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Psychology FINAL - Split

The document discusses the concept of memory, its importance in daily life, and the stages of memory including encoding, storage, and retrieval. It explains different types of memory such as sensory, short-term, and long-term memory, along with their subcategories and functions. Additionally, it addresses memory loss, its causes, and tips for improving memory.

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9 views26 pages

Psychology FINAL - Split

The document discusses the concept of memory, its importance in daily life, and the stages of memory including encoding, storage, and retrieval. It explains different types of memory such as sensory, short-term, and long-term memory, along with their subcategories and functions. Additionally, it addresses memory loss, its causes, and tips for improving memory.

Uploaded by

waleed34mahmoud
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Light Illusions

• Using light and shadows to form an


illusion of depth.
• We assume the light comes from
above
• sensation and perception 27 mins
The End

Next Topic
Memory
LECTURE 7
MEMORY

DR. EMAN BASHER


O RY
ME M
WHAT IS MEMORY?
• Memory is the faculty of brain by which data or information is encoded, stored, and
retrieved when needed
IMPORTANCE:-

1. Memory is a fundamental requirement of life, learning, and self-protection. Every aspect


of our daily life and behavior may be affected by our ability to remember past events and
experiences.
2. We can not face the present and plan for the future based on our past experiences
without memory.
For example:
Imagine a man with no ability forgot the vocab of the language and the meanings of words.
When you talk to him, he won’t understand your words. Even calling him in his name won’t
make him respond. Even when he wakes up he won’t be able to wash his face or gets his
clothes on. Such things must be learned and stored in memory and be remembered when
needed.
Memory stages
1. Memory encoding
2.Memory storage
3.Memory retrieval
MEMORY STAGES
Encoding:
– Process of receiving, processing, and combining information.
– Allow information from the outside world to reach our senses in the form of chemical and
physical stimuli.
– The three main ways in which information can be encoded are visual, acoustic, semantic.
– Evidence suggests that the principle coding in short term memory is acoustic coding while a
long term memory is the semantic coding.
storage :
– Storage is the second memory stage or process in which we maintain information over periods of
time.
– This concerns the nature of memory stores, i.e., where the information is stored, how long the
memory lasts for(duration), how much can be stored at any time(capacity) and what kind of
information is held.
– The magical number 7
He thought that short term capacity was 7(plus or minus 2) items because it
only had a certain number of ‘‘slots” in which items could be stored.
However, Miller didn’t specify the amount of information that can be held in
each slot. indeed, if we can ‘‘chunk” information together we can store a lot
more information in our short-term memory.
The duration in which information can be stored in STM is brief (0-30s).
The capacity for LTM is unlimited and can store information for life time.
Retrieval :
– the calling back of stored information is response to some cue for use in a process or activity.
– STM is stored and retrieved sequentially.
– LTM is stored and retrieved by association.
– Organizing information can help aid retrieval. You can organize information in sequences (such
as alphabetically, by size, or by time).
SENSORY MEMORY
• Sensory memories the shortest term element memory. in order for anything
to enter our memory, it must be picked up by our senses(taste, touch, sight,
hearing, and smell).
• sensory memory makes use of five senses in order to be developed.
• For example, the ability to look at something and remember what it looked
like with just a second of observation is an example of sensory memory.
SHORT-TERM MEMORY
• Also called working memory. it is everything you are thinking of at the current moment.
Takes less than one minute to process.
• it is the information we hang on to while doing another process and it tends to
disappear really fast unless we make an effort to remember it.
• for example, when reading a sentence, you place the beginning of sentence in mind so
as to understand the rest of the sentence.
LONG-TERM MEMORY
• Definition of long term Memory : memory that involves the storage and recall of
information over a long period of time (such as days, weeks, or years)
Types of long term Memory

explicit Implicit

Semantic primary
memory Episodic procedural memory
memory memory
Explicit (declarative) memory : it is also known as declarative Memory, since you can
consciously recall and explain information. Information that you have to consciously work to
remember is known as explicit memory (studying or memorizing).
• It is divided into two types :
A) Semantic memory: part of long-term responsible for storing
information about the world. This includes knowledge about the meaning of words, as well
as general knowledge. For example, London is the capital of England.
B) Episodic Memory : consists of our memories of personal experience
past events that have happened in the past (i.e. episode)like remembering the last meal
you at or your first day at school.
Implicit Memory: Things that people don't purposely try to remember
are stored in implicit memory. This kind of memory is both unconscious
and unintentional.
• They are divided into two types :
A) procedural Memory : it is the Memory of knowing how to do
things, like driving a car or brushing teeth. It doesn't involve conscious thought.
B) priming memory: memory in which exposure to one stimulus
influence the response to another stimulus.
Perceptual priming involves stimuli that have
similar forms. For example, the word ‘goat’ will
evoke a faster response when it is preceded by
the word ‘boat’
Types of prime memory:
Semantic memory: involves words that are associated in a logical or
linguistic way.
ASSOCIATIVE PRIMING INVOLVES USING TWO STIMULI THAT ARE
NORMALLY ASSOCIATED WITH ONE ANOTHER. FOR EXAMPLE, ‘CAT’
AND ‘MOUSE’
CONCEPTUAL PRIMING INVOLVES A STIMULUS AND RESPONSE THAT
ARE CONCEPTUALLY RELATED. WORDS SUCH AS ‘DESK’ AND ‘CHAIR’
ARE LIKELY TO SHOW PRIMING EFFECTS BECAUSE THEY ARE IN THE
SAME CONCEPTUAL CATEGORY.
MEMORY LOSS
MEMORY LOSS

• Also known as ‘amnesia’, memory loss is unusual forgetfulness as you may not be able
to remember new events or recall one or more memories of the past.

• Memory loss may be for a short time and then be resolved OR it may not go away. It
depends on the cause as it can get worse over time.
CAUSES:-
1. Normal aging
2. Brain tumor
3. Severe brain infection
4. Cancer treatment (brain radiation, bone marrow transplant, or
chemotherapy)
5. Smoking and severe alcohol consumption
• Sometimes it occurs with mental health problems such as
1. Depression
2. Major traumatic event
3. schizophrenia
ALZHEIMER
• What is Alzheimer?
• What is dementia?
• How does it progress?
• Are there stages in the disease?
MEMORY LOSS
• Treatment depends on the cause
1. Memory loss from medication may be resolved with changing medication
2. Nutritional supplements can be useful against memory loss caused by a nutritional
deficiency
3. Treating depression may be helpful when depression is a factor.
TIPS TO IMPROVE YOUR MEMORY

1. Socialize regularly
2. Get organized
3. Sleep well
4. Healthy diet
5. Stay mentally active
6. Include physical activity in your daily routine

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