A LEVEL ENTREPRENEURSHIP SYLLABUS COVERAGE

1. Introduction to Entrepreneur Education

2. Entrepreneurship skills
3. Entrepreneurial environment
4. Social entrepreneurship
5. Business ideas
6. Business opportunities
7. Small and medium enterprises
8. Gender and entrepreneurship
9. Business planning
10. Production management skills
11. Marketing management skills
12. Sales promotion activities and product distributions.
13. Managing personnel in an enterprise (Human Resource Management)
14. Business competition
15. Financial management skills
16. Capital markets

INTRODUCTION TO ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION

The subject is designed with the aim of changing the learners’ mind set from being a job seeker
to being a job creator aiming at fighting a rampant un employment in the developing countries
and Uganda in particular.
Entrepreneurship education is developed from the term entrepreneurship which may literally
refer to enterprising.

MEANING OF ENTREPRENEUR
An entrepreneur is a person who organizes, operates and assumes the risk for business
ventures.
The work entrepreneur simply comes from the work enterprising therefore an entrepreneur - is
the person with the ability to scan the environment, identify business opportunities, gather
resources, open up a business and runs it to a success.
An entrepreneur can be any person who:
i. Observes the economic, social and natural environment
ii. Identifies opportunities in the business or non-business environment
iii. Gathers the necessary resources for the activity

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 iv. Implements the activity
v. Receives financial or social rewards
vi. Concerned about possible damages to the natural and social environment
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
This refers to one’s ability and capacity required to generate business ideas, gathering resources
to produce goods and services that are beneficial to an individual and society as a whole.
Entrepreneurship develops with in entrepreneur over time as a result of exposure to different
business and non business environment.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION
It refers to a study (subject) which aims at equipping students or learners with the knowledge
and skills required to operate a business successfully using the available resources.
Entrepreneurship education trains, motivates and allows learners to develop and use their
creativity, take initiatives, responsibilities and risks in order to encourage entrepreneurial
success in a variety of settings. It includes the following:
Opportunity recognition. This refers to either the discovery of a clear business idea or
development of an idea into a more feasible business concept over time
Commercial opportunity. This involves turning an idea into a commercial service or a saleable
product
Allocating resources in the face of risk. This involves identifying an idea or an opportunity and
committing resources (human, financial and physical) to turn the opportunity into a business,
despite the presence of risks
Initiating a business venture. This involves starting a business through the established
procedures
Instructions in traditional business disciplines such as management. This involves equipping
learners with traditional business skills to empower them to manage their own businesses in a
proper way
Marketing information systems and finance. This involves providing information on marketing
and finance
THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
1. Entrepreneurship education helps the learner to acquire skills that may be used in
operating a business successfully.
2. It helps the learner to develop the negotiating skill which may be helpful in bargaining
while purchasing business in put and at the time of selling the final product to the
customer.
3. It enables the learners to develop a positive attitude and culture towards self employment
and business in general.
4. It is taught for academic purposes i.e. it is examinable at the national level and also

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 prepares learners for other academic and technical courses in different institutions of
learning.
5. It enables a student to gain knowledge of scanning the environment and identifying the
viable businesses that can be started using the available resources.
6. It instills the learners’ self confidence and awareness and a spirit of working towards self
reliance, this enables a learner to be able to set personal goals and evaluate them after a
specified period.
7. It equips learners with the skills of knowledge used to open up and mobilize businesses
successfully. This may be done through personal savings, borrowing from friends,
relatives, financial institutions, selling personal property etc.
8. It helps learners to understand the need and help given by the community towards the
business success.
9. Through studying entrepreneurship education, learners are able to crate personal
employment opportunities and also employ other members of the community hence
eliminating or reducing the un employment problem.
10. It enables a learner to develop proper financial management skills so as to be able to
manage the finances of the business properly.

Characteristics of a Good Entrepreneur / Personal Entrepreneurial Characteristic (P.E.C’s)

As earlier noted an entrepreneur is an individual with the ability to spot business activity in the
environment, gather resources to manage the business and manages it successfully.
For an entrepreneur to fulfill the above he or she must have particular traits or characteristics
which enable him to succeed in business and these are commonly known as the personal
entrepreneurial characteristics and they include the following;

1. Risk taking: All businesses are risky regardless of the size and nature hence a good
entrepreneur must have the ability to analyze the different risks facing a particular
business and come up with appropriate remedies or solutions to the problems.
2. Innovativeness and creativity. A good entrepreneur should have the ability to come up
with new ideas that will help to develop and expand his or her business.
3. Self confidence: this refers the belief in one’s self that is for an entrepreneur to be
successful; she or he must have a positive attitude towards himself and the business he/she
is operating.
4. Persistence. A successful entrepreneur must continuously carry on with the business
being operated regardless of the difficulties being faced.
5. Hard work. That is, she/ he must be able to serve the customers for long hours i.e. early in
the morning to late evening.
6. Goal setting. For an entrepreneur to be successful, he/she must set targets to be achieved
in the business in the given period of time. The goals set must be smart and within the
limits of the resources available in the business.

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7. Accountability. A business will help in planning for the development t of an enterprise. It
is also important that entrepreneurs keep their books of accounts for purpose of controlling
finances of their business.
8. Decision making. Entrepreneurs must be able to make appropriate decisions at an
appropriate time so as to promote business development.
9. Net working. Successful entrepreneurs normally work hand in hand with other
entrepreneurs in the same field or line of business. This helps some one to be able to get
new ideas to business as expansion hence good entrepreneurs should not look at
competitors as rivals or enemies but rather patterns in development.
10. Leadership. A successful entrepreneur should be a good leader to direct business resource
(money and human resource towards the rightful direction).
11. Concern for quality. Entrepreneurs should provide services or produce goods that can
meet the consumers’ expectation so as to have a large market. This implies that
entrepreneurs should take the relevant precautions to produce high quality products to the
certification of the consumers’ expectation.
12. Builds for the future. The goal for most successful business people is to build a secure and
stable income for themselves and improved livelihood and wealth for their families based
on their own abilities
13. Copes with failure. This involves recognizing the failure, learn from it and seeking new
opportunities
14. Responds to feed back. An entrepreneur should obtain useful feedback and advice from
others
15. Demonstrates initiative. Successful entrepreneurs take the initiative and put themselves in
positions where they are personally responsible for the success or failure
16. Willing to listen. A successful entrepreneur has the ability to seek for help from other
people such as bank officials, accountants and business advisers
17. Sets own standards. A successful entrepreneur sets his/her own performance standards and
work towards achieving them
18. Copes with uncertainty. The business environment is uncertain in terms of sales, material
delivery, prices and bank support
19. Builds on strengths. Successful entrepreneurs base their work upon the strengths they have
such as manual skills, interpersonal skills, selling skills, organizational skills etc
20. Committed. A successful entrepreneur is committed in terms of time, money and lifestyle
21. Reliability and integrity. A successful entrepreneur is honesty, fair and reliable in terms of
effects the promises made
MAJOR COMPETENCIES REQUIRED FOR SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURSHIP
There are three major competencies for successful entrepreneurship namely
A body of knowledge
A set of skills

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A cluster of traits
KNOWLEDGE.
It is a set or body of information stored, which may be recalled at an appropriate time
Knowledge in business is manifested in the following aspects:
⦁ A business opportunity
⦁ Customers
⦁ Production process
⦁ Business management assistance
⦁ Market
⦁ Competition
⦁ Technical matters
SKILL.
This refers to the ability to apply knowledge acquired through practice. A skill can be technical
or managerial

Examples of technical skills

⦁ Engineering
⦁ Computing
⦁ Sewing
⦁ Carpentry
⦁ Mechanics
⦁ Catering
Examples of managerial skills
⦁ Marketing
⦁ Time management
⦁ Financial management
⦁ Organizational
⦁ Planning
⦁ leadership
TRAITS
It is the aggregate/ totality of peculiar/unique qualities/ characteristics that constitute personal
individuality
Challenges of an Entrepreneur

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A challenge is difficult to which a business is exposed and disposes several tasks that an
entrepreneur must accomplish so as to have a successful business. The major challenges of an
entrepreneur therefore include the following:
1. Sourcing for business capital. Entrepreneurs are faced with a challenge of raising enough
funds for finance activities in form of buying machinery and equipment, raw materials,
paying human resources etc and as such they would be potential entrepreneurs who are
limited by inadequate funds.
2. Challenge of market. Some times it becomes difficult for the entrepreneur to find quality
customers to whom he / she can sale the products.
3. Poor funds management. Some times entrepreneurs tend to misuse business fund that is
using business money for personal gains. Worse still entrepreneurs fail to distinguish
between business capital and business profits there by consuming business capital
mistakenly taking it to be profits of the business.
4. Profit maximization. Entrepreneurs face a challenge of maximizing profits amidst
competitive market environment. In most cases, entrepreneurs tend to lower the prices of
their products hence leading to low profits.
5. Maintaining the stock level. This is done by consumers at the same time and this causes a
threat of losing the would be potential customers due to inadequate stock.
6. Increasing business learning expenses such as payment for business consumables
(electricity, water, insurance cover etc) is a major challenge to most entrepreneurs and as
such it reduces the would-be business profits.
7. Production and maintaining capital output. At times it may be difficult for entrepreneurs
to produce quality output because of factors that may be difficult to control.
8. Challenge of acquiring and maintaining quality man power in a business. This may
internally affect the quality of output.

Remedies / Solution to the Above Challenges

In an effort to address the above challenge, the entrepreneur follows the steps below;
1. The entrepreneur may apply for a bank loan or may resort to other sources of business
funding such as selling personal property, fund raising, or begging from donors so as to
overcome the challenge of inadequate capital.
2. The challenge of inadequate market may be addressed by intensifying sales promotion
activities such as advertising i.e. giving free gifts, discounts customers etc.
3. Proper book keeping is an appropriate measure to poor funds management. In this case
the entrepreneur may employee qualified financial managers and effectively supervise
them to ensure that business funds are not dis-appropriative.
4. Purchase of quality inputs such as raw materials, machinery, human resource (labour) and
the effective supervision of the product process will help to crate quality output for
consumers’ satisfaction.
5. Profit maximization can be achieved through reducing business operation costs and proper

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 handling of customers.

THE ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF OUR

COUNTRY.
1. It helps to promote small scale enterprises in society since it emphasizes starting small
businesses and developing them into bigger enterprises. Consequently, causing
development both in urban centers and rural areas.
2. It helps to promote self-employment within the economy where individuals can start
businesses from which they earn a living, consequently helping to reduce the
unemployment level.
3. It promotes self awareness of one’s self (potentiality) and awareness of the environment
around him or her and hence he / she can easily identify the resources available and uses
to generate a business idea which leads to economic development.
4. Entrepreneur helps to collect / rectify regional imbalances especially where different
entrepreneurs in different regions are sensitized of the importance of opening and running
businesses.
5. It promotes increasing research into different business opportunities, their operation and
ways of improving their productivity hence leading to growth and development of an
economy.
6. It promotes creativity and innovativeness especially amongst the entrepreneurs operating
small scale businesses hence leading to the expansion and accelerating the economic
growth and development.
7. It helps in capacity building were individuals are equipped with the entrepreneur
knowledge necessary to cause development.
8. It helps individuals especially students in schools to select career opportunities that is by
identifying and concentrating on what one wants to become in future.
9. It assists in expanding and developing a business network locally and internationally by
increasing the rate of development of the country’s economy.
ENTREPRENEUR, INTRAPRENEUR AND ENTERPRISING PERSON
An entrepreneur is a person who conceptualizes/interprets/scans, implements, maintains and
expands business in the face of risk and uncertainty. They achieve profit and growth by
identifying opportunities and marshalling the necessary resources to capitalize on those
opportunities
An entrepreneur can be described as someone who:
i. Owns and manages his/her own business
ii. Identifies new products/services or opportunities
iii. He is creative and innovative
iv. Organizes and controls resources to ensure a profit for the business
v. Has the a ability and insight to market, produce and finance a service or product

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 vi. Has financial means or can obtain financing to support the business
vii. Is willing to take calculated risks
The intrapreneur. An intrapreneur is a person who focuses on innovation and creativity and who
transforms a dream or an idea into a profitable venture, by operating within the organizational
environment.
Intrapreneurs identify opportunities within an existing business and create profits for the
business from this opportunity
Features of an intrapreneur.
i. Work in an existing business
ii. Is hired to manage the business
iii. Identifies new products/services or opportunities for an existing business
iv. Is creative and uses ability/insight to market/produce/finance a service/product
v. Organizes and controls resources to ensure a profit for the existing business
vi. Prefers benefits of an existing business such as a salary and available resources
An enterprising person.
Is a person who takes on imaginative and risky projects? An enterprising person is ambitious,
confident, creative and energetic
Features of an enterprising person

a) They are hard working

b) Forecast and always see the future in the present
c) They take advantage of the situations
d) They do not wait for opportunities to come to them but they go for opportunities
e) Creative and innovative
f) They are resourceful ie they are able to mobilize resources

ENTREPRENEURIAL CULTURE
This refers to a culture that encourages the whole population to take advantage of the abundant
opportunities in the environment. The promotion of the entrepreneurial culture involves the
development of attitudes, beliefs and value that enable or encourage individuals to;
⦁ Build capacity for living with uncertainty and ambiguity
⦁ Familiarize themselves with small business tasks
⦁ Be in contact with very many successful role models
⦁ Embrace opportunities to practice entrepreneurial competencies
⦁ Link with a wide network of independent family/business contacts
⦁ Acquire formal/informal managerial knowledge and practice in business

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OBJECTIVES OF ENTREPRENEURIAL CULTURE
⦁ To acquire formal / informal managerial knowledge and practice in business.
⦁ To link with a wider network of independent family / business contracts.
⦁ To embrace opportunities to practice entrepreneurial.
⦁ To be in contact with numerous familiar successful role models.
⦁ To familiarize themselves with small business tasks during youth
⦁ To build capacity for living in uncertainty and ambiguity.

STAGES OF ENTREPRENEURIAL PROCESS

There are three stages of employment generation/entrepreneurial process
1. Income generation. Is the initial stage in the entrepreneurial process in which one tries to
generate surplus or profit e.g. opening up a fixed deposit account in a bank for interest
2. Self-employment. Is the second stage in the entrepreneurial process. It refers to an
individual’s full time involvement in his own occupation
3. Entrepreneurship is the terminal stage of the entrepreneurial process. This involves
diversification and growth in business. It necessitates the entrepreneur to search for new
opportunities, opening up new branches etc
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN UGANDA
A career is an occupation / work that one does over a period of time for personal survival and
the survival of the family.
A career may also be defined as an undertaking by an individual requiring specific training from
he/she attains a job for survival.
There are different careers that can be obtained on different under taking (course of students)
examples of career may include; business person, being a teacher, lawyer etc.
Note: There are different fields that provide different career options and these include.
- The health sector (Nursing, pharmacists, doctor, midwives etc)
- Education sector (teachers, professors, nursery teachers etc)
- Business sector (accounts, a business administrator, an entrepreneur)
- Engineering sector (surveyor engineer, petroleum engineer etc)

FACTORS CONSIDERED BEFORE SELECTING A CAREER

Before deciding on ones under taking for survival, the following should be put into
consideration;
1. Ability. In individual must select a career where he / she will be sure of excelling during
the course of training.
2. Interest. Before selecting a career option, an individual should develop love and desire
towards that career.

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3. Job security. Individuals choose careers where there is relatively good job security i.e.
career where they will not easily use their employment opportunity.
4. Peer pressure. Some times the choice of ones’ career is of influence form friends i.e. an
individual would prefer pursuing a career where most of his friends are. This may be
mainly of purposes of strengthening the relationship or getting connections to different
jobs after study.
5. Family back ground. Some times individuals’ careers are determined by their parents who
dictate on what one should become regardless of his / her interest or ability.
6. One’s talent. Careers may be developed form an individual’s talent for example becoming
a good musician, good foot ballers, good theatre artists (amarula).
7. Government policy. The government influences careers of individuals by dictating the
subject and content that may be covered when designing the curriculum and it also
influences career option by dictating on which courses to be sponsored and courses not to
have the government sponsorship.
8. Influence from external donors. Career options are in most cases determined indirectly by
foreigners.
9. Careers must be selected depending on the satisfaction that one may derive by doing a
particular job e.g. some individuals become teachers because of the satisfaction they get
when relating with students at a teacher learners’ level.
Note: The different careers selected by different individuals may either lead to self
employment of paid employment.

THE CONCEPT OF PAID EMPLOYMENT

Paid employment refers to a situation where an individual is employed by another person,
organization or government and he / she is paid a salary or wage for the work done or
accomplished.
Advantages of paid employment
1. There is assured and constant income to an individual regardless of the performance of the
business.
2. There is a specific timetable followed by the employee hence he / she is supposed to work
for specific hours in a day.
3. There is specified peace of work for the employee therefore she / he may not get tired.
4. The employee is not responsible for big losses.
5. There is time for leisure since the employee has a specific number of hours to work.
6. Sometimes the employee may dictate his or her work to another employee which is not the
case with self employment.

Disadvantages of paid employment

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1. There is un necessary pressure exerted in the employees in the process of performing their
tasks to the employer. Some times the employee may be given a task over and above his
capacity to handle.
2. There is a specified time table to be followed by employees and where the employee fails
to follow, he / she lose his or her job. Strictness in the time table to be followed also kills
creativity and innovativeness among employees.
3. There is lack of job security where the employee may be dismissed on short notice.
4. There is limited respect given to the paid employee by both the employer and society
around.
5. Some times there is resource wastage by careless employees especially where there is no
effective supervision.
6. Due to limited money earned or limited income paid employment is always persevere
because of poor standards of living. In most cases an individual can only have a few basic
necessities of life.
7. There is limited commitment to work by the employee.

SELF EMPLOYMENT
Self employment refers to a situation where an individual gathers resources to start a business
with the aim of creating a job for him / her self and the community around.

Advantages of Self Employment

1. It promotes an independent decision making where an entrepreneur gets freedom to make
his / her decisions in a business.
2. It promotes confidence in one’s self i.e. an individual develops trust in himself / herself
and can be able to carry out certain activities successfully.
3. Self employment promotes self respect where the entrepreneur is respected by both the
worker and the society around.
4. With self employment, there is assured job security where the owner does not fear loosing
a job at any one time.
5. Self employment is also associated with freedom of work where the entrepreneur can
decide on what to do and when to do it.
6. It is associated with quality out put as a result of increased supervision by the
entrepreneur.
7. Since the entrepreneur is the owner of the production resources, he / she will struggle to
promote efficient and effective resource utilization hence avoiding resource wastage in the
business.
8. There is personal commitment and love for what one does.
9. It promotes good standards of living due to high income earned hence the entrepreneur is

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 able to afford the basic necessities of life and leisure.

Disadvantages of Self Employment

1. Some employment is associated with long and irregular working schedule or time.
2. Some times self employment is associated with a low life style especially at the initial
stages where the entrepreneur will have less time for leisure and where he / she will be re
– investing the profits.
3. It is also associated with uncertainty in one’s income i.e. one may not be assured of his or
her monthly earnings.
4. There are unlimited liabilities especially when the business being operated is not
incorporated (joint stock company). This implies that incase the business fails to pay the
creditors, the entrepreneurs personal property may be sold to clear debts of the business.
5. Risks in the business are suffered by one person hence this may cause panic, tension and
stress to the entrepreneur hence resulting into stress related diseases such as high blood
pressure, constant forgetting, and brain failure.
6. It is not associated with any employment benefits such as tension or national social
security fund (NSSF) at the time of retirement.
7. It is associated with a high tax burden where the entrepreneur is taxed by the government.
8. There is uncertainty of the business features especially where the entrepreneur is not hard
working.
9. In self employment, delegation of responsibility is very difficult since a delegate may not
know the way things are done.
UNEMPLOYMENT
Unemployment is a condition where an individual member of the labour force fails to find work
at the prevailing / ruling wage rate. It is a state in which some members of the labour force are
not having jobs at the prevailing wage rate.
CAUSES
1. Rapid population growth rate as compared to the slow growth in the creation
of employment opportunities.
2. Inappropriate education system
3. Discrimination in the labour market on the basis of age, sex, religion, tribe
etc.
4. Political instability/ turmoil.
5. Rural – urban migration which results into open – urban unemployment.
6. Technological advancement.
7. Deficiency of co-operant factors like capital, land & entrepreneurship.
8. Ignorance of people about available job opportunities.
9. Physical and mental disabilities or incapacitation.
10. Seasonal changes especially in the agricultural sector.

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 11. Changing jobs in the short run
12. Expiry of contracts
13. Decline in demand for products that labour produces
14. Poor land tenure system
15. Negative attitude towards work/High degree of conservatism/cultural
rigidities
16. Structural Adjustment Programs/International monetary fund conditionality
which require reduction in the number of people employed in the
government sector. As a result, some people are laid off from work and they
become unemployed.

SOLUTIONS
1. c) Improving investment climate / providing tax incentives to investors. This promotes
private investment because such incentives reduce the costs of production. As investment
expands, more jobs are created in the country and hence reducing unemployment.
2. Implementing education reforms with emphasis on practical skills to the school leavers.
The government is setting up vocational institutions and community polytechnics to train
people in practical skills like carpentry, construction and building work, metal work,
agri-business, tailoring e.t.c. These skills are intended to create job makers other than job
seekers so that unemployment is reduced.
3. Undertaking further privatization.
Public (government enterprises) are being diverted to the ownership of private investors to
create efficiency. This efficiency enables firms to expand their scale of production and they
generate more jobs for the people in the long – run.
4. Encouraging reduction in population growth rate. Birth control methods are being
encouraged in the country. This is intended to reduce the population growth rate so that its
proportionate to the rate at which jobs are being created. This helps to reduce excess labour
supply in relation to the available job vacancies thereby reducing unemployment.
5. Improving the political climate / atmosphere. This gives the investors confidence to set up
production units or enterprises since they are assured of security for their lives and property.
As more enterprises are established, more jobs are created thus reducing the problem of
unemployment.
6. Encouraging / promoting small scale industries. Such industries create linkages in the
economy and they are mainly labour intensive. Therefore, many people get employed in
those small-scale industries thereby reducing unemployment in the country.
7. Modernizing agriculture. This involves changing agriculture from subsistence production to
commercialized high yielding agriculture. As agriculture is being modernized, there is an
increase in output and income in the sector. Commercialized agriculture creates more jobs
for the people (farm owners and workers) hence reducing unemployment.

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8. Advertising existing jobs (creating job centres). Employers are being encouraged to
advertise job opportunities or job vacancies in the Newspapers and other media to create
awareness to the job seekers. Job seekers are able to apply for the existing jobs. Some of
them are taken up for employment and this reduces unemployment.
9. Diversifying the economy. A number of activities like agriculture, industry, tourism are
being encouraged and supported by government. Due to diversification, investment
expands. The expansion in investment helps to create more jobs for the people thereby
reducing unemployment.
10. Setting up and improving basic infrastructure. By improving basic infrastructure like roads
and communication facilities, investment is promoted. This expansion in investment
increases production and more jobs are created for the people thereby reducing
unemployment.
11. Widening markets through joining economic integration. Uganda has become a member in
regional economic groupings like East African Customs Union, COMESA e.t.c. This
increases investment to produce goods and services for the regional markets which finally
leads to the creation of more job opportunities in the country.
12. Encouraging the use of appropriate technology. Firms are being encouraged to apply
methods of production which are mid- way capital intensive and labour intensive. This helps
to keep many workers in active employment instead of laying them off.
13. Providing affordable credit or start –up capital. Micro-Finance Institutions are being
encouraged to extend affordable credit to the people. The affordable credit enables people to
start or expand business enterprises or projects. Such projects are providing or creating more
jobs for the people who would have remained unemployed.
14. Carrying out further trade liberalization. Trade liberalization is widening the range of
economic or business activities carried out in Uganda. The expansion in business activities
creates more jobs and consequently unemployment is being controlled.
15. Reforming the land tenure system. Government is carrying out reforms in the Land Act to
allow investors get access to more land for expanding their enterprises. Investors are
empowered to have their land registered and they acquire land titles. Business enterprises
expand and more jobs are created in the country.
16. Supporting the disadvantaged groups of people /providing programmes for persons with
disability.
The government is giving financial support to income generating projects for the disabled
people. Such income- generating projects include, shoe making, tailoring, poultry farming,
making of crafts e.t.c. This helps to reduce (residual) unemployment.

ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS

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