion:

That type of motion in which all particles of the body move parallel to each other along any path,
straight or curved is called translator motion.

Examples:

1. Motion of a ball
2. A moving car, train, bus etc.
3. A running boy

2. Types of Translator motion:

There are further three types of translator motion which are as follow:

(i) Rectilinear Motion:

The straight line motion of a body is called rectilinear motion.

Example:

Motion of free falling bodies.

(ii) Curvilinear Motion:

The motion of a body along a curved path is called curvilinear motion.

Example:

Motion of cricket ball in air.

(iii) Random Motion:

The irregular motion of a body is called random motion

Example:

 Motion of gas molecules.

 Flight of butterfly

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2. Rotatory Motion:

That type of motion in which all particles of a body moves around a fixed point or axis is called
rotatory motion.

Examples:

1. Motion of the blades of a fan

2. Motion of a wheel.
3. Motion of hands of a clock.

3. Vibratory Motion:

The back and forth motion of a body along the same path about its mean position is called
vibratory motion.

Examples:

1. Motion of a swing
2. Motion of pendulum
3. Motion of the strings of a guitar.

Q#3. Define scalar and vector quantities. Explain with example the graphical
representation of vector quantities.

Ans: Scalar Quantities:

Those physical quantities which are completely described by their magnitude only are called
scalar quantities or scalars.

The scalars can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided by ordinary mathematical method.

Examples:

Speed, distance, temperature, energy, volume, power etc. are the examples of scalar quantities.

Vector Quantities:

Those physical quantities which are completely described by their magnitude as well as
direction are called vector quantities or vectors.

The vectors can be added, subtracted, divided and multiplied by graphical or geometrical
method.

Examples:

Force, velocity, acceleration, displacement etc. are the examples of vector quantities.

Graphical Representation of Vector Quantities:

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Graphically, a vector is represented by an arrow where the length of arrow shows the magnitude
(under certain scale) and the arrow head shows the direction of the vector.

The direction of the vector can either be represented by “Geographical” Coordinate System
(NEWS)” or “Cartesian Coordinate System”.

Steps to represent a vector:

The following method is used to represent a vector.

1. Draw a coordinate system.

2. Select a suitable scale.
3. Draw a line in the specified direction. Cut the line equal to the magnitude of the Vector
according to the selected scale.
4. Put an arrow in the direction of the vector.

Example:

We can explain the graphical r presentation of a vector with the help of an example. Suppose a
bus is moving towards east (direction) with a velocity of 50kmh-1 (magnitude).

1. First of all, we specify the direction by drawing NEWS coordinate system as shown in
figure.

ℎ−1 scale i.e.

Let, 10km ℎ−1= 1cm

Then50km=5cmNow, we select a suitable

2. Now, we draw the representative line OA of 5cm towards east i.e.

5cm

O A

In fig “B” the length of line OA represents the magnitude of the given vector (velocity) and arrow
head indicates the direction of given vector. This vector is infect 50 kmh-1 and is directed
towards East.

Q#4. What is position? Explain the difference between distance traveled, displacement,
and displacement magnitude.

Ans: Position:

The location of an object relative to some reference point (origin) is known as position of that
object.

Explanation:

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Position of an object can be described in rectangular coordinate system where origin O can
serve as a reference point. In the given figure, the position of an object at any point “P” is ( , )
where and y are known as coordinates of point P

1. Distance travelled:

The length of actual path traveled by a body between two positions is called distance travelled.
The value of distance is always positive. Distance is a scalar ∆ quantity∆ ∆ because∆ ∆it has
magnitude only. It has no direction. Distance is usually denoted by, or d and its SI unit is meter
(m).

2. Displacement:

The shortest directed distance between two positions is called displacement.

Or

x, Straight distance from one point to another is called displacement.

r, s,

l or

The value of displacement can be positive, negative or even zero. It is a vector quantity ∆ ∆ ∆
∆ because it has magnitude as well as direction. Displacement is usually denoted by d and its
SI unit is meter (m).

3. Displacement Magnitude:

The magnitude of displacement is the shortest distance between the two points.

The magnitude of displacement can be equal to the magnitude of distance when a body moves
in a straight line. It is a scalar quantity rather than a vector because it has magnitude only and
having no direction.

Quantity and Unit:

For example:

In the given figure, a body reaches from point “A” to „D” through “B” and “C”. So, path “ABCD”
represents the total path travelled by the body during its motion i.e. distance. While AD
represents the shortest distance between A and D. So, it is known as displacement.

Q#5. State and explain the terms:

a) Speed
b) Velocity
c) Acceleration

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a. Speed:

The distance covered by a body in a unit time is called speed. It is denoted by “V”.

Mathematical Form:

Mathematically, it can be written as:

Speed =

v= ∆

v= −

Speed is a scalar quantity and its SI unit is meter per second (m/s or m −1)

Example:

For example, a car is moving with a speed of 50m/s. This means that in every one second, it
covers a distance of 50m.

Types of Speed:

The speed is categorized into following types:

1) Uniform Speed (Constant Speed):

If a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, then the body is said be moving with
uniform speed or constant speed.

Mathematical Form:

Uniform speed =

Or v=

2) Non-Uniform Speed (Variable Speed):

If a body covers unequal distances in equal interval of time, then the body is said to be moving
with non-uniform speed or variable speed.

Quantity and Unit:

Mathematical Form:

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Variable Speed =

4. Average Speed:

The total distance covered by a body divided by total time taken is called Average speed. It is
denoted by “< >”.

Mathematical Form:

Average Speed = or < > =

5. Instantaneous Speed:
6. The speed of a body at any particular instant of time is called instantaneous us speed.
For such or ∆ → speed, we take time interval “ t” to be very small such that limit
“ t” approaches to zero i.e. limit to 0. ∆ ∆ the speed for short time interval "∆” is called
instantaneous speed.

Mathematical Form:

Mathematically, it can be written ℎ as:

Instantaneous Speed =∆ limit ℎ 0 or v = limit ∆ ∆∆ denoted by .∆ 0 ∆

b. Velocity:

The displacement ( ) covered by a body in a unit time () is called velocity. It is

or

The speed of a body in a definite direction is called velocity.

Example:

For example, a car is moving with a velocity of 50m/s towards east. So, in case of velocity, we
specify both magnitude (speed of car) and direction.

Velocity is a vector quantity and its SI unit is meter per second (m/s or m −1).

Mathematical Form:

Mathematically, it can be written as:

Velocity =

Types of Velocity:

The velocity is categorized into following types.

1. Uniform Velocity (constant velocity):

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If a body covers equal displacement in equal intervals of time, then the body is said to be
moving with uniform velocity or constant velocity. In uniform velocity, the speed as well as
direction of the body does not change with time.

Mathematical Form:

Uniform Velocity =

Mathematically, it can be written as:

2. Non-uniform velocity (variable velocity):

If a body covers unequal displacement in equal interval of time, then the body is said to be
moving with non-uniform velocity or variable velocity.

In variable velocity, the speed or direction or both of a moving body changes with time.

Mathematical Form:

Variable Velocity =

Mathematically, it can be written as:

3. Average velocity:

The total displacement covered by a body divided by the total time is called average velocity.

Mathematical Form:

Mathematically, it can be written as:

Average velocity =

v =

4. Instantaneous velocity:

The velocity of a body at any particular instant of time is called instantaneous velocity. The
velocity for very short time interval ∆ (very small such that limit "∆ ” approaching Or to zero) is
called instantaneous velocity.

3. Average Acceleration:

Acceleration =

v= limit∆

c. Acceleration:

Mathematical Form:

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Mathematically, it can be written ℎ as:

Instantaneous velocity =∆ limit→ ℎ

∆ 0

The measure of change in velocity”∆ ” with the passage of time “ ∆ ”is called acceleration.

Or

Time rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.

Mathematical Form:

Mathematically, ℎ it can be written as:

Quantity and unit:

Acceleration is a vector quantity and its SI unit is meter per second squared

( 2 −2 ).

Type of Acceleration:

The acceleration is categorized into following types.

1. Uniform Acceleration (constant Acceleration):

A body is said to be moving with uniform acceleration, if equal change occurs in velocity in
equal intervals of time.

2. Non- uniform or variable acceleration:

A body is said to be moving with variable acceleration, if unequal change occurs in velocity in
equal intervals of time.

The total change in velocity of a body divided by the total time is called average acceleration. It
is denoted by “< >”.

Mathematical Form:

Average Acceleration = ℎ

Mathematically, it can be written as:

Or

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3. Positive Acceleration:

If the magnitude of acceleration is called positive of motion of a body. Velocity increases with
the passage of time, such type of acceleration. The positive acceleration is always in the
direction.

Example:

For example, a car starts from rest and its speed increases along a straight line with the
passage of time then the car is said to have positive acceleration.

5. Negative Acceleration:

If the magnitude of velocity decreases with the passage of time, such type of acceleration is
called negative acceleration.

Negative acceleration is also called Retardation or deceleration. The negative acceleration is

always in the opposite direction of motion of a body.

Example:

For example, when a car is moving with a certain speed then brakes are applied which
decreases the speed of car, then the car is said to have negative acceleration.

6. Instantaneous Acceleration:

The Acceleration of a body at any particular instant of time is called instantaneous acceleration.

The value of instantaneous acceleration is obtained, if is made smaller such that it approaches
to zero.

Mathematical Form:

Mathematically, it can be writt n as: ℎ ℎ

Instantaneous Acceleration = limit∆ → ℎ 0

a = lim

0 (c) 2as =-

(a) vf = vi + at (b) s = vit +

Q#6. Use velocity time graph to prove the following equations of motion.

∆ →

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(a) Derive 1st equation of motion

OR

Prove that vf = vi + at

Ans: 1st equation of motion:

Consider a body has initial velocity “vi” at point “A” and then its velocity changes with uniform
acceleration from “A” to “B” in time interval “t” and its final velocity becomes “vf” as shown.

In the figure

Initial velocity = vi = OA = DC

Final velocity = vf = BC

Time = t = OC = AD

Acceleration = a = AB

From the graph

BC = BD + DC ------ (i)

Put the values of “BC” and “DC” in equation (i)

Vf

= BD + vi ------- (ii)

As we know that the slope of velocity-time graph is equal to acceleration, then

+ (Proved)

Put it in

eq (ii)

(b) Derive 2nd equation of motion

OR 1

Prove that S = vit + 2 at2

Ans: 2nd equation of motion

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Consider a body is moving with initial velocity “vi” and covered distance “S” in time “t”.

The distance covered by a body is quale to the area between velocity-time graph “AB” and time
axis “OC” which is equal to the area of “OABC”.

In the figure

Initial velocity = vi = OA = DC

Final velocity

= vf = BC

Time = t = OC = AD

Acceleration = a = AB

Distance = S

From the figure

Distance travelled = Area of figure OABC

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