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Lecture - 1 - Water Quality Parameters

The document discusses water quality parameters and standards, focusing on sources and causes of water pollution, including both anthropogenic and natural sources. It details various water quality indicators such as dissolved oxygen, pH, total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand, along with their measurement methods and significance. Additionally, it outlines the WHO and Department of Environment (DoE) standards for drinking water and discharge parameters.

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Raiyan Zaman Adrey
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27 views34 pages

Lecture - 1 - Water Quality Parameters

The document discusses water quality parameters and standards, focusing on sources and causes of water pollution, including both anthropogenic and natural sources. It details various water quality indicators such as dissolved oxygen, pH, total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand, along with their measurement methods and significance. Additionally, it outlines the WHO and Department of Environment (DoE) standards for drinking water and discharge parameters.

Uploaded by

Raiyan Zaman Adrey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Water Quality Parameters

and Standards
Lecture-2

Dr. M. Khabir Uddin


Professor
Department of Environmental Sciences
Jahangirnagar University
Sources/causes of water pollution

Water Pollution:
The adding to water of any substance, or the changing of water's physical and chemical and
biological characteristics.

Anthropogenic sources Natural sources


• Domestic Water Pollution • Natural Disaster
• Industrial Water Pollution
• Agricultural Water Pollution • Siltation
• Ship-breaking Operation • Rainfall
• Radioactive Waste
• Thermal Pollution • Global Warming
• Oil Pollution
• Global Warming
Oil Pollution

Ocean water is polluted by Oil during extraction


A Bangladeshi oil-tanker lies half-submerged after it was hit by a
cargo vessel on the Shela River in the Sundarbans in Mongla.
Oil Pollution

Oil pollution impacts


Water quality parameters

◦ Physical
● Suspended solid (SS), color, taste, smell,
temperature
◦ Chemical
● Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
● Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) &
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
● pH
● Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
◦ Biological
● Bacteria, virus, protozoa, helminthes

7
Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolve oxygen(DO)
What is Dissolved Oxygen?
Dissolved oxygen refers to the level of free,
non-compound oxygen present in water or other liquids. It
is an important parameter in assessing water quality
because of its influence on the organisms living within a
body of water.

Dissolved oxygen concentrations decrease as


temperature increases Dissolved oxygen is important to many
forms of aquatic life.
Dissolved Oxygen

Dissolved oxygen concentrations are constantly affected by:


•diffusion
•aeration
•photosynthesis
•respiration
•temperature
•decomposition

Dissolved oxygen concentrations can fluctuate daily and seasonally.


Low Dissolved Oxygen Leads
to…

Fish Kills

10
Dissolved Oxygen

Measuring Dissolved Oxygen

Three methods available for measuring dissolved oxygen concentrations


Management of dissolved
oxygen in ponds
Aeration

12
CO2 species diagram based on pH
Relation between pH and pKa
If you know either pH or pKa,
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
pH = pKa + log ([conjugate base]/[weak
acid])
pH = pka+log ([A-]/[HA])

At half the equivalence point:

pH = pKa
It's worth noting sometimes this equation is
written for the Ka value rather than pKa, so
you should know the relationship:
pKa = -logKa
pH of Water

pH stands for the “power of hydrogen”.

The numerical value of pH is determined by the molar concentration of hydrogen ions


(H+) ³. This is done by taking the negative logarithm of the H+ concentration (-log(H+)).
For example, if a solution has a H+ concentration of 10-3 M, the pH of the solution will
be -log(10-3), which equals 3.
pH of Water

Why is pH Important?

Aquatic pH levels. The optimum pH levels for fish are from


6.5 to 8.0. Outside of optimum ranges, organisms can
become stressed or die. Recommended minimum
pH levels for aquatic life.
pH of Water

Ocean Acidification

As atmospheric CO2 increases, dissolved CO2 will increase and the pH of


water will decrease (data: NOAA/ESRL and University of Hawaii)
pH of Water

Measuring pH
Electrical Conductivity (EC): The ability of a substance to conduct
electricity
Conductivity of water depends on the concentration of dissolved
ions. So, it can serve as an indicator of water quality problems
Unit: µS/cm

19
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): It refers to any minerals, salts,
metals, cations or anions dissolved in water.
TDS comprise inorganic salts (principally calcium, magnesium,
potassium, sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates) and
some small amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in
water.
All natural waters contain some dissolved solids due to the
dissolution and weathering of rock and soil
Waters with high TDS are unpalatable (not pleasant to taste) and
potentially unhealthy
Unit: ppm

20
Relationship between TDS and EC
The TDS and the electrical conductivity are in a
close connection. The more salts are dissolved in the water, the
higher is the value of the electric conductivity.

21
Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD)
❖ BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen(DO) needed by aerobic
biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic
material present in a given water sample at certain temperature
over a specific time period.

❖ The BOD value is commonly expressed in mg of oxygen


consumed per liter of sample during 5-days of incubation at 20
degree temperature.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
BOD: a measure of the quantity of oxygen that bacteria will consume
while decomposing organic matter under aerobic conditions (presence of
oxygen)
Bacteria decompose organic materials using dissolved oxygen, thus
reducing DO present for fish
Treatment plants reduce BOD before discharging Wastewater
BOD5 is the 5 day biochemical oxygen demand.

Figure: Relationship between BOD and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 23


BOD measurement procedure
Take Sample in a suitable bottle (300ml)

Initial DO is measured by using DO meter (before incubation)

sealed the bottle and incubated in the dark chamber (5-days at


200C)

After 5-days DO is measured.


Calculation
The following formula is used to calculate the biochemical oxygen
demand of water.

BOD5 (mg/L) = (D1 - D2 )/ P


Here,
D1= Initial DO of water sample before incubation(mg/L)
D2 = Final DO of water sample after incubation (mg/L)
P = Decimal volumetric fraction of sample used.

If 100 mL of sample are diluted to 300 mL, then P =100/300 = 0.33.


Notice that if no dilution is necessary, P = 1.0 and the BOD5 is
determined by D1 - D2.
Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD)
❖ COD is the amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidize
the biodegradable and non-biodegradable organic matter.

❖ COD often is used as a measurement of pollutants in


wastewater and natural water.

❖ It is expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/L) which indicates


the mass of oxygen consumed per liter of solution.
COD measurement procedure
Chemicals
1. Potassium dichromate( k2Cr2O7 )
2. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
3. Mercurry sulphate (HgSO4)
4. Silver sulphate ( Ag2SO4 )
5. Ferruous ammoniuam sulphate.
6. Ferrion indicator
Vial preparation
Take 3.0644gm k2Cr2O7 in 250ml distilled water to prepare 0.25N
solution

Take 2ml of k2Cr2O7 from the solution and add in vial

Add 3ml of H2SO4

Add small amount of HgSO4, Ag2SO4


Add 2ml sample water

Prepare a blank by substituting 2ml deionized water

keep vial in COD reactor for the digestion (150 ˚C ,2hr)


Titration procedure
keep vial on rack after digestion for cooling

place sample of the vial in conical flask

add 2-3 drops ferroin indicatior

take 0.125N FAS in burrete


( 4.902gm of FAS in 100ml distilled water to prepare 0.125N solution)

add FAS for color change

changes color blue- green to reddish hue


Calculation

COD (mg/L)=(A–B)*2000/CM

A = (mL) FAS used for blank


B = (mL) FAS used for sample
C = (mL) of FAS used for titration of standard
solution.
2000=Chloride concentration in COD vials supplied
M = 1 for high range COD vial,
.1 for low range COD vial
Total Suspended Solids(TSS)
❖ Total Suspended Solids (TSS) are solids in water that can be
trapped by a filter. TSS can include a wide variety of material,
such as silt, decaying plant and animal matter, industrial wastes,
and sewage. High concentrations of suspended solids can cause
many problems for stream health and aquatic life.

❖ The most accurate method of determining TSS is by filtering


and weighing a water sample
Total Hardness
❖ Total hardness is determined by the multivalent

cations' concentrations present in water. Total


hardness can be equivalent to the total calcium and
magnesium hardness.

❖ It is expressed in mg/L or parts per million (ppm)


Standards for drinking water
parameter unit WHO standards DoE standards

6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5
pH
TDS mg/L 1000 1000
Total hardness mg/L 300 200-500

DO mg/L 4-6 6

BOD5 200C mg/L - 0.2

Turbidity NTU 1-5 10


EC µS/cm 300 350

TSS mg/L 10 10

COD mg/L - 4

Temperature °C - 20-30
Standards for discharge

Parameter Unit DoE standards for DoE standards for


inland surface irrigated land
water

pH 6-9 6-9

TDS mg/L 2100 2100

BOD mg/L 50 100

COD mg/L 200 400

EC µS/cm 1200 1200

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