312/2

GEOGRAPHY
Paper 2
MARCH/APRIL, 2023
Time 2 hours 45 min.

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education

312/2
Paper 2
GEOGRAPHY
MARKING SCHEME

INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
 This paper has two sections A and B
 Write all the personal details in the spaces provided
 Answer ALL the questions in section A. In section B answer questions 6 and any other
TWO questions.
 Answer the Questions in English.

For examiners use only.

Expected score Students score
Section A 25
Number 6 25
25
25
100

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Section A: Answer All Questions in This Section
1.(a) What is Human Environment? (2Marks)
Human environment comprises human activities on the earth’s surface and their effects.
(b) Identify areas of study under the Human Environment. (3 Marks)
 Mining
 Forestry
 Fishing
 Agriculture
 Wildlife and tourism
 Industry
 Transport and communication
 Trade
2(a) Give two reasons why pastoralists keep large herds of animals. (2 Marks)
 It is a form of insurance against natural calamities such as diseases and drought.
 Animals are kept as a sign of wealth/prestige/social status.
 Animals are kept for use to pay dowry.
 Animals are used as a source of food/milk/meat/blood.
 Animals are source of income when sold.
b) Give three ways in which the government of Kenya assist nomadic pastoralists (3 Marks)
 Provision of extension services
 Sourcing for market
 Giving incentives

3(a) What is a polder? (2 Marks)

 A polder is a low lying land reclaimed from the sea and enclosed by dykes
(b) State three ways of land reclamation. (3 Marks)
 Draining swamps
 Control of pests
 Irrigating dry land
 Afforestation

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4(a) State three problems facing crop farming in Kenya. (3 Marks)
 Pests
 Diseases
 Low market
 Competition with other economic activity
(b) Outline two problems facing coffee farming in Kenya (2 Marks
 Diseases like root rot, leaf rust which reduce the coffee yields leading to losses to
farmers.
 Pests like aphids, leaf miner which attacks coffee leaves causing them to fall off reducing
the yield leading to losses to farmers.
 Mismanagement of some co-operatives and embezzlement of funds by leaders which has
caused some co-operatives to close up.
 Exhaustion of soil due to monoculture as coffee uses a lot of nutrients from the soil.
 Inadequate capital making the farmer unable to buy inputs such as fertilizers and
chemicals leading to low production.
 Unreliable rainfall and drought conditions which causes young berries to ripen
prematurely and fall off resulting to low yields hence loss to farmers.
 Competition from other crops which have caused farmers to abandon coffee due to low
prices.
 Delayed payments to farmers which has lowered their morale.
 Impassable roads during rainy season delays delivery of coffee berries to the factory
reducing their quality leading to losses to farmers.
 Fluctuation of coffee prices in the world market making farmers unable to plan ahead.
 High cost of farm inputs lowers coffee production reducing profit margin.
 Shortage of labour supply during harvesting season increasing the cost of production
hence low profit margins.

5. (a) A photograph is divided into three main parts. Name them. (3 Marks)
 Foreground
 Middle ground
 Back ground
(b) State two limitations of using photographs. (3 Marks)
 Colored photos are expensive
 Vertical aerial photographs may not be clearly seen
 Black and white photos do not show the actual features
SECTION B: Answer question 6 and any other two questions in this section

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6. The table below shows the prices of sugar in Kenya shillings per ton in some countries in
Africa. Use it to answer questions
YEAR KENYA UGANDA TANZANIA ZAMBIA
2014 93,400 61,923 67,102 84,556
2015 109,224 67,624 65,785 93,768
2016 110,897 65,170 90,647 86,236

a) (i) Draw a divided rectangle 16cm long to represent the prices of sugar in the year 2016
(8Marks)

(ii) State two advantages of using divide rectangle to present statistical data (2Marks)

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  Gives clear visual impression
 Easier to draw
 Shows trend over time
(b) Give three physical factors that influence the growing of sugar cane in Kenya (3 Marks)
 High temperatures/ moderate to high temperatures.
 High rainfall.
 Well distributed rainfall throughout the year.
 Dry/ sunny conditions for sucrose accumulation.
 Deep, well drained, loamy/black cotton/clay soils.
 Gently sloping/undulating land which enables mechanization.
(c). Describe the stages involved in processing of sugarcane at the factory (7Marks)
 The cane is received at the factory and weighed.
 The cane is washed and chopped into small pieces.
 The pieces are crushed to extract the juice.
 The juice is put into clarifiers to filter off the impurities.
 The juice is boiled to evaporate the water.
 The juice is further stirred in large tanks to allow crystallization.
 The crystals are separated from molasses.
 The sugar is bleached to whiten.
 Sugar is then dried, cooled, graded, weighed and packed ready for sale/export.
d). State five challenges facing sugar farming in Kenya (5 Marks)

 Pests like termites, white grub destroy sugarcane plants reducing quality/yields leading to
low income for the farmers.
 Diseases like sugarcane mosaic, smut, yellow wilt, ratoon stunting destroy sugarcane
plants reducing the quality/yields leading to low income for farmers.
 Frequent fire outbreaks which destroy sugarcane hence losses.
 Climatic hazards/Droughts leads to destruction of the sugarcane crop leading to heavy
losses.
 Fluctuations of sugar prices in the world market leads to uncertainty earnings making it
difficult for farmers to plan ahead.
 Inaccessible roads lead to delays in delivery of the canes to the factory lowering the
quality/profit to farmers.
 High cost of farm inputs makes them unaffordable to the farmers leading to low
yields/low profit margins.
 Delayed payment to the farmers by cooperatives lowers their morale.
 Mismanagement of cooperatives leads to low payment to farmers which lowers their
morale.
 Labour shortage during harvesting
 Delays in harvesting of sugarcane disrupt farmer’s planning/reducing farmers’ earnings.

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7(a) (i) Distinguish between a forest and forestry. (2Marks)
 A forest is a continuous growth of trees and undergrowth covering a large tract of land.
WHILE Forestry/tree farming is the act of developing and managing forests.

(ii) Name two indigenous softwood trees species found in Kenya (2Marks)
 African pencil,
 Podo
 Cedar
 Cypress

(b)(i) Characteristics of planted forests (3Marks)

 Trees appear in rows.
 They have same species.
 They are mainly softwoods.
 They have little/ no undergrowth.
 They take short time to mature.
 They appear in blocks/ same height.
 Mainly located in highland areas.
 They are scientifically managed.
 Trees are mainly exotic.
 They are fine monitored.

(ii) Name two forest reserves in West of the Rift valley of Kenya (2 Marks)
 Mau ranges
 Kisii highlands
 Nandi hills
 Mt. Elgon
 Turbo
 Kaptagat
 Tinderet

b) (i) State four characteristics of temperate hardwood forests. (4Marks)

 Trees are hardwoods.
 Trees are deciduous.
 Trees have broad leaves.
 Trees are in mixed stands.
 Forests are fairly open.

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  Trees produce strong and durable hardwoods.

(ii) Explain any three problems which have limited exploitation of tropical hardwood forests in
Africa (6Marks)
 Trees are in mixed stand hence hinders exploitation of the desirable tree species.
 Thick undergrowths hinders penetration/ road construction.
 Climbers obstruct the felling of trees.
 Buttress roots slow down the felling operations.
 Wild animals in the forests attack people.
 Trees take long time to mature delaying harvesting period.
 Humid and hot conditions are uncomfortable to work in the forest.
 Humid conditions create suitable environment for disease attack.
c) Give the difference between exploitation of softwood forests in Kenya and Canada under the
following headings:
i) Trees species (2Marks)
 In Kenya, there are both exotic (cypress, wattle) and indigenous (podo and African
pencil) tree species while in Canada, all tree species are indigenous e.g. spruce and forg.

(ii) Mode of exploitation (2Marks)

 In Kenya, harvesting of trees is done selectively while in Canada, clear/ indiscriminate
cutting of trees is done.
(iii) Marketing of products (2Marks)
 In Kenya, forest products are mainly sold locally whereas forest products in Canada are
mainly exported.
8.a) Define the term mineral (2Marks)
 Mineral is an inorganic substance occurring naturally beneath/ at earth’s surface.

b) i) Name two areas in South Africa where diamond is mined (2Marks)

 Orange Free State
 Transvaal
 Koffie
 Jagersfantein
 Kimberley
 Pretoria

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ii) Give four ways in which minerals occur (4Marks)
 Beds and seams
 Alluvial deposits
 Weathering products
 Veins and lodes
c) i) Explain Three negative effects of mining on the environment (6Marks)
 The dumping of rock waste has led to the loss of biodiversity/ destruction of natural
vegetation.
 Dereliction of land due to dumping of waste materials destroys the natural beauty of the
land.
 Pollution of the areas by noise/ blasts smoke and water pools are health hazards.
 Mining disrupts the water table which may lead to water shortage.
 Mining takes up land that would have been used for agriculture thus interfering with food
production.
 Mining displaces human settlements thus disrupting people.
 Mining causes soil degradation/ facilitate soil erosion making land unsuitable for
agriculture.
 Use of explosives during mining causes instability of basement rock leading to mass
wasting.
ii) Identify any two main methods of mining (2Marks)
 Open cast mining
 Underground mining
 Alluvial/Placer mining
iii) Name a port through which minerals in East Africa are exported (I Mark)
 Mombasa
 Dar es Salaam

d. Explain four ways in which soda ash contributes to the economy of Kenya) (8Marks)
 Kenya earns foreign exchange from the exportation of soda ash.
 Soda ash is locally used/ consumed saving Kenya’s foreign currency.
 It creates employment opportunities improving the living standards of Kenyans.
 It provides raw material for development of related industries like glass making industry.
 It has led to development of social amenities like schools and hospitals improving the
living standards of Kenyans.
 It has led to the development of Magadi town which is centre for economic development.

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  It has led to development of transport and communication networks that ease movement
of goods.
 It earns revenue to the government through taxes.
 Soda ash is sold earning miners income.

9. (a) i. Name three exotic breeds of cattle reared in commercial ranches in Kenya. (3Marks)
Aberdeen Angus, Hereford, short horn, Charolais, Sahiwal.
(ii ). Explain three problems facing commercial beef farming in Kenya. (6 Marks)
 High temperatures in the country makes it hard to rare cattle of high quality.
 Unreliable rainfall leads to inadequate pasture for cattle.
 Thin soils lead to poor natural grass unsuitable for the quality animals.
 Overstocking by pastoralists ruin pasture land leaving less for beef farming.
 Pests like ticks and tse tse fly attack animals lowering the yields.
 Diseases like nagana, rinderpest, foot and mouth affects the animals lowering yields.
 Competition from other land use activities like wildlife hence affecting beef farming.
 Poor quality animals due to poor pastures hence low profit margins.
 Inadequate capital for development of the beef industry.

(b). State four physical factors that favour dairy farming in the Kenya highlands (4Marks)
 Moderate/high rainfall.
 Deep, well drained, volcanic/loam soils.
 Moderate/high temperatures.
 Cool/warm/hot conditions.
 Gently sloping/undulating landscape.
 Constant supply of natural pastures.
 Supply of water from rivers.

c. (i). Apart from fresh milk name three other dairy products (4 Marks)
 Cheese
 Yogurt
 Butter
 Cream
(ii) Explain four ways in which dairy farming in Kenya is different from dairy
farming in Denmark. (8Marks)

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  In Kenya, cattle mainly depend on naturally growing grass/pasture whereas in Denmark,
the cattle are fed on fodder/commercial grass/commercial feeds.
 In Kenya, mechanization is limited/mainly labour intensive while in Denmark,
mechanization is widely used.
 In Kenya, most farmers practice mixed farming while in Denmark dairy farming is highly
specialized.
 In Kenya, most of the dairy products are consumed by the domestic market while in
Denmark, the products are mainly exported.
 In Kenya, dairy production is affected by variation in climate while in Denmark dairy
farming is least affected by variation in climate.
 In Kenya, dairy cooperatives are least developed while in Denmark, dairy cooperatives
are highly developed.
 In Kenya artificial insemination/extension services is limited to a few farms while in
Denmark, artificial insemination/extension services are widely used.
 In Kenya animals graze outdoor throughout the year while in Denmark, animals are kept
indoor during winter.
 In Kenya research is limited while in Denmark research is extensive.
 In Kenya, dairy farming is practiced in highlands while in Denmark it is found
throughout the country.

10. (a) The diagram below shows a fishing ground in the Pacific Ocean.

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(i) Identify the fishing ground shown above. (2 Marks)
 North west pacific fishing grounds
(ii) Name two types of fish species found in the fishing ground above. (2 Marks)
 Tuna
 Salmon
 Cod
 Sardine
 Mackerel
 Pollack
 Bonito
(b) (i) Differentiate between fishing and fisheries. (2 Marks)
 Fishing is the exploitation of the aquatic life WHILE fisheries are the water bodies that
contain the aquatic life
(ii) Name two examples of inland fisheries in Kenya. (2 Marks)
 Lake
 Rivers

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  Fish ponds
 Reservoirs
(c) (i) Describe the long lining fishing method. (4 Marks)
 In calm waters, fishing boats spread out long lines with several hooks on them.
 The floats keep the lines suspended to show the fishermen where the lines are.
 The baited hooks then catch the fish as they compete to feed.
 It is used to catch demersal fish like cod. This method is longline fishing.
(ii) Explain three physical factors that have influenced the development of fishing in
Japan. (6 Marks)
 Highly indented coastline/ numerous islands provides suitable breeding grounds for fish/
suitable sites for the fish ports/ villages.
 Convergence of cold Oyashio and warm Kuroshio currents provide cool waters/ ice free
suitable for fish/ upwelling of water which brings minerals/ fish food close to the surface/
well oxygenated waters.
 Shallow broad/ wide continental shelf which provide favourable conditions for growth of
planktons/ contain large quantities of fish (for commercial investment/ exploitation).
 The ruggedness/ mountainous landscape limits agricultural development therefore people
practice fishing as an alternative source of food/ earning.
 Cool waters favours the survival of numerous fish species.

(d) (i) State four problems that face Marine fishing in Kenya. (4 Marks)
 Small market for fish.
 Inadequate refrigeration facilities hindering transportation of fresh fish to the market.
 The high price of fish discourages people from eating fish regularly.
 Stiff competition from foreign fishermen.
 Strong Ocean tides causes boat to capsize.
 Inadequate technology like absence of specialised ships with refrigerators.
(ii) Give three ways of conserving fresh water fisheries in Kenya. (3 Marks)

 Restocking the overfished areas.

 Standardizing the mesh size of nets to be used in fishing.
 Licensing commercial fishermen to control their numbers.
 Restricting fishing to specific seasons.
 Restricting the disposal of untreated waste into the Ocean/ control of water pollution.
 Monitoring/ discouraging the entry of foreign fishermen off the Indian Ocean waters.
 Enforcing the international conventions to protect endangered fish species.

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