UNDERSTANDING THE SELF

GE 1-C: Understanding the Self

1st Semester ꟾ BSCRIM 1H
S.Y. 2024 – 2025

LESSON 1
PLATO
THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PHILOSOPHICAL
PERSPECTIVES  Plato supported the idea of Socrates that man
is a dual nature (body and soul)
 The history of philosophy is replete with  Plato added that there are three components
individuals who inquired into the fundamental of the soul:
nature of the self. Along with the question of SPIRITED APPETITIVE
RATIONAL
the primary substratum that defines the SOUL SOUL
SOUL
multiplicity of things in the world, the inquiry
on the self has preoccupied the earliest RATIONAL SOUL
thinkers in the history of philosophy: the  Forged by reason and intellect has to govern
Greeks. the affairs of the human person
 They are the ones who seriously questioned
myths and move away from them in SPIRITED SOUL
attempting to understand reality and respond  In-charge of emotions (love, joy, anger,
to perennial question of curiosity, including the jealousy, etc.)
question of the self. The different perspectives
and views on the self can be best seen and APPETITIVE SOUL
understood by revisiting its prime movers and  In-charge of base desires like eating, drinking,
identify the most important conjectures made sleeping, and having sex
by philosophers from the ancient times to the
contemporary period
ST. AUGUSTINE
PHILOSOPHERS THAT EXPLAINS THE IDEA  The body is bound to die on earth and, - the
ABOUT SELF
Socrates & Plato David Hume soul is to anticipate living eternally in a realm
St. Augustine Immanuel Kant of spiritual bliss in communion with God.
Thomas Aquinas Gilbert Ryle
Rene Descartes Merleau-Ponty  The body can only thrive in the imperfect,
physical reality that is the world, - whereas the
soul can stay after death in an eternal realm
SOCRATES with the all-transcendent God.
 Socrates was the first philosopher who ever
THOMAS AQUINAS
engaged in a systematic questioning about
the self; the true task of the philosopher is to  Aquinas said that indeed, man is composed of
know oneself. two parts:

 For Socrates, every man is composed of body MATTER FORM

and soul; all individuals have an imperfect,
impermanent aspect, the body, while
maintaining that, there is also a soul that is MATTER
perfect and permanent.  Matter, or hyle in Greek, refers to the
“common stuff that makes up everything in the
universe.” Man’s body is part of this matter.
imperfect,
perfect, permanent
impermanent
aspect of a person FORM
aspect of a person
 Form, on the other hand, or morphe in
Greek refers to the “essence of a substance
BODY SOUL or thing.”
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
GE 1-C: Understanding the Self
1st Semester ꟾ BSCRIM 1H
S.Y. 2024 – 2025

To Aquinas the soul is what animates the MERLEAU-PONTY

body; it is what makes us humans.
 The mind and body are so intertwined that
RENE DESCARTES
they cannot be separated from one another.
 Conceived of the human person as having  One cannot find any experience that is not an
two aspects: embodied experience. All experience is
embodied; one’s body is his opening toward
BOD MIND his existence to the world.
 The living body, his thoughts, emotions, and
 The body is nothing else but a machine that is experiences are all one.
attached to the mind. The human person has
it but it is not what makes man a man. - If at
all, that is the mind. LESSON 2

DAVID HUME THE SELF, SOCIETY AND CULTURE

 The self is not an entity over and beyond the
physical body. WHAT IS THE SELF?
 Men can only attain knowledge by  in contemporary literature and even common
experiencing. sense, the SELF, is commonly defined by the
 Self is simply “a bundle or collection of following characteristics:
different perceptions, which succeed each
other with an inconceivable rapidity, and are in CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SELF
a perpetual flux and movement.”
SEPARATE
IMMANUEL KANT  means that the self is distinct from other
 Things that men perceive around them are not selves. The self is always unique and has its
just randomly infused into the human person own identity.
without an organizing principle that  One cannot be another person. There are no
regulates the relationship of all these 2 person that are exactly alike. Even identical
impressions. twins are distinct from each other.
 There is necessarily a mind that organizes the
impressions that men get from the external SELF-CONTAINED & INDEPENDENT
world.  because in itself it can exist. Its distinctness
 Time and space are ideas that one cannot find allows it to be self-contained with its own
in the world, but is built in our minds; he calls thoughts, characteristics, and volition.
these the apparatuses of the mind.  It does not require any other self for it to exist.
 The self is not just what gives one his
personality; it is also the seat of knowledge CONSISTENCY
acquisition for all human persons.  means that a particular self’s traits,
characteristics, tendencies, and potentialities
GILBERT RYLE are more or less the same.
 Blatantly denying the concept of an internal,  It has a personality that is enduring and
non-physical self; what truly matters is the therefore can be expected to persist for quite
behavior that a person manifests in his day- sometime.
to-day life.
 “Self” is not an entity one can locate and UNITARY
analyze but simply the convenient name that  in that it is the center of all experiences and
thoughts that run through a certain person
people use to refer to all the behaviors
that people make.
 If a self is born into a particular society or culture,
the self will have to adjust according to its
exposure.

 individuals behave more likely according to

the behavior of people in the society where
they grew up or live.

More than his givenness (personality, tendencies,

and propensities, among others), one is believed
to be in active participation in the shaping of the
self.

 men and women in their growth and

development engaged actively in the shaping
of the self through their establishment of
social relationships.

The unending terrain of metamorphosis of the self

is mediated by language.

 language is essential in communication which

plays a very important role in the
establishment of social relationships.

MEAD AND VYGOTSKY

 the way that human persons develop is with
the use of language acquisition and
interaction with others.
 Both Vygotsky and Mead treat the human
mind as something that is made, constituted
through language as experienced in the
external world and as encountered in dialogs
with others.

THE SELF IN FAMILIES

Human person learn the ways of living therefore

their selfhood by being in a family. It is what a
family initiates a person to become that serves as
the basis for his progress.

By imitating, for example, the language of its

primary agents of rearing its family, babies learn
the language.

GENDER AND THE FAMILIES

Another important aspect of the self is gender.

Gender is one of those loci of the self that is
subject to alteration, change, and development.

However, from the point of view of the social

THE SELF AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE sciences and the self, it is important to give one
SOCIAL WORLD
the leeway to find, express, and live his identity.
This forms part of selfhood that one cannot just
dismissed.
 LESSON 3 THE SELF AS COGNITIVE
CONSTRUCT

There are various definitions of the “self” and

other similar or interchangeable concepts in
psychology.

WILLIAM JAMES (1890)

 Was one of the earliest psychologist to study
oneself and conceptualized the self as having
two aspects the “I” and the “Me”

THE “I” – the thinking, acting and feeling self

THE “ME” – the physical characteristics,
psychological capabilities that makes who you are

CARL ROGERS (1959)

 Theory of personality also use the same
terms. The “I” and “Me”

THE “I” - the one who acts and decide

THE “ME” - is what you think or feel about SIGMUND FREUD
yourself as an object  Saw the self, its mental processes, and one’s
behavior as the results of the interaction
OTHER CONCEPTS SIMILAR TO SELF ARE between the Id, the Ego, and the Superego
IDENTITY AND SELF-CONCEPT:  The id, ego and superego are the structures
of personality according to Freud.
IDENTITY – is composed of personal
characteristics, social roles, and responsibilities, ID - it acts according to “pleasure principle”—
as well as affiliations that define who one is. the idea that every wishful impulse should be
satisfied immediately, regardless of the
SELF-CONCEPT - is what basically comes to consequences.
your mind when you are asked about who you
are. EGO - it acts according to “reality principle”— it
seeks to please the id's drive in realistic ways
Self, identity and self-concept are not fix in one that, in the long term, bring benefit, rather than
time frame. For example, when you are ask about grief.
who you are, you can say I was a varsity player in
5th grade which pertains to the past, “a college SUPEREGO - it acts according to “moral
student” which may be the present and “a future principle”— includes the individual's ego ideals,
politician” which is the future. They are not also fix spiritual goals, and the psychic agency
for life nor are they everchanging at every (commonly called “conscience”) that criticizes and
moment prohibits drives, fantasies, feelings, and actions.

Think of a malleable metal, strong and hard but GH MEAD

can be bent and molded in other shapes. Think argued that self is created and develop though
about water. It can take any shape of the human interaction.
container, but at its core, still the same element
3 REASONS WHY SELF AND IDENTITY ARE
CARL ROGERS SOCIAL PRODUCTS:
 Captured this idea in his concept of self- 1. We do not create ourselves out of
schema or our organized system or collection nothing. Society helped in creating the
of knowledge about who we are. foundations of who we are.
 Theories generally see the self and identity as 2. Whether we like to admit it or not, we
mental constructs, created and recreated in actually need others to affirm and
memory reinforce who we think we are.
 3. What we think is important to us may also
have been influenced by what is
important in our social or historical
context.

Social interaction and group affiliation are vital LESSON 4: THE SELF IN WESTERN AND
factors in creating our self-concept especially in EASTERN THOUGHTS
the aspect of providing us with our social identity;
Different cultures and varying environment tend to
CARVER AND SCHEIER IDENTIFIED 2 TYPES create different perceptions of the “self” and one
OF SELF THAT WE CAN BE AWARE OF: of the most common distinctions between cultures
and people is the Eastern vs. Western dichotomy
1. THE PRIVATE SELF – or your internal wherein eastern represents Asia and western
standards and private thoughts and represents Europe and Northern America.
feelings; and
2. THE PUBLIC SELF – or your public There are actually a lot of sources in which you
image commonly geared toward having a can analyze the perspective of each culture and
good presentation of yourself to others. country about the concept of “self”.
 You can see it in the literature like how one
SELF-AWARENESS ALSO PRESENTS US culture depicts a hero or a villain in their
WITH AT LEAST THREE OTHER SELF- stories. You can see it in their social
SCHEMA: organization like how they see their boss or
their subordinate. Artworks, dances, even
1. The “ACTUAL” self is who you are at clothing may show you clues about the “self”.
the moment
2. The “IDEAL” self is who you like to be EASTERN THOUGHTS
3. The “OUGHT” self is who you think you
should be CONFUCIANISM
 It can be seen as a code of ethical conduct, of
OUR GROUP IDENTITY AND SELF- how one should properly act according to
AWARENESS ALSO HAS A GREAT IMPACT his/her relationship with other people.
ON OUR:  Self-cultivation is seen as the ultimate
purpose of life. The cultivated self in
SELF-ESTEEM - defined as our own positive or Confucianism is what some scholars call a
negative perception or evaluation of ourselves. “subdued self” wherein personal needs are
repressed(subdued) for the good of many
SOCIAL COMPARISON
 One of the ways in which our social TAOISM
relationship affects our self-esteem  Taoism is living in the way of the Tao or the
universe. However, it rejects having one
CLASSES OF SOCIAL COMPARISON definition of what the Taois. It also rejects the
hierarchy and strictness brought by
1. DOWNWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON - is Confucianism and would prefer a simple
the more common type of comparing lifestyle and its teachings thus aim to describe
ourselves with others, by comparing ourselves how to attain that life.
with those who are worse off than us.  The self is not just an extension of the family
or the community; it is part of the universe,
2. UPWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON - which is one of the forms and manifestations of the
comparing ourselves with those who are Tao.
better off than us.  According to Taoism, ideal self is selflessness
but this is not forgetting about the self; it is
Social comparison also entails what is called: living a balanced life with society and nature,
SELF-EVALUATION MAINTENANCE THEORY being open and accepting to change
 which states that we can feel threatened when
someone out-performs us, especially when BUDDHISM
that person is close to us.
 The self is seen as an illusion, born out of
ignorance, of trying to hold and control things, FERTILIZATION - Human life begins after the
or human-centered needs; thus, the self is Egg (female/ovary) is fertilized by a Sperm Cell
also the source of all these sufferings. (male/testis). The process is called fertilization
 In Buddhism, Nirvana is the ultimate spiritual and its product is called “zygote”.
goal, a place of perfect peace and happiness,
like heaven, the highest state that someone The first stage in human developmental stage is
can attain, a state of enlightenment where the prenatal stage – from 1st day up to 36th
individual desires and sufferings go away. week or approximately 9 months in which the
embryo/fetus stays in the mother’s womb.
EASTERN THOUGHTS
 The self or the individual is not the focus of PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITES - are formed who
the abovementioned Asian or Eastern are individuals having accessory reproductive
philosophies or beliefs. Even with extended structures that do not “match” their gonads.
discussions about how the self should work.
Confucianism and Taoism still situate the self HERMAPHRODITES - are individuals who
within a bigger context. In striving to become possess both ovarian and testicular tissues but
a better person, one does not create a self this condition is rare in nature.
above other people or nature but a self thet is
beneficial to his community as well as in order PUBERTY
and harmony with everything else.  is the period of life when the reproductive
organs grow to their adult size and become
WESTERN THOUGHTS functional (testosterone in males and
 Western perspective does not discount the estrogen in females)
role of environment and society in the  Puberty is a period also known as
formation of the self but the focus is always Adolescent Stage in the Human
looking toward the self. - you compare Developmental Stages. It ranges from 10-12
yourself in order to be better; you create years to 19 years in both males and females
associations in the glory of the group for your
self-esteem; you put primacy in developing DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH THE
yourself. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 The western culture is what we would call an
individualistic culture since their focus is on IN FEMALES:
the person. 1. Vaginal infections are more common in
young and elderly women and in those whose
resistance to diseases is low.
LESSON 5: THE PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL  Vaginal infections that are left untreated
SELF
2. Escherichia coli which spread through the
It has been believed that sex digestive tract; the sexually transmitted
chromosomes of humans define the sex microorganisms
(female or male) and their secondary  Painful or abnormal menses may also be due
characteristics. From childhood, we are to infection or hormone imbalance.
controlled by our genetic makeup. It
influences the way we treat ourselves and IN MALES
others. 1. Common inflammatory conditions are
However, there are individuals who prostatitis, which may follow sexual contacts
do not accept their innate sexual in which sexually transmitted disease (STD)
characteristics and they tend to change microorganisms are transmitted.
their sexual organs through medical 2. Orchiditis, or inflammation of the testes, can
procedures. cause sterility commonly follows mumps
3. Prostate cancer (a common sequel to
THE GONADS - (reproductive glands that prostatic hypertrophy) is a widespread
produce the gametes; testis or ovary) begin to problem in adult males.
form until about the eighth week of embryonic
development. EROGENOUS ZONES
 They refer to parts of the body that are 2. Artificial Method
primarily receptive and increase sexual
arousal when touched in a sexual manner
LESSON 6 THE MATERIAL SELF
HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
 It is defined as any activity—solitary, between William James, understanding of the self can
two persons, or in a group—that induces be examined through its different
sexual arousal components:
1. its constituents;
2. the feelings and emotions they arouse—self
feelings;
TYPES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 3. the actions to which they prompt—self-
seeking and self-preservation
1. SOLITARY BEHAVIOR - Self-gratification THE CONSTITUENTS OF SELF ARE
means self-stimulation that leads to sexual COMPOSED OF:
arousal and generally, sexual climax; most self-
gratification takes place in private as an end in 1. Material self
itself. 2. Social self
3. Spiritual self
2. SOCIOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR 4. Pure ego
 Heterosexual behavior is the greatest amount
of sociosexual behavior that occurs between THE MATERIAL SELF, ACCORDING TO JAMES
only one male and one female.

PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL

RESPONSE

1. EXCITEMENT PHASE - There is increase in

pulse and blood pressure, and skin
temperature.

2. PLATEAU PHASE - It is generally of brief

duration. If stimulation is continued, orgasm The innermost part of our material self is our
usually occurs. body. Intentionally, We are investing to our body.
We are directly attached to this commodity that
3. SEXUAL CLIMAX - It is marked by a feeling we cannot live without. We strive hard to make
of abrupt, intense pleasure. sure that this body functions well and good.

4. RESOLUTION PHASE - It is the last stage Next to our body are the clothes we use.
that refers to the return to a normal or James believed that clothing is an essential part
subnormal physiologic state. of the material self. The fabric and style of the
clothes we wear bring sensations to the body to
NERVOUS SYSTEM FACTORS which directly affects our attitude and behavior.
 The autonomic system is involved in Clothing is a form of self expression.
controlling the involuntary responses.
Third in the hierarchy is our immediate family.
SEXUAL PROBLEMS Our parents and siblings hold another great
 Physiological problems. Diseases that are due important part of our selves. What they do or
to abnormal development of the genitalia or become affects us. When an immediate family
that part of the neurophysiology controlling member dies, part of ourselves dies, too.
sexual response;
The fourth component of material self is
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF home. Usually, home is where our heart is. It is
CONTRACEPTION the earliest nest of our selfhood. Our experience
inside the home were recorded and marked on
1. Natural Method particular parts and things in our home.
 Buddhist celebrations: Parinirvana Day in
As JAMES describe self: “a man’s self is the February;
sum total of all what he can call his” Parinirvana Day - Buddhist festival remembers
the death of the Buddha when he reached
WE ARE WHAT WE HAVE Nirvana at the age of 80. Buddhism teaches that
Nirvana is reached when all want and suffering is
RUSSEL BELK posits that “…we regard our gone.
possessions as part of ourselves. We are what
we have and what we posses.” Buddhist celebrations: Buddhist Buddha Day
 As we grow older, putting importance to in May;
material possession decreases.  Also known as Waisak Day or Vesak
Day, the holiday marks the birth of
LESSON 7 SPIRTIUAL SELF Gautama Buddha -- the father of
Buddhism, who is responsible for the
RELIGION religion's core teachings.
1. A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural
being, such as spirit and gods Buddhist celebrations: Dharma Day in July;
2. A focus on the sacred supernatural, where  Asalha Puja, otherwise known as Dharma
sacred refers to a feeling of reverence and Day, commemorates the day when
awe Buddha made his first sermon or religious
teachings after his enlightenment.
RITUAL
- Performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by a CHRISTIANITY
tradition or sacred law
- A specific, observable mode of behavior Beliefs:
exhibited by all known societies; as a way of Christians believe in Trinitarian God, one God in
defining or describing humans three personas: God the Father (Creator), God
- Ritual has the characteristics of: the Son (Savior), and God the Holy Spirit
1. A feeling or emotion of respect, awe, (Sustainer). Eternal life after death will be
fascination, or dread in relation to the achieved through faith in Jesus Christ. The Holy
sacred Bible is a selection of books, which is divided into
2. Dependence upon a belief system that is two ‒ the Old Testament and New Testament.
usually expressed in the language of myth
3. Is symbolic in relation to its reference Customs and Practices:
The Sacrament of Baptism symbolizes the birth in
SOME WORLD RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND Christian World. The Sacrament of Communion is
PRACTICES an act of remembrance of Jesus Christ’s
sacrificial love. Christmas and Resurrection
BUDDHISM (Easter) are the two major celebrations in
Christianity.
Beliefs: Life is not a bed of roses. Instead, there
are suffering, pain, and frustration. This reactive HINDUISM
cycle can be broken through the practice of
mediation, acquiring more wisdom and deeper Beliefs:
understanding, and acceptance of things as they Hindus believe that existence is a cycle of birth,
are. death, and rebirth, governed by Karma, a concept
where the reincarnated life will depend on how
Customs and Practices: the past life was spent. Vedas are sacred
 Samatha is practiced as mindfulness of scriptures of Hindus. Mahabharata and
breathing and development of loving Ramayana are two other important texts of the
kindness; Hindus.
 Vipassana practices aim at developing insight
into reality. Customs and Practices:
 Acquiring wisdom is by studying Buddha’s Diwali is the Festival of Lights. Navrati is the
teaching, the Dharma. festival of nine nights, which celebrate the triumph
of good over evil. Hindus have set dates to honor
particular manifestations of God. Finding and Creating Meaning of Life

ISLAM Another extensive study of self can be found in

the works of Dr. Victor E. Frankl. He published a
Beliefs: book about Logo Therapy . In 1963, the book was
Islam means “willing submission to God.” Muslims revised as The Doctor and the Soul: An
believe in Allah, who is their “One God”, in the introduction to Logo Therapy.
unity and universality of God, that Mohammed is
the last and final prophet sent by God. The Holy “everything can be taken from a man but one
Book of Islam is called the Quran. things the last of the human freedoms-to choose
one’s attitude in any given set of circumstances,
Customs and Practices: to choose one’s own way.” – Viktor E. Frankl
Muslims believe in the five pillars of Islam, which LOGOTHERAPY
are the foundation of Muslim life:  A psychotherapy introduced by Dr. Viktor
1. Shahadah – statement of faith: “There is Frankl
no God but the one true God and  The main belief is that “man’s primary
Mohammed is his messenger. motivational force is search for meaning.”
2. Salat – the prayer that is practiced five  Aids individuals to find personal meaning
times a day. of life, whatever life situation they may be
3. Zakat – the monetary offering for the  It uses the philosophy of optimism in the
benefit of the poor. It comprises the 2.5% face of tragedy.
of a Muslim’s assets.
4. Hajj – the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca. The Franklian Psychology has these basic
Muslims who can afford are asked to do concepts:
the pilgrimage at least once in their - Life has meaning under all circumstances.
lifetime. - The main motivation for living is our will to
5. Sawm – the fasting. Muslims do fasting, find meaning in life.
from food, drink, and sexual act, during - Freedom to find meaning
the celebration of Ramadan. Ramadan is
the ninth month of the Islamic lunar Franklian Psychology aims to:
calendar. The fast is from dawn to sunset. 1. Become aware of spiritual resources;
6. Eidul-Fitr - is the celebration at the end of 2. Make conscious spiritual resources; and
Ramadan, while Eidul-Adha is celebrated 3. Use “defiant power of the human spirit”
within the completion of the Pilgrimage, and stand up against adversity.
the Hajj.
LOGOTHERAPY ASSUMPTIONS
JUDAISM 1. The human being is an entity consisting of
body, mind, and spirit.
Beliefs: 2. Life has meaning under all circumstances,
The Jews believe in the God of Abraham, in the even the most miserable.
coming of Messiah, the Savior. The sacred 3. People have a will to meaning.
scripture of the Jews is called the Torah or the 4. People have freedom under all
Law. circumstances to activate the will to find
meaning.
Customs and Practices: 5. Life has a demand quality to which people
There are five major festivals observed by the must respond if decisions are to be
Jews: meaningful.
1. Rosh Hashanah – the New Year 6. The individual is unique.
2. Yom Kippur – the Day of Atonement
3. Pesach – Passover FRANKL’S SOURCES OF MEANING
4. Shavuot – Pentecost
5. Sukkot – Tabernacles 1. PURPOSEFUL WORK. Each individual has
The Jewish Sabbath begins on Friday evening at his/her own future goal to achieve or a task to
sunset and is an important time when families perform; the meaning of life is unique to every
gather for the Shabbat meal. individual.
2. COURAGE IN THE FACE OF DIFFICULTY. To  Some Filipino families even opt to live in a
find meaning of life is to recognize suffering, pain, big house where everyone can stay
and death as part of life and to have the courage together. Nursing homes are almost
to face these life difficulties. always not an option for family members.
3. LOVE. “The ultimate secret on the spiritual
foundation of life is that love is salvation and joy CHEERFUL PERSONALITY
eternity.” The ultimate factor to find the meaning Filipinos smile when they are
of life is love. happy, or sometimes even when they are
sad or angry. Smiling has been a coping
strategy for many Filipinos especially
during trying times and calamities.

SELF-SACRIFICE
Filipinos go out of their way to
LESSON 8 extend help to their friends, families, and
THE FILIPINO SELF loved ones. - Overseas Filipino Workers
(OFWs) sacrifice a lot. That is why they
WHO IS A FILIPINO? are regarded as modern-day Filipino
According to the 1987 Philippine heroes.
Constitution, Filipino citizens are: “…those
whose fathers or mothers are citizens of BAYANIHAN
the Philippines, those born before January It is the spirit of communal unity
17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect and cooperation of Filipinos. It is also
Philippine citizenship upon reaching the about giving without expecting something
age of majority, and those who are in return.
naturalized in accordance with law.” -
Citizenship is not the only marker of being “BAHALA NA” ATTITUDE
a Filipino; It is the Filipino version of the
famous line “Hakuna Matata,” meaning no
FILIPINO VALUES AND TRAITS worries. - The phrase is said to have
originated from “Bathala na,” where
The Filipino Hospitality Filipinos welcome their Bathala means God, and the phrase
guests and tourists as if they are their own meaning leaving everything into God’s
brothers and sisters. They always make their hands.
guests feel at home, offering them something to
eat, or even a place to stay. COLONIAL MENTALITY
It is regarded as the lack of
RESPECT FOR ELDERS patriotism and the attitude where Filipinos
 Filipinos greet their elders by kissing their favor foreign products more than their
hand while saying “Mano po!” and own; but also the desire to look more
constantly using “po” and “opo” in foreign than local and keep up with foreign
conversations. beauty trends.
 A wide array of references to elder people
such as ate for older sister; kuya for older “Mañana” Habit Filipino term for procrastination;
brother; tito and tita for uncle and aunt; derived from a Filipino phrase called “Mamaya
lolo and lola for grandfather and na” meaning dawdling things, which could have
grandmother; and manong and aling for been done at an earlier time.
older people outside the family
“Ningas Kugon” - “Ningas” is a Filipino term for
flame and “kugon” is a Filipino term for Cogon
CLOSE FAMILY TIES grass that easily burns out after it is put into
 Filipinos maintain a tight relationship with flames. It is the attitude of eagerly starting things
their families. They are fond of family but quickly losing eagerness soon after
reunions during birthdays, holidays, or experiencing difficulty.
fiestas year-round.
PRIDE sacrificed their lives for the sake of their
Most Filipinos hold on to their pride country’s freedom and progress.
as if they are more precious than keeping - Famous Filipino icons such as Lea Salonga,
a good relationship with family and loved Manny Pacquiao, our very own national
ones. hero, Jose Rizal, and many more have
made the Filipino name more pronounced
CRAB MENTALITY worldwide through their own expertise.
It is a toxic trait among Filipinos
where one resents the achievement of BASIC THINGS TO BE DONE ON HOW TO BE
another, instead of feeling happy for that A GOOD FILIPINO
person; just like crabs in a container, they
pull each other down. 1. Be an active Filipino citizen.
2. Study the Philippine history.
FILIPINO TIME 3. Support local products.
Filipinos have this common attitude 4. Speak the Filipino language.
of arriving late at commitments, dinner, or 5. Do not spread fake news and be
parties especially if they are meeting democratic in engaging with dissent.
someone close to them. 6. Exercise Filipino culture
7. Support the government programs and
advocacies.

FILIPINO MARKERS
LESSON 9
1. Proverbs or Salawikain THE DIGITAL SELF
a. proverbs expressing a general attitude - More than half of the population worldwide
toward life and the laws that govern life now uses the Internet.
b. ethical proverbs recommending certain - Internet has already become an integral part
virtues and condemning certain vices of everyday life for most of the world’s
c. proverbs expressing a system of values population. The Philippines is among one of
d. proverbs expressing general truths and the countries with the most active Internet
observations about life and human nature users.
e. humorous proverbs
f. miscellaneous proverbs Selective Self-presentation and Impression
Management
2. Superstitions - Self-presentation is the “process of controlling
- Filipinos’ set of superstitions passed down how one is perceived by other people.”
from generation to generation - To construct positive images, individuals
- Some of these may be influenced by beliefs selectively provide information about them
from other cultures, but Filipinos have retold and carefully cater this information in
these superstitions according to their own response to other’s feedback
experiences.
Gender and Sexuality Online The terms “sex,”
3. Myths and Legends “gender,” and “sexuality” are often thought of as
- Due to the Philippines’s rich culture and synonymous. They are actually quite distinct:
history, numerous myths and legends have
sprung. SEX - is the biological state that corresponds to
- These stories are aimed to explain the origin what we might call a “man” or a “woman.” It is
of things, at the same time, teach a valuable often explained as biological, fixed, and
lesson. immutable. It is actually socially constructed.

4. Heroes and Icons GENDER - is the social understanding of how sex

- Heroes serve as a reminder of true should be experienced and how sex manifests in
patriotism and nationalism as they have behavior, personality, preferences, capabilities,
and so forth; as a socio culturally specific set of - Commonly defined as “thinking about
norms that are mapped onto a category of “sex.” thinking”
- It is the awareness of the scope and
SEXUALITY - is an individual expression and limitations of your current knowledge and
understanding of desire. While like gender, this is skills.
often viewed as binary (homosexual or - Enables the person to adapt their existing
heterosexual), in reality, sexuality is often knowledge and skills to approach a
experienced as fluid. learning task, seeking for the optimum
result of the learning experience
PERFORMING GENDER ONLINE - Includes keeping one’s emotions and
- Judith Butler conceptualized gender as a motivations while learning in check
performance. - The goal of metacognition is for the
- Gender was performative, in that it is student to be a self-regulated learner.
produced through millions of individual
actions, rather than something that comes Metacognition basically has two aspects:
naturally to men and women. 1) self-appraisal is your personal reflection
- The ability of users to self-consciously on your knowledge and capabilities.
adapt and play with different gender 2) self-management is the mental process
identities would reveal the choices you employ using what you have in
involved in the production of gender, planning and adapting to successfully
breaking down binaries, and encouraging learn or accomplish a certain task.
fluidity in sexuality and gender expression. Similar concepts:
1) metacognitive knowledge or what you
know about how you think
SETTING BOUNDARIES TO YOUR ONLINE 2) metacognition regulation or how you
SELF: SMART SHARING adjust your thinking processes to help you
learn better
Before posting or sharing anything online,
consider the following: Under metacognitive knowledge, there are
- Is this post/story necessary? several variables that affect how you know or
- Is there a real benefit to this post? Is it funny, assess yourself as a thinker:
warmhearted, teachable—or am I just  personal variable, which is your evaluation
making noise online without purpose? of your strengths and weaknesses in
learning
RULES TO FOLLOW  task variable, which is what you know or
Here are additional guidelines for proper sharing what you think about the nature of the
of information and ethical use of the Internet task, as well as what strategies the task
according to New (2014): requires
1. Stick to safer sites.  strategy variable refers to what strategies
2. Guard your passwords. or skills you already have in dealing with
3. Limit what you share. certain tasks.
4. Remember that anything you put online or You must have an accurate self-assessment—
post on a site is there forever, even if you try you must be honest about what you know and
to delete it. capable of in order to find ways to utilize your
5. Do not be mean to or embarrass other strengths and improve on your weaknesses.
people online.
6. Always tell if you see strange or bad The following are other skills that can help
behavior online. you in exercising metacognition:
7. Be choosy about your online friends.  Knowing your limits. The scope and
8. Be patient. limitations of your resources so that you can
work with what you have at the moment and
look for ways to cope with other necessities
LESSON 10  Modifying your approach. The recognition
LEARNING TO BE BETTER that your strategy is not appropriate with the
task, to modify your strategy in
Metacognition comprehending your material
 Skimming. Browsing over a material and
keeping an eye on keywords, phrases, or
sentences It is also about knowing where to
search for such key terms.
 Rehearsing. It’s not just about repeatedly
talking, writing, and/or doing what you have
learned, but also trying to make a personal
interpretation or summary of the learning
experience.