Course Title Course Code Periods/Week Periods per Semester

Heat Power M-504 04

60
Engineering - II

TIME SCHEDULE
Short Essay Higher
Weightage Answer Type Order
S. No. Chapter/Unit Title Periods
of Marks Questions Questions Question
(3M) (8M) (10M)
1 Properties of Steam 12 17 03 01
2 Steam Boilers 12 14 02 01
3 Steam Nozzles 12 14 02 01 01
4 Steam Turbines 14 11 01 01
5 Steam Condensers 10 14 02 01
Total 60 70+10 10 05 01
Note: 10 Marks higher order question may be given from the Chapter 2 or 3 or 4.

Course Objectives and Course Outcomes

Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to:

Course Objectives Apply the principle and concepts of Heat Power Engineering to solve
the contemporary real time applications
CO1 M-504.1 Determine the properties of pure substance
Explain the Working of 1.Steam Boilers, 2.Steam Nozzles,
CO2 M-504.2
3.Steam Turbines and 4.Steam Condensers
Course
Evaluate the Performance of Boilers, Nozzles, turbines
Outcomes CO3 M-504.3
and Condensers from the basics of thermodynamics
Solve numerical problems related to steam in the
CO4 M-504.4
Mechanical Engineering devices
PO-CO Mapping

Course Code: M-504 Course Title: Heat Power Engineering- II No. of Periods: 60
CO Periods
PO Mapped with addressing PO in Level
Remarks
No CO Number Col 1 (1,2,3)
No %ge
PO1 CO1 – CO4 15 25 2
PO2 CO1 – CO4 30 50 3 >40% Level 3 Highly addressed
PO3 CO4 05 08 1 25% to 40% Level 2 Moderately Addressed
PO4 5 to 25% Level 1 Low addressed
PO5 <5% Not addressed
PO6
PO7 CO1 – CO4 10 17 1

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
CO1 2 3 1 2 3
CO2 2 3 1 2 3
CO3 2 3 1 2 3
CO4 2 3 1 1 2 3

3: High, 2: Moderate,1: Low

Note:
The gaps in CO and PO mapping will be achieved by one or more appropriate activities from the
following:

(i) Assignments (ii) Tutorials (iii) Seminars (iv) Guest Lectures (v) Group Discussions (vi) Quiz
(vii) Industry Visits (viii) Tech Fest (ix) Mini Projects (x) Library Visits.
Blue Print of the Question Paper
Marks Wise Question Wise
S. Periods Weightage Distribution of Distribution of CO’s
Chapter Name
No Allocated Allocated Weightage Weightage Mapped
R U Ap An R U Ap An
Properties of
1 12 17 03 06 08 01 02 01 CO1
Steam
CO2,
2 Steam Boilers 12 14 03 03 08 01 01 01 CO3,
CO4
CO2,
3 Steam Nozzles 12 14 03 03 08 01 01 01 CO3,
CO4
CO2,
4 Steam Turbines 14 21 - 03 08 10 - 01 01 01 CO3,
CO4
CO2,
Steam
5 10 14 03 03 08 01 01 01 CO3,
Condensers
CO4
TOTAL 60 80 12 18 40 10 04 06 05 01
R-Remember; U-Understanding; Ap-Application ; An- Analylising

Note: 10 Marks higher order question may be given from the Chapter - 2 or 3 or 4. (Here it is
taken from chapter – 4)

Learning Outcomes
Upon on completion of the course the student shall be able to:

Properties of Steam
Define the terms (a) Dryness fraction (b) Degree of super heat of steam.
Define the properties: enthalpy, internal energy and entropy of the steam.
Compute the enthalpy, internal energy and entropy at a given pressure.
Use the steam tables to calculate the enthalpy and entropy.
Compute the enthalpy and entropy values using Mollier chart.
Solve simple problems on the specific volume, enthalpy and entropy.
Compute the heat transfer, work transfer, change in internal energy, change in
enthalpy and change in entropy of steam in Isochoric, Isobaric, Isothermal, Adiabatic
Throttling and Polytropic processes.
Represent the above process on p-V and T-s diagrams
Calculate dryness fraction by using Steam calorimeters.
Steam Boilers
State the function of a boiler and list the uses of boilers
Describe with a legible sketch the working of Cochran Boiler and Babcock Wilcox
Boiler
Distinguish between water tube and fire-tube boilers
State the need of high pressure modern boilers
Explain the working principle of Lamont and Benson Boilers with legible sketches.
Explain the function of the mountings such as pressure gauge, water level indicator,
safety valve fusible plug, blow down cock and stop valve.
Illustrate the function of the accessories such as feed pump, air preheater,
economiser, Super Heater, Steam traps and steam Separators.
Define and explain the terms (a) Equivalent evaporation (b) Factor of evaporation (c)
Boiler Power (d) Boiler efficiency
Solve problems on Boiler Power, Boiler Efficiency, Equivalent evaporation and Factor
of evaporation.
Prepare heat balance sheet for boiler performance
List various draught systems.
Explain draught systems : Natural, forced & induced with a legible sketches

Steam Nozzles
Explain the Flow of steam through nozzle
Derive an expression for Velocity of steam at the exit of nozzle in terms of heat drop
analytically and by using Mollier chart.
Calculate Velocity of steam at the exit of nozzle in terms of heat drop analytically
and by using Mollier chart.
Write the expression for 1. Discharge of steam through nozzles and 2. Critical
pressure ratio.
Calculate cross-sectional area at throat and at exit for the maximum discharge
Explain the Effect of friction in nozzles.
Explain the Working of steam jet injector with a legible sketch.
Solve simple problems on flow through nozzles.

Steam Turbines
Explain the principle of working of a steam turbine.
Classify the Turbines with examples.
Differentiate an impulse turbine from a reaction turbine
Explain the Principle of working of a simple De-Laval turbine with a line diagram.
Draw velocity triangles for a simple impulse turbine
Derive formula for work done, axial thrust, energy lost, power and efficiencies.
State the necessity of compounding a turbine.
Describe the methods of reducing rotor speeds with the help of legible sketch (3
compounding methods)
Explain the working principle of Parson’s Reaction Turbine with a line diagram.
Draw Velocity triangle for Parson’s reaction turbine.
Solve simple problems on Single stage Impulse turbines (without blade friction) and
reaction turbines (including data on blade height)
Define the terms bleeding & reheating.
State the necessity of governing of a steam turbine.
Explain various methods of governing systems in turbines.
Steam Condensers
Define a Steam condenser and State functions of steam condenser
Classify the condensers based on three criteria
Describe the working principle of 1. Low level counter Flow and 2. Parallel flow jet
condensers with legible sketch
Explain the working principle of a High level Jet condenser with legible sketch
List the three Advantages and three Disadvantages of High- Level Jet condenser
Describe the working principle of Ejector condenser with Shell and Tube Surface
condenser with legible sketch
Distinguish between down flow and central flow surface condenser
Explain the working principle of Evaporative condenser with legible sketch
List the three Advantages and three Disadvantages of Surface condenser
Distinguish between Jet Condenser and Surface Condenser
Write the Formulae for cooling water required, Condenser efficiency, corrected
vacuum, absolute pressure and Vacuum efficiency .
Solve simple problems on Condenser efficiency and Vacuum efficiency

COURSE CONTENT
1.0 Properties of steam
Formation of steam under constant pressure, dryness fraction and degree of superheat,
specific volume. Determination of enthalpy, internal energy, internal latent heat, entropy of
wet, dry and superheated steam at a given pressure using steam tables and Mollier chart.
Compute the heat transfer, work transfer, change in internal energy, change in enthalpy and
change in entropy of steam in Isochoric, Isobaric, Isothermal, Adiabatic Throttling and
Polytropic processes.
Simple direct problems on the above using tables and charts.
Vapour processes – simple problems using tables and charts.
Steam calorimeters – Separating, throttling, Combined Separating and throttling
calorimeters – problems.

2.0 Steam Boilers

Function and use of steam boilers. Classification of steam boiler with examples. Brief
explanation with line sketches of Cochran and Babcock Wilcox Boilers. Comparison of water
tube and fire tube boilers.
Description with line sketches of modern high pressure boilers- Lamont and Benson boilers.
Brief explanation of boiler mountings namely, pressure gauge, water level indicator, fusible
plug, blow down cock, stop valve, safety valves (dead weight type, spring loaded type).
Brief explanation of boiler accessories such as feed pump, economiser, super heater and air
pre-heater only.
Study of steam traps & separators.
Define the terms : Actual evaporation, equivalent evaporation, factor of evaporation, boiler
horse power and boiler efficiency. Simple direct problems on the above.
Explain various Draught systems (Natural, forced & induced).

3.0 Steam Nozzles

Flow of steam through nozzle.
Velocity of steam at the exit of nozzle in terms of heat drop by analytical and Mollier
diagram. Discharge of steam through nozzles. Critical pressure ratio.
Methods of calculation of cross – sectional areas at throat and exit for maximum discharge.
Effect of friction in nozzles .
Working of steam jet injector. Simple problems on nozzles.
4.0 Steam Turbines
Classification of steam turbines with examples. Difference between impulse & reaction
turbines.
Principle of working of a simple De-Laval turbine with line diagrams. Velocity diagrams.
Expression for work done, axial thrust, tangential thrust, blade and diagram efficiency, stage
efficiency, nozzle efficiency.
Methods of reducing rotor speed, compounding for velocity, for pressure or both pressure
and velocity.
Working principle with line diagram of a Parson’s Reaction turbine – velocity diagram.
Simple problems on single stage impulse turbines (without blade friction) and reaction
turbine including data on blade height.
Bleeding, re- heating and re-heating factors (Problems omitted).
Governing of steam turbines -Throttle, By-pass & Nozzle control governing.

5.0 Steam Condensers

Steam condenser, its functions, Classifications. Low level counter flow and parallel flow jet
condensers, High level Jet condenser and Ejector condenser. Advantages and Disadvantages
of High- Level Jet condenser.
Shell and Tube Surface condenser, Down flow, Central flow Surface Condenser and
Evaporative condenser.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Surface condensers.
Write the formulae for cooling water required, Condenser efficiency, Corrected vacuum,
Absolute pressure and Vacuum efficiency – Simple problems.

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. P.L.Ballaney, Thermal Engineering, 1966, Khanna Publishers

2. R.C. Patel & C.J. Karamchandani, Elements of Heat Engines –Volume II, 1963, Acharya Book Depot
3. Arora & S. Domkundwar, A course in Thermal Engineering, 2016, Dhanpat Rai
4. A.S.Sarao, Thermal Engineering, 2016, Satya Publications
 C-20-M-504
BOARD DIPLOMA EXAMINATION,
D.M.E. – V SEMESTER EXAMINATION
HEAT POWER ENGINEERING -II
Time : 3 Hours Total Marks: 80
PART – A
10 x3 = 30
Instructions: Part A consists of 10 questions. Answer all questions and each question carries three
marks.
1. Define dryness fraction of steam and write the mathematical expression.
2. Find the mass of 2 m3 of steam under the pressure of 40 bar and temperature 4500C.
3. Explain the principal of throttling calorimeter.
4. Classify boilers based on any three criteria.
5. Write any three advantages of water tube boilers over fire tube boiler.
6. Write any three applications of steam nozzles.
7. Apply the steady flow energy equation to the flow of steam in the nozzle and derive the
expression for exit velocity.
8. Write any three differences between impulse steam turbines and reaction steam turbines.

9. Define the term vacuum efficiency and condenser efficiency.

10. Write any three advantages of surface condensers over jet condensers.

PART – B 5 x 8 = 40
Instructions: Part B consists of 5 Units. Answer any one full question from each unit. Each
question carries 8 marks and may have sub questions.
11. A) One kg of steam having a pressure of 8.4 bar abs and dryness fraction 0.9 is expanded in a
cylinder to a pressure of 0.35 bar abs. If the expansion is hyperbolic, determine the quantity
of the heat which passes through the cylinder walls into the steam.
(OR)
B) If 1 kg of steam at a pressure of 4 bar abs and a dryness fraction of 0.9 expands
adiabatically in a cylinder to a pressure of a bar abs, find the work done on the piston. Then,
assuming the expansion followed a law of PVn = constant, find the value of index n. Check
the former value of the work done by using this value of index n.
12. A) The observations were record in a boiler trail
Steam pressure = 12 bar abs.; Coal used = 250 kg/hr; Water evaporated =2500 kg/hr;
Calorific value = 32000 kJ/kg; Dryness fraction = 0.9; Feed water temperature = 350 C.
Calculate (a) Factor of evaporation (b) Equivalent evaporation at 1000C (c) Boiler Efficiency
(OR)
B) The following observations were made in one hour.
Steam generation = 560 kg; Fuel burned = 60 kg; Pressure of steam = 10 bar, 0.9 dry; CV of
fuel = 32000 kJ/kg; Feed water temperature = 400C; Boiler house temperature = 300C; Flue
gas temperature =3600C; Specific heat of flue gases = 8 kg/kg of fuel; Moisture in fuel = 2%
by mass. Draw the heat balance sheet.
 13. A) A nozzle is to be supplied with steam at 10 bar and 2000C and is to discharge 180 kg/hr
into a turbine wheel chamber where the pressure is 1 bar. The efficiency of the nozzle may
be taken as 85%. Calculate the throat and exit diameters of the nozzle for maximum
discharge.
(OR)
B) Find the mass flow rate of steam in a nozzle having inlet pressure and temperature are 12
bar and 2500C, back pressure is 1 bar. The throat diameter is 15 mm.

14. A) Explain pressure compounding and velocity compounding of steam turbines with the help
of pressure and velocity variation graphs.
(OR)
B) Explain bleeding and reheating in the steam turbines.

15. A) The following observations were recorded during a test on a surface condenser
Mean condenser temperature = 350 C; Hot well temperature = 300C; Condenser vacuum =
700 mm of Hg; Barometer reading = 760 mm of Hg; Condensate collected = 16.75 kg/ min;
Cooling water = 660 kg/min; Inlet temperature of cooling water = 200C; Outlet temperature
of cooling water = 340C;
Determine (i) Mass of air present per m3 of condensate (ii) Dryness fraction of steam as it
enters the condensate (iii) Vacuum efficiency
(OR)
B) A surface condenser deals with 12000 kg of steam per hour. Air leakage into the
condenser is found to be 4 kg/hr. The vacuum and temperature at the air pump suction are
700 mm of Hg and 360C respectively. The barometric pressure is 760 mm of Hg. Compute the
volumetric capacity in m3/min of wet air pump.

PART – C 1 x 10 = 10
Instructions: Part C consists of 1 question which carries 10 marks.
16. In a De-lavel steam turbine the blade angles are 350 at inlet and exit. The steam leaves the
nozzle at 500 m/s and the blade speed 100 m/s. If the relative velocity of steam is reduced
by 15% during its passage through the blades. Draw the inlet and outlet velocity diagrams
and find (a) nozzle angles at inlet and outlet (b) the power developed per unit mass (c) the
blade efficiency.
 Table specifying the scope of syllabus to be covered for Unit Test-I & Unit Test-II
M-504 :: Heat Power Engineering- II

Unit Test Learning Outcomes to be covered

Unit Test – I From 1.1 to 3.3

Unit Test – II From 3.4 to 5.12

Unit Test - 1
Bloom’s Marks CO
Q.No Question from the Chapter
category allocated addressed
Part - A (16 marks)
Properties of Steam, Steam Boilers, Steam
1 R,U 4 CO1,CO2
Nozzles
2 Properties of Steam U 3 CO1
3 Properties of Steam U 3 CO1
4 Steam Boilers U 3 CO2
5 Steam Nozzles U 3 CO2
Part - B (24 marks)
6 Properties of Steam Ap 8 CO4
7 Steam Boilers Ap 8 CO3, CO4
8 Steam Boilers Ap 8 CO3, CO4

Unit Test - 2
Bloom’s Marks CO
Q.No Question from the topic
category allocated addressed
Part - A (16 marks)
Steam Nozzles, Steam Turbines, Steam
1 R,U 4 CO2, CO3
Condensers
2 Steam Nozzles U 3 CO2
3 Steam Turbines U 3 CO2
4 Steam Turbines U 3 CO2
5 Steam Condensers U 3 CO2
Part - B (24 marks)
6 Steam Nozzles Ap 8 CO3, CO4
7 Steam Turbines Ap 8 CO3, CO4
8 Steam Condensers Ap 8 CO3, CO4
R-Remembering; U-Understanding; Ap-Applying; An- Analylising
 C20-M-504
BOARD DIPLOMA EXAMINATION,
Unit Test - 1
Heat Power Engineering - II
Time : 90 Minutes Total Marks: 40
PART – A
Instructions: 1st Question having 4 one mark questions, and remaining 4Questions carry 3 marks each
1. (a) Dryness fraction of saturated liquid is .
(b) What is the function of blow off cock?
(c) In the induced draught, ID fan is placed at the bottom of the chimney. (True/False)
(d) Write the formula for exit velocity in the convergent nozzle.
2. Write the expressions for enthalpy of super heated steam, specific volume of superheated
steam and entropy of super heated steam.
3. Determine the mass and enthalpy of 0.5 m3 of wet steam with a degree of wetness equal to
10% and a pressure of 10 bar.
4. Explain the boiler mounting fusible plug with a neat sketch.
5. Steam enters a steam nozzle at a pressure of 1.8 Mpa and at a temperature of 3500C and
expands to a pressure of 0.12 Mpa with 95% dry. Calculate the exit velocity of the steam.

PART – B
Instructions: Part B consists of 3 Units. Answer any one full question from each unit. Each question
carries 8 marks and may have sub questions.
6. One kg of steam having a pressure of 8.4 bar abs and dryness fraction 0.9 is expanded in a
cylinder to a pressure of 0.35 bar abs. If the expansion is hyperbolic, determine the quantity
of heat which passes through the cylinder walls into the steam.
(OR)
2 kg of steam initially at a pressure of 12 bar and a temperature of 2500C expands
polytropically to 1.2 bar. Find (a) the final condition (b) work done (c) heat transfer (d)
change in entropy
7. Explain the Cochran boiler with a neat sketch.
(OR)
Explain the La Mont boiler with a neat sketch.
8. During a test on a boiler the following data were collected. Steam pressure : 9.487 bar
gauge, steam condition : dry and saturated, feed water temperature : 350C, Rate of
evaporation : 12 kg / kg of coal and calorific value : 37500 kJ/kg. Determine (a) Thermal
efficiency (b) Factor of Evaporation (c) Equivalent Evaporation.
(OR)
The following data were obtained during a trial on a steam boiler, coal fired with natural
draught: Trial time - 90 minutes; Mass of feed water supplied - 6750 kg; Steam pressure – 10
bar; Temperature of feed water – 700C; Quality of steam – 0.95; Coal burnt – 600 kg;
Moisture of fuel - 4.25% by mass; Higher calorific value of fuel – 39480 kJ/kg; Temperature
of flue gases – 2800C; Boiler room temperature – 300C; Composition of coal – C-89%, H2-3%,
N2-4%, Ash-4%; Heat in vapour – 3000 kJ/kg. Draw up the heat balance sheet.
 C20-M-504
BOARD DIPLOMA EXAMINATION,
Unit Test - 2
Heat Power Engineering - II
Time : 90 Minutes Total Marks: 40
PART – A
Instructions: 1st Question having 4 one mark questions, and remaining 4Questions carry 3 marks each
1. (a) Critical pressure ratio of convergent divergent nozzle when the steam is superheated at
the entrance is .
(b) The degree of reaction for the Parson’s reaction turbine is 0.5. (True/False)
(c) The value of the reheat factor is of the order of
(A) 0.9 to 1.0 (B) 1.02 to 1.05 (C) 1.1 to 1.5 (D) 1.5 to 2.5
(d)
2. Steam st 15 bar and 3000C expands in a nozzle to a pressure of 1 bar. If the efficiency of the
nozzle is 88%, calculate the mass of steam discharged when the exit area is 180 mm2.
3. Write any three differences between impulse and reaction turbines.
4. Explain the reheating in the steam turbines with a line diagram.
5. List out the elements of the steam condensing plant.

PART – B
Instructions: Part B consists of 3 Units. Answer any one full question from each unit. Each question
carries 8 marks and may have sub questions.
6. Wet steam at 15 bar and dryness fraction of 0.97 is discharged through a convergent-
divergent nozzle to a back pressure of 0.2 bar. If the mass flow rate is 0.55 kg/s, determine
the throat and exit diameters. Assume friction factor 0.88 in the divergent portion of the
nozzle.
(OR)
Wet steam passes through a convergent-divergent nozzle from a pressure of 9 bar and
dryness fraction 0.9 to a pressure of 2 bar abs. Find for the maximum discharge, the ratio of
cross sectional area at throat to that of the outlet of the nozzle. Assume 10% loss of total
heat drop in the divergent portion of the nozzle.
7. Explain the velocity compounding of impulse turbines with a line diagram write two
advantages of velocity compounding.
(OR)
The angles at inlet and discharge of the blading of reaction turbine are 350 and 200
respectively at the mean blade ring diameter. The speed of rotation is 25 rps and at a
particular moving ring the mean blade ring diameter os 0.6 m and the steam condition is 1.4
bar and 0.96 dry. Estimate (a) The required height of the blade to pass 3.26 ks/s of steam
and (b) Power developed by the ring

8. Explain the low level contra flow jet condenser with a neat sketch.
(OR)
The following observations were recorded during a test on a surface condenser. Mean
condenser temperature – 350C; Hot well temperature – 300C; Condenser vacuum – 700 mm
of Hg; Barometric reading – 765 mm of Hg; Condensate collected – 15.5 kg/hr; Cooling water
– 36800 kg/hr; Rise of cooling water temperature – 12.50C. Calculate (a) dryness fraction of
steam entering (b) mass of air present / m3 of condenser and (c) vacuum efficiency.