QUARTER 1

Carpentry 10
WHAT IS THIS COURSE ABOUT?

This course was designed to help students enhance their knowledge and skills in Carpentry. The
scope of the course included personal entrepreneur competencies, environment and market, the different
tools, materials, and equipment in installing formworks components/form panels lines, lay
outing/assembling scaffold and braces.
The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

Learners are expected to become proficient in performing skills on the following competencies:
1. demonstrate an understanding of one’s Personal Competencies and Skills (PeCS) in
carpentry;
2. demonstrate an understanding of the concepts environment and market in the field of
carpentry, particularly in one’s town/municipality;
3. prepare tools and materials for installing formworks components/form panels lines; and
4. lay out/assemble scaffolds and braces.

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LESSON 1

PERSONAL ENTREPRENEUR COMPETENCIES

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

The lesson deals more about entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial competencies related to
Carpentry. Learner will have a first-hand experience in educational activities leading to personal
assessment of their entrepreneurial competencies and assessment of entrepreneurial competencies of a
successful carpenter within their area. Learner will also have some activities that will align their
competencies those of successful practitioners.
This lesson will also stimulate learner’s mind to think about entrepreneurship and its role in the
business community, as well as in the economic and social development.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. identify the characteristics/traits of a good entrepreneur;
2. understand the skills of a successful entrepreneur; and
3. create a plan of action that ensures success in your business or career choice.

Entrepreneurs are people with skills and capabilities to see and evaluate business opportunities. They
are individuals that can strategically identify products or services needed by the community and they have
the capacity to deliver these at the right time and at the right place.

Entrepreneurs are agents of economic change; they organize, manage and assume risks of a business.
Some of the good qualities of an entrepreneur are opportunity seeker, risk taker, goal setter, excellent
planner, a confident problem solver, hardworking, persistent, and a committed worker.

Entrepreneurship, on the other hand, is not just a simple business activity. It is a strategic process of
innovation and new venture creation. Basically, entrepreneurship is both an art and science of converting
business ideas into marketable products or services to improve the quality of living.

Entrepreneurial competencies refer to the important characteristics that should be possessed by an

individual in order to perform entrepreneurial functions effectively. In this module, you will learn some of
the most important characteristics, attributes, lifestyle, skills and traits of a successful entrepreneur in
order to be successful in a chosen career.

IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS/TRAITS/ATTRIBUTES OF A GOOD ENTREPRENEUR:

1. Hardworking: One of the important characteristics of a good entrepreneur is hardworking. This means
habitually working diligently for a long period of time. Hardworking people keep on improving their
performance to produce good products and/or provide good services.

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2. Self-confidence: Entrepreneurs have confidence in one ‘s ability and own judgment. They exhibit self-
confidence to cope with all the risks of operating their own business.
3. Discipline: Successful entrepreneurs always stick on the plan and fight the temptation to do what is
unimportant.
4. Committed: A good entrepreneur accepts full responsibility of everything in his/her business. He/she
gives full commitment and solid dedication to make the business successful.
5.Ability to accept change: Nothing is permanent but change. Change occurs frequently. When you own
a business, you should cope-up and thrive on changes. Capitalize on positive changes to make your
business grow.
6. Creative: An entrepreneur should be creative and innovative to stay in the business and to have an edge
over the other competitors.
7. Has the Initiative: An entrepreneur takes the initiative. You must put yourself in a position where you
are responsible for the failure or success of your business.
8. Profit-Oriented: An entrepreneur enters the world of business to generate profit or additional income.
This shall become the bread and butter for you and for your family as well. Therefore, you must see to it
that the business can generate income.

IMPORTANT SKILLS OF SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEUR:

1. Planner: Planning is strategic thinking and setting of goals to achieve objectives by carefully maximizing
all the available resources. A good entrepreneur develops and applies step-by-step plans to realize goals. A
good entrepreneur knows that planning is an effective skill only when combined with action.
2. People Skills: It’s a very important skill to be successful in any kind of business. People skills refer to
effective and efficient communication and relation to people working in and out of your
business. In day-to-day business transactions, you need to deal with people. A well-developed people skill
can spell out the difference between success and failure of the business.
3. Decision Making: Successful entrepreneurs have the ability to think quickly, and to make a wise
decision towards pre-determined set objectives. No one can deny that the ability to make wise decisions is
an important skill that an entrepreneur should possess. Sound decision should spring out from given facts
and information and should be towards the pre-determined objectives.

LESSON 2
ENVIRONMENT AND MARKET

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

The lesson deals with environment and market that an entrepreneur should focus to be successful
in his/her venture. They should always be watchful on the existing opportunities and constraints. The
opportunities in the business environment are those factors that provide possibilities for a business to
expand and make more profits. Constraints, on the other hand, are that factor that limit the business to
grow, hence reduces the chance of generating profit. One of the best ways to evaluate the opportunities and
constraints is to conduct SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) Analysis.

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 WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. explain what makes a product unique and competitive;

2. apply creativity and innovative techniques to develop marketable product; and
3. understand branding and its salient features.

SWOT Analysis is a managerial tool to assess the environment. This gathers important information
which in turn is used in strategic planning. Strengths and weaknesses are internal in an organization.
Basically, they relate to resources owned by the organization, by the things that you have control over, and
as well as to the extent of its marketing.
Opportunities and threats exist in the external environment. Opportunities relate to the market, to the
development of new technologies, and external factors such as government policies, climate, and trends.
Threats relate to what the competition is doing, as well as legal and other constraints.

Product Development

When we talk of product development, we are referring to a process of making a new product to be
sold by a business or enterprise to its customers. The product development may involve modification of an
existing product or its presentation, or formulation of an entirely new product that satisfies a newly defined
customer‘s needs, wants and/or a market place.

There are basic, yet vital questions that you can ask yourself about product development. When
you find acceptable answers to these, you may now say that you are ready to develop a product and/or
render services:
1. For whom are the product services aimed at?

2. What benefits will the customers expect from it?

3. How will the product differ from the existing brand? From its competitor?
Likewise, needs and wants of the people within an area should also be taken into big consideration.
Everyone has his/her own needs and wants.
However, everyone has different concepts of needs and wants. Needs in business are important
things that every individual cannot live without in a society. These include:
1. basic commodities for consumption;

2. clothing and other personal belongings;

3. shelter, sanitation and health; and

4. education.
Product development entirely depends on the needs and wants of the customers. Another important
issue to deal with is the key concepts of developing a product. The succeeding topic will enlighten you about
the procedure in coming up with a product

Concept of Developing a Product

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 Concept development is a critical phase in the development of a product. In this stage, the needs
of the target market are identified, and competitive products are reviewed before the product specifications
are defined. The product concept is selected along with an economic analysis to come up with an outline of
how a product is being developed. Below is a figure that shows the stages of concept development of a
product.

Identify Generate Select a Refine

Establish Specification
Customer Target Product Product
Needs s
Specification Concepts Concept

Plan
Remaining
Developme
Analyze Perform nt Project
Competitive Economic
Products Analysis

Concept Development
STEPS IN THE PROCESS OF PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
A. Identify Customer Needs: Using survey forms, interviews, researches, focus group discussions, and
observations, an entrepreneur can easily identify customers‘ needs and wants. In this stage, the information
that can be possibly gathered are product specifications (performance, taste, size, color, shape, life span of
the product, etc.). This stage is very important because this would determine the product to be produced
or provided.

A. Establish Target Specifications: Based on customers' needs and reviews of competitive products,
you may now establish target specifications of the prospective new product \and/or services. Target
specifications are essentially a wish-list.
B. Analyze Competitive Products: It is imperative to analyze existing competitive products to provide
important information in establishing product or services specifications. Other products may
exhibit successful design attributes that should be emulated or improved upon in the new product
or services.
C. Generate Product Concepts: After having gone through with the previous processes, you may now
develop a number of product concepts to illustrate what types of product or services are both
technically feasible and would best meet the requirements of the target specifications.

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 D. Select a Product Concept: Through the process of evaluation between attributes, a final concept is
selected. After the final selection, additional market research can be applied to obtain feedback
from certain key customers.
E. Refine Product Specifications: In this stage, product or services specifications are refined on the
basis of input from the foregoing activities. Final specification as the results of extensive study,
expected service life, projected selling price and among others are being considered in this stage.
F. Perform Economic Analysis: Throughout the process of product development, it is very important to
always review and estimate the economic implications regarding development expenses,
manufacturing costs, and selling price of the product or services to be offered or provided.
G. Plan the Remaining Development Project: In this final stage of concept development, you may prepare
a detailed development plan which includes list of activities, the necessary resources and expenses,
and development schedule with milestones for tracking progress.

Branding
Branding is a marketing practice of creating name, symbol or designs that identifies and
differentiates product or services from the rest. It is also a promise to your customers. It tells them what
they can expect from your product or service and it differentiates your offerings from other competitors.
Your brand is derived from who you are, who you want to be and what people perceive you to be.
Branding is one of the most important aspects of any business. An effective brand strategy gives
you a major edge in increasingly competitive markets.
FEATURES OF A GOOD PRODUCT BRAND
 Delivers the message clearly.
 Confirm your credibility.
 Connects your target prospects emotionally.
 Motivate the buyer.
 Concretize user’s loyalty.

SIMPLE TIPS TO PUBLICIZE YOUR BRAND

• Develop a tagline. Write a meaningful, unforgettable, and easy to remember statement that captures
the essence of your brand.
• Get a great logo. Create a logo suitable to your business and consistent with your tagline and place
it everywhere.
• Write down your brand messaging. Select key messages you want to communicate about your
brand.
• Be true to your brand. Deliver your brand promise.
• Be consistent. Be reliable and consistent every time.

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LESSON 3

PREPARE TOOLS AND MATERIALS FOR INSTALLING FORMWORKS COMPONENTS/FORM PANEL

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

In this lesson, you will learn the essential steps and procedures for preparing the tools and
materials needed to install formwork components and form panels in construction projects. Formwork is a
critical part of the construction process, as it provides the mold into which concrete is poured to create
structures like walls, columns, and beams.

Proper preparation of tools and materials is crucial for ensuring the accuracy, stability, and safety of the
formwork. This lesson will guide you through the selection and inspection of the necessary tools, the
preparation of materials such as form panels and bracing, and the importance of organizing and handling
these components efficiently.

By the end of this lesson, you will understand how to effectively prepare for the installation of formwork,
ensuring that all components are ready and in optimal condition for the construction process. This
preparation is key to the success of any concrete construction project, as it directly impacts the quality and
durability of the final structure.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. identify essential tools and materials for formworks installation;

2. inspect and assess tools and materials;

3. organize and prepare for installation;

4. demonstrate proper handling and setup techniques; and

5. implement safety practices in formworks installation.

Formwork is a crucial component in the construction industry, serving as a temporary structure

used to shape and support freshly poured concrete until it hardens and gains sufficient strength to support
itself. It acts as a mold that defines the shape, dimensions, and surface finish of the concrete structure
being constructed, whether it's a wall, column, slab, or beam.

Formwork is typically made from materials like timber, plywood, steel, or aluminum, depending on
the specific requirements of the project. The choice of material is influenced by factors such as the size and
complexity of the structure, the required finish, and the available budget.

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 Properly designed and installed formwork is essential for ensuring the accuracy, strength, and
quality of the final concrete structure. It must be strong enough to withstand the pressure of the wet
concrete and any additional loads, stable to prevent movement or deformation, and durable to be reused
multiple times in different sections of the construction.

Understanding the principles of formwork design, the types of formworks available, and the proper
techniques for installation and removal are key skills for anyone involved in construction, as they directly
impact the safety, efficiency, and success of the building process.

Key Features of Formwork:

Purpose:

o Formwork is designed to hold the wet concrete in place during the pouring and setting process.
It ensures that the concrete takes the intended shape and remains stable until it is strong
enough to stand on its own.

Essential Materials for Installing Formwork

When preparing to install formwork for concrete structures, selecting the right materials is critical to
ensure the stability, durability, and accuracy of the formwork. Here are the key materials commonly used
in formwork installation:

1. Formwork Panels:
o Plywood: Typically used for creating the surfaces that shape the
concrete. Plywood is lightweight, easy to handle, and can be
reused multiple times if treated properly.

o Timber: Often used for custom or irregular shapes, as well as for

bracing and support structures. Timber is easy to cut and adjust
on-site.

o Steel or Aluminum Panels: Used in large or repetitive concrete

projects. These panels are durable, provide a smooth finish, and
can be reused many times, making them cost-effective for large
projects.

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2. Bracing Materials:
o Timber Braces: Used to support the formwork panels and keep them in place. Timber is
commonly used due to its availability and ease of handling.
o Metal Braces: Provide additional strength and durability, especially in high-load situations
or where extra stability is needed.
3. Ties and Fasteners:
o Formwork Ties: Metal rods or wires used to hold opposite
sides of the formwork together, preventing the pressure of the
wet concrete from pushing the formwork apart.

o Screws and Nails: Used to secure the formwork panels and

braces together. Screws offer the advantage of easy removal
and adjustment.

o Bolts and Nuts: Used in conjunction with steel or metal

formwork for a more secure and durable connection.

4. Base Plates and Mud Sills:

o Base Plates: Metal plates placed at the bottom of vertical
formwork supports (standards) to distribute the load evenly
and prevent the formwork from sinking into the ground.
o Mud Sills: Wooden or metal plates placed under the base
plates, especially on soft or uneven ground, to provide
additional stability.

5. Concrete Release Agent:

o : Applied to the inside surfaces of the formwork to prevent the
concrete from sticking to the panels, making it easier to remove the
formwork once the concrete has set.
6. Reinforcement Materials:
o Rebar (Reinforcing Steel): Used within the formwork to strengthen
the concrete structure, particularly in load-bearing elements like
beams, columns, and slabs.

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 o Wire Mesh: Often used in slabs or walls to reinforce the concrete
and prevent cracking.

7. Shoring and Props:

o Adjustable Metal Props (Acrow Props): Used to support formwork in
place during the pouring and setting of concrete, especially in vertical
applications like walls or columns.
o Scaffolding: Provides additional support and access around the formwork, especially in
elevated or complex structures.
8. Sealants and Fillers:
o Caulking or Sealant: Used to seal any gaps or joints in the formwork
to prevent concrete leakage.

o Foam or Rubber Strips: Sometimes placed at joints or corners to

ensure a tight seal and smooth edge in the final concrete structure.

9. Plastic or Polythene Sheets:

o Purpose: Used to cover and protect formwork from rain or dust, or to
act as a vapor barrier to prevent moisture from affecting the concrete.

10. Supports and Shims:

o Wooden or Metal Shims: Used to level and adjust formwork panels
to ensure they are aligned correctly before pouring concrete.

11. Rebar Chairs or Spacers:

o Purpose: Used to hold rebar in the correct
position within the formwork, ensuring that it is
properly embedded within the concrete.

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Essential Tools for Installing Formwork

When installing formwork for concrete structures, having the right tools is crucial for ensuring
precision, stability, and safety. Below is a list of essential tools commonly used in formwork installation:

1. Measuring Tape:
o Purpose: Used to measure dimensions accurately, ensuring that
formwork panels are cut to the correct size and that the layout aligns
with the construction plans.
2. Hammer:
o Purpose: Essential for driving nails into formwork panels, securing
braces, and assembling wooden components of the formwork structure.
3. Circular Saw or Hand Saw:
o Purpose: Used to cut timber or plywood form panels to the required
dimensions. A circular saw is preferred for larger, precise cuts,
while a hand saw may be used for smaller or more intricate cuts.
4. Spirit Level:
o Purpose: Ensures that formwork is level and properly aligned, which
is crucial for the accuracy and stability of the concrete structure.
5. Square:
o Purpose: Used to check and ensure that corners and edges are perfectly
square (at 90 degrees), which is essential for maintaining the integrity
of the formwork.
6. Drill:
o Purpose: Used for creating holes in formwork panels for bolts, screws,
or ties. A drill can also be used to drive screws into the formwork
components.
7. Screwdriver:
o Purpose: For driving screws into the formwork, particularly in areas
where a drill may not be practical due to space constraints.
8. Clamps:
o Purpose: Holds formwork panels securely in place during assembly or
while adjustments are being made, ensuring that the panels do not move
or shift.
9. Wrenches:
o Purpose: Used for tightening or loosening bolts, nuts, and other
fasteners that secure the formwork components together.
10. Pry Bar (Crowbar):
o Purpose: Helps in adjusting, lifting, or removing formwork panels
during installation or dismantling. It is also useful for prying apart
nailed components.

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 11. Trowel:
o Purpose: Used for smoothing the surface of the concrete once it is
poured, ensuring an even finish.
12. Shovel:
o Purpose: Useful for preparing the ground under the formwork and for
mixing or spreading concrete as it is poured into the form.
13. Concrete Release Agent Sprayer:
o Purpose: Used to apply a concrete release agent to the formwork panels to
prevent concrete from sticking, making the removal of formwork easier.
14. Rebar Cutter and Bender:
o Purpose: If reinforcing steel (rebar) is used, this tool is necessary for cutting
and bending the rebar to fit within the formwork structure.
15. Nail Puller:
o Purpose: Useful for removing nails from formwork panels during
adjustments or dismantling.
16. Safety Gear (PPE):
o Purpose: While not a tool in the traditional sense, wearing the appropriate safety gear (such
as gloves, hard hats, safety glasses, etc.) is essential when handling tools and working with
formwork to prevent accidents and injuries.

Personal Protective Equipment

When installing formwork, it is crucial to wear the right Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to protect
yourself from potential hazards on the construction site. The following PPE is typically recommended:

1. Hard Hat:
o Purpose: Protects your head from falling objects, such as tools or
materials, and from impact injuries that can occur while working near
heavy equipment or elevated structures.
2. Safety Glasses or Goggles:
o Purpose: Shields your eyes from dust, debris, and splinters that
can be generated while cutting, assembling, or adjusting formwork
components.
3. Work Gloves:
o Purpose: Protects your hands from cuts, abrasions, and splinters
while handling tools, materials, and rough surfaces. Gloves also
provide better grip when handling slippery or heavy objects.
4. Steel-Toe Boots:
o Purpose: Protects your feet from heavy objects, such as falling
panels or tools, and provides a sturdy grip on uneven or slippery
surfaces, reducing the risk of slips and falls.

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 5. High-Visibility Vest:
o Purpose: Increases your visibility on the construction site, making it
easier for others to see you, especially when working near moving
equipment or in low-light conditions.
6. Hearing Protection (Earplugs or Earmuffs):
o Purpose: Protects your hearing from prolonged exposure to loud
noises, such as hammering, drilling, or cutting, which are common
in formwork installation.
7. Dust Mask or Respirator:
o Purpose: Protects your respiratory system from inhaling dust, fumes,
or other airborne particles generated while cutting or sanding wood,
mixing concrete, or applying chemicals like concrete release agents.
8. Safety Harness (if working at height):
o Purpose: Provides fall protection when working on elevated
platforms, scaffolding, or near the edges of formwork structures.
A safety harness should be properly secured to an anchor point to
prevent falls.
9. Long-Sleeved Workwear and Trousers:
o Purpose: Provides additional protection to your skin from scrapes, cuts,
and exposure to harmful chemicals or concrete, which can cause
irritation.
10. Knee Pads (optional):
o Purpose: Protects your knees from strain or injury when kneeling for
extended periods while assembling or adjusting formwork.

Types of Formworks:

o Traditional Timber Formwork: Made from wood and plywood,

this type is commonly used for basic construction projects.

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 o Engineered Formwork Systems: These are prefabricated,
reusable systems made from steel, aluminum, or plastic,
designed for quick assembly and disassembly.

o Permanent Formwork: This type of formwork remains in

place after the concrete has cured and often provides
additional structural or insulation benefits.

Parts/Components of Formwork:

Formwork is a temporary structure used in construction to support and shape concrete as it hardens.
The key parts of formwork include:

1. Sheathing/Panels:
o These are the surfaces that come into direct
contact with the wet concrete, giving the concrete
its shape. Sheathing is usually made of plywood,
steel, or other materials, depending on the
project's requirements.
2. Braces and Supports:
o Braces are used to keep the formwork stable and
secure during the concrete pour. They prevent
the formwork from shifting or collapsing under
the weight of the concrete. Supports may include
horizontal braces (which provide lateral stability)
and vertical props.
3. Ties and Clamps:
o Ties hold the formwork panels together and
resist the lateral pressure of the wet concrete.
Clamps are used to secure the panels in place, ensuring that the formwork maintains its shape
and alignment throughout the pouring process.
4. Shoring/Props:

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 o Shoring consists of vertical supports, also known as props, that hold the formwork in position,
especially in large or tall structures. Shoring ensures that the formwork does not collapse under
the weight of the concrete until it has sufficiently cured.
5. Base Plates and Mud Sills:
o Base plates and mud sills are placed at the bottom of vertical supports to distribute the load
evenly across the ground, preventing the supports from sinking into the ground or shifting.
6. Formwork Ties:
o These are used to hold the opposing sides of formwork together, preventing them from bulging
out under the pressure of the concrete. After the concrete has set, some ties are removed, while
others remain embedded in the concrete.
7. Walers:
o Horizontal members that help to distribute the load from the formwork panels to the supports.
They also help in aligning the formwork panels.
8. Strongbacks:
o Vertical members that support the walers, providing additional strength and stability to the
formwork.
9. Studs:
o Vertical or horizontal elements that support the sheathing and transfer the load to the walers
or directly to the supports.
10. Form Liners:
o These are attached to the inside face of the sheathing to create a textured surface on the
concrete, often used for aesthetic purposes.

Applications:

o Walls: Formwork creates vertical surfaces for concrete walls, holding the concrete in place until
it hardens.
o Slabs and Floors: Horizontal formwork supports concrete for floors, ceilings, or roofs.
o Columns and Beams: Formwork shapes and supports the vertical and horizontal elements of a
structure, such as columns and beams.

Importance of Formwork:

• Structural Integrity: Proper formwork ensures that the concrete structure is shaped correctly and
has the necessary strength and stability.
• Efficiency: Well-designed formwork allows for quicker construction and can be reused multiple
times, reducing costs.
• Safety: Secure formwork is crucial for the safety of construction workers, as it prevents collapse
during the concrete pouring and curing process.

How to Install Formwork: A Step-by-Step Guide

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 Installing formwork is a critical task in the construction process, as it creates the molds in which
concrete is poured to form various structural elements such as walls, columns, beams, and slabs. Proper
installation of formwork ensures the stability, accuracy, and quality of the finished concrete structure.
Below is a step-by-step guide on how to install formwork effectively.

Step 1: Plan and Prepare

1. Review Construction Plans:

o Study the architectural and structural drawings to understand the dimensions, shapes,
and positions of the concrete elements that need formwork.
o Identify the type of formwork required (e.g., timber, plywood, steel, or aluminum) based on
the project’s specifications.
2. Gather Tools and Materials:
o Ensure that you have all the necessary tools (e.g., measuring tape, hammer, saw, drill,
level) and materials (e.g., form panels, braces, nails, screws) ready and in good condition.
3. Prepare the Work Area:
o Clear the work area of any debris or obstacles.
o Ensure the ground is level and stable where the formwork will be installed. If needed, use
mud sills or base plates to provide a stable foundation for the formwork.

Step 2: Mark and Layout the Formwork

1. Mark the Layout:

o Use measuring tools and chalk lines to mark the exact positions of the formwork on the
ground or base slab according to the construction plans.
o Ensure all measurements are accurate to prevent errors during installation.
2. Set the Formwork Base:
o Position the base of the formwork (such as bottom panels or base plates) according to the
marked layout.
o Ensure that the base is level and aligned with the layout markings.

Step 3: Assemble the Formwork Panels

1. Position Vertical Supports (Standards):

o Place the vertical supports (e.g., wooden or metal standards) at the designated positions.
o Ensure that the supports are securely fastened to the base and are plumb (perfectly
vertical).
2. Install Horizontal Supports (Ledgers and Transoms):
o Attach ledgers (horizontal members) between the vertical supports at the required height.
o Install transoms (cross members) on top of the ledgers to support the form panels.
3. Place and Secure Form Panels:

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 o Position the form panels (e.g., plywood or steel sheets) against the vertical and horizontal
supports.
o Secure the panels using nails, screws, or clamps, ensuring they are tight and stable.

Step 4: Brace and Reinforce the Formwork

1. Install Bracing:
o Add diagonal and horizontal braces to the formwork structure to prevent movement or
collapse. Bracing is especially important in taller or more complex structures.
o Ensure that all braces are tightly fastened and provide adequate support to the formwork.
2. Check Alignment and Levels:
o Use a level and plumb line to check that the formwork is properly aligned and level. Adjust
the panels and supports as necessary to achieve accurate alignment.
3. Apply Release Agent:
o Apply a concrete release agent to the inside surfaces of the formwork to prevent concrete
from sticking to the panels. This will make it easier to remove the formwork once the
concrete has set.

Step 5: Final Inspection

1. Conduct a Thorough Inspection:

o Inspect the entire formwork structure to ensure all components are secure, aligned, and
properly braced.
o Check that all fasteners are tight and that there are no gaps or weak points in the
formwork.
2. Prepare for Concrete Pouring:
o Ensure that the formwork is ready for concrete pouring, with no loose parts or unstable
sections.
o Double-check that the formwork is clean and free of any debris or foreign materials that
could affect the quality of the concrete.

Step 6: Pour and Cure Concrete

1. Pour Concrete:
o Carefully pour the concrete into the formwork, ensuring an even and consistent fill.
o Use vibrators or tamping tools to eliminate air pockets and ensure the concrete fills all
corners and edges of the formwork.
2. Monitor and Maintain the Formwork:
o Keep an eye on the formwork during the concrete curing process to ensure it remains stable
and intact.

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 o Maintain the formwork in place until the concrete has reached sufficient strength to
support itself.

Step 7: Remove the Formwork

1. Check Concrete Strength:

o Ensure that the concrete has cured adequately before attempting to remove the formwork.
This usually takes a few days, depending on the type of concrete and environmental
conditions.
2. Disassemble the Formwork:
o Carefully remove the braces, supports, and panels in the reverse order of installation.
o Avoid damaging the concrete surface or the formwork materials, especially if they are to be
reused.
3. Inspect the Finished Concrete:
o After removing the formwork, inspect the concrete surface for any defects or irregularities.
o Perform any necessary finishing work, such as smoothing or patching, to achieve the
desired final appearance.

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LESSON 4
LAY OUT/ASSEMBLE SCAFFOLDS AND BRACES

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT?

This lesson focuses on the essential skills and procedures involved in laying out and assembling
scaffolds and braces, which are critical components in construction projects. Scaffolding provides a
temporary platform that supports workers, tools, and materials while working at heights, ensuring both
safety and efficiency. Braces, on the other hand, are structural elements used to reinforce and stabilize
scaffolding and other temporary structures to prevent movement or collapse during use.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. identify various type of scaffolding;

2. understand and apply safety rules;

3. identify and describe scaffold components;

4. prepare and inspect work areas for scaffold assembly;

5. assembling scaffolding safely and securely; and

6. disassembling scaffolding safely and securely.

Scaffolding is an essential part of the construction process, providing a temporary structure that
supports workers, tools, and materials at various heights. It allows for the safe and efficient completion of
tasks that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to perform from the ground level, such as erecting tall
buildings, repairing bridges, or painting large structures.

Scaffolds are designed to be versatile and adaptable, capable of being assembled in a variety of
configurations to meet the specific needs of a project. They consist of several key components, including
standards (upright supports), ledgers (horizontal supports), transoms (cross supports), and platforms, all
of which work together to create a stable and secure working environment.

Safety is the top priority when working with scaffolding. Improper assembly, use, or disassembly
of scaffolding can lead to serious accidents and injuries. Therefore, it is crucial to follow established safety
guidelines and procedures, such as using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), ensuring that
scaffolds are properly braced and secured, and regularly inspecting the scaffold for stability and integrity.

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 Understanding the types of scaffolding, their components, and the safety measures required for
their use is a fundamental skill for anyone involved in construction. This introduction to scaffolding will
provide you with the knowledge and skills necessary to work safely and effectively with scaffolding, whether
you are assembling, using, or dismantling these structures on a construction site.

Purpose:

o Scaffolding allows workers to access parts of a building or structure that would otherwise be
inaccessible. It provides a secure and stable platform for workers, tools, and materials, ensuring
safety and efficiency during construction or maintenance activities.

Materials:

o Scaffolding can be made from various materials, including:

 Wood: Traditionally used, especially in smaller projects or when a custom shape is
required.
 Steel: Commonly used for its strength, durability, and ability to support heavy loads.
 Aluminum: Lightweight and easy to assemble, often used in situations where scaffolding
needs to be frequently moved or adjusted.

Scaffold Safety Rules

• General Safety Rules:

o Always inspect scaffolding before use to ensure it is in good condition.
o Use only properly constructed scaffolding that is securely anchored.
o Ensure the ground or surface supporting the scaffold is stable and level.
o Never exceed the load capacity of the scaffold, including workers, tools, and materials.
o Keep the scaffold free of debris and other materials that could cause tripping.
o Use guardrails, midrails, and toe boards to prevent falls.
o Ensure all workers use appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), such as hard
hats, safety harnesses, and non-slip footwear.
o Access to the scaffold should be through proper ladders or stairways, not by climbing the
scaffold frame.
o Never move a scaffold while workers or materials are on it.
o Always follow local regulations and manufacturer guidelines when assembling, using, or
disassembling scaffolds.

Types of Wooden Scaffolding

Wooden scaffolding is commonly used in construction, especially in areas where traditional or

simple scaffolding solutions are needed. Below are the main types of wooden scaffolding:

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1. Single Scaffolding (Brick Layer’s Scaffolding):

• Description:
o Single scaffolding is typically used for brick masonry work.
It consists of a single row of vertical supports (standards)
parallel to the wall at a distance of about 1.2 meters.
• Components:
o The main components include standards (vertical posts),
ledgers (horizontal supports), and putlogs (horizontal members that rest on the ledgers and
are inserted into the wall).
• Usage:
o Primarily used for lighter, short-duration projects such as masonry or light exterior work.

2. Double Scaffolding (Mason’s Scaffolding):

• Description:
o Double scaffolding is stronger and more
stable than single scaffolding. It is used
mainly for stone masonry work where it
is challenging to create holes in the wall
to su pport putlogs.
• Components:
o Two rows of standards are placed
parallel to each other, about 1.5 meters apart. Ledgers connect these rows and putlogs are
placed across the ledgers.
• Usage:
o Used for more robust tasks like stone masonry, where the scaffolding needs to support
heavier loads.

3. Cantilever Scaffolding (Needle Scaffolding):

• Description:
o Cantilever scaffolding is used when the ground surface
is unsuitable for supporting standards. It is supported
on a series of needles (protruding structures) that are
inserted into the wall.
• Components:
o The needles are supported by standards and braces that
are fixed to the building.
• Usage:

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 o Ideal for situations where scaffolding cannot be erected directly on the ground, such as
above open ground or over a busy street.

4. Trestle Scaffolding:

• Description:
o Trestle scaffolding is a type of mobile
scaffolding that is supported by movable
tripods or ladders.
• Components:
o It includes a working platform supported by
moveable trestles, typically made from wood
or metal.
• Usage:
o Commonly used indoors for painting,
plastering, or other light work. The height is typically adjustable, and the structure is easy
to move.

5. Suspended Scaffolding:

• Description:
o Suspended scaffolding is a platform that is
suspended from the roof or upper part of a
building by ropes, chains, or wires.
• Components:
o The platform is supported by a system of ropes
and pulleys that allow it to be raised or lowered
as needed.
• Usage:
o Often used for maintenance work, painting, or cleaning on high-rise buildings.

6. Steel-Patented Scaffolding (with Wooden Elements):

• Description:

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 o Although primarily made of steel, this type of
scaffolding may incorporate wooden planks as
platforms or work surfaces.
• Components:
o It uses steel tubes and couplings, with wooden
planks used for the working platform. This hybrid
structure combines the strength of steel with the
ease of wooden platforms.
• Usage:
o Used in situations requiring more durable scaffolding that can be easily erected and
adjusted.

Parts of a Wooden Scaffold

Wooden scaffolding is a temporary

structure used in construction to support
workers and materials while building or
repairing structures. Below are the key
components of a wooden scaffold:

1. Standards (Uprights):
o Description: Vertical posts or
poles that support the entire
scaffold structure. They bear
the weight of the scaffold and
any loads placed on it.
o Function: Provide the primary
structural support for the
scaffold.
2. Ledgers:
o Description: Horizontal members that connect the standards (uprights) and run parallel
to the building.
o Function: Support the transoms and provide horizontal stability to the scaffold.
3. Transoms:
o Description: Horizontal beams that rest on the ledgers and are perpendicular to them.
o Function: Support the scaffold planks (decking) and help distribute the load across the
scaffold.
4. Putlogs:

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 o Description: Horizontal beams that extend from the scaffold to the building, often placed
in holes left in the wall for this purpose.
o Function: Provide additional support to the scaffolding by tying it to the structure being
worked on.
5. Braces:
o Description: Diagonal or cross members that connect the standards and ledgers.
o Function: Provide stability to the scaffold by preventing swaying or movement, particularly
in windy conditions.
6. Planks (Decking):
o Description: Wooden boards laid across the transoms to create a platform for workers to
stand on.
o Function: Provide a safe and stable working surface for workers and a place to hold
materials and tools.
7. Base Plates:
o Description: Flat plates placed under the standards at the base of the scaffold.
o Function: Distribute the weight of the scaffold evenly on the ground, preventing the
standards from sinking into soft soil.
8. Toe Boards:
o Description: Small vertical boards placed along the edges of the working platform.
o Function: Prevent tools and materials from falling off the platform, enhancing safety for
workers below.
9. Guardrails:
o Description: Horizontal rails installed along the open sides and ends of the scaffold
platform.
o Function: Protect workers from falling off the scaffold.
10. Rakers:
o Description: Diagonal braces that extend from the scaffold to the ground at an angle.
o Function: Provide additional support and stability to the scaffold, particularly on the
outside of tall structures.
11. Ladders:
o Description: Access points attached to the scaffold to allow workers to safely climb up and
down.
o Function: Provide safe access to different levels of the scaffold.
12. Ties:
o Description: Ropes, wires, or other fasteners used to secure the scaffold to the building.
o Function: Stabilize the scaffold by anchoring it to the structure, preventing it from moving

away from the building.

End View (Left Side):

1. Planking:

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 o Description: The wooden boards placed horizontally across the scaffold to create a
platform for workers to stand on.
o Function: Provides a stable and safe surface for workers to perform tasks at height.
2. Beamer:
o Description: A horizontal member that supports the planking.
o Function: Distributes the load from the planking to the vertical posts or poles.
3. Brace:
o Description: A diagonal or horizontal member that connects vertical posts.
o Function: Provides lateral stability to the scaffold, preventing it from swaying or collapsing
sideways.
4. Diagonal Brace:
o Description: Diagonal members connecting the posts at different levels.
o Function: Enhances the scaffold's rigidity by bracing it against lateral forces, such as wind
or the weight of workers moving around.
5. Footing:
o Description: The base or foundation of the scaffold, often a sturdy material like timber
placed under the vertical posts.
o Function: Distributes the scaffold's load evenly on the ground, ensuring stability and
preventing the posts from sinking into the ground.

Back View (Right Side):

1. Guardrail:
o Description: A horizontal rail installed at the top edge of the scaffold platform.
o Function: Protects workers from falling off the scaffold, providing a crucial safety feature.
2. Intermediate Rail:
o Description: A horizontal rail placed between the guardrail and the platform.
o Function: Provides additional fall protection by reducing the open space between the
guardrail and the platform.
3. Post or Pole:
o Description: The vertical supports of the scaffold, often made of wood in traditional
scaffolding.
o Function: Supports the weight of the scaffold and any loads placed on it, transmitting this
weight to the footing.
4. Toeboard:
o Description: A vertical board placed at the edge of the platform, at foot level.
o Function: Prevents tools, materials, and workers' feet from slipping off the platform.
5. Ledger:
o Description: Horizontal members that connect the posts and support the planking.
o Function: Provides horizontal stability and supports the platform.
6. X-Brace (Cross Brace):

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 o Description: Diagonal braces that cross each other in an X-shape between the posts.
o Function: Provides additional stability by preventing the scaffold from swaying or shifting.
7. Horizontal Brace:
o Description: A horizontal member that connects the posts.
o Function: Provides stability by preventing lateral movement of the scaffold.
8. Footing:
o Description: The base on which the scaffold stands, often a flat, sturdy material like timber
or metal plates.
o Function: Distributes the load from the scaffold evenly across the ground, ensuring that
it remains stable and does not sink.

Safety Rules in the Construction of Wooden Scaffolding

• Inspection Before Construction:

o Inspect all materials for defects such as cracks, warping, or splits. Do not use damaged
materials.
• Proper Foundation:
o Ensure the ground is level and firm. Use base plates or mud sills to distribute weight
evenly.
• Correct Assembly:
o Follow the scaffold design precisely, ensuring all parts are correctly fitted and secured.
• Use of Bracing:
o Use diagonal and cross bracing to prevent movement or collapse.
• Load Limits:
o Never exceed the scaffold’s load-bearing capacity.
• Guardrails:
o Install guardrails on open sides and ends to prevent falls.
• Ongoing Inspection:
o Regularly inspect the scaffold during use, particularly after severe weather or if it has been
left unused for some time.

Prepare Work Areas for Safe Laying Out and Assembling of Scaffolds and Braces

• Site Preparation:
o Clear the work area of debris, tools, and materials that could obstruct the setup.
o Mark out the area where the scaffold will be assembled.
o Ensure the surface is level and stable, adding base plates or mud sills as needed.
o Identify and avoid overhead hazards like power lines.
o Set up warning signs or barriers to keep unauthorized personnel away from the work area.

Assembling Wooden Scaffolding Safely and Securely

• Step-by-Step Assembly:
o Start with the base plates or mud sills, ensuring they are level.
o Erect the standards (uprights) and secure them to the base plates.
o Attach the ledgers and transoms to the standards to create the framework.

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 o Install the putlogs and secure them to the building structure if applicable.
o Lay the scaffold planks across the transoms, ensuring they are securely fastened.
o Add diagonal and cross bracing to stabilize the structure.
o Install guardrails, midrails, and toe boards on all open sides.
o Inspect the scaffold to ensure all components are securely attached and stable before use.

Disassembling Wooden Scaffolding Safely and Securely

• Step-by-Step Disassembly:
o Clear the scaffold of all tools, materials, and debris.
o Remove the guardrails, midrails, and toe boards.
o Carefully remove the planks, ensuring they are lowered safely to the ground.
o Dismantle the bracing, ledgers, and transoms in reverse order of assembly.
o Finally, remove the standards and base plates.
o Inspect all components for damage and store them safely for future use.

Metal Scaffolds and Their Types

• Types of Metal Scaffolds:

o Tube and Coupler Scaffolding: Uses steel tubes connected by
couplers to create a flexible scaffold structure.

o Frame Scaffolding: Prefabricated frames that are easy to

assemble and commonly used for residential and commercial
projects.

o System Scaffolding: Modular scaffolding with specialized

components that can be quickly assembled into various
configurations.

o Suspended Scaffolding: Platforms suspended by ropes or

cables from an overhead structure, often used for high-rise
building work.

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 o Mobile Scaffolding: Scaffolding mounted on wheels or
casters, allowing for easy movement across a worksite.

Parts of Metal Scaffolds

• Standards: Vertical tubes that bear the load of the scaffold.

• Ledgers: Horizontal tubes that connect the standards and support the working platform.
• Transoms: Horizontal tubes that span between ledgers, providing support for the platform.
• Couplers: Fittings used to connect tubes together at various angles.
• Base Plates: Plates placed under the standards to distribute weight and provide stability.
• Toe Boards: Placed at the edges of the platform to prevent tools or materials from falling off.
• Guardrails: Horizontal rails placed at the edges to prevent workers from falling.
• Braces: Diagonal tubes that provide stability to the scaffold structure.

Safety Rules in Using Mobile Scaffolds

• Locking Wheels: Always lock the wheels or casters when the scaffold is in use.
• Even Surface: Ensure the scaffold is used on a flat, stable surface to prevent tipping.
• Height Restrictions: Follow the height-to-base ratio to prevent the scaffold from becoming top-
heavy.
• Safe Movement: Do not move the scaffold with workers or materials on it.
• Guardrails: Ensure that guardrails are installed on all open sides of the working platform.

Assembling Metal Scaffolds

• Inspection: Check all components for damage before assembly.

• Base Setup: Start with the base plates or casters, ensuring they are level and locked.
• Erect Standards: Attach ledgers to the standards at the required height.
• Install Transoms: Secure the transoms between the ledgers to form the platform supports.
• Add Bracing: Install diagonal braces to stabilize the structure.
• Platform Installation: Lay down the scaffold planks, ensuring they are securely attached.
• Guardrails and Toe Boards: Install guardrails and toe boards to enhance safety.
• Final Inspection: Check all connections and stability before using the scaffold.

Disassembling Metal Scaffolds

• Clear the Platform: Remove all tools, materials, and debris from the scaffold.

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• Remove Guardrails and Toe Boards: Carefully disassemble the safety components.
• Dismantle the Platform: Remove the scaffold planks, followed by the transoms, ledgers, and
standards.
• Disassemble the Base: Remove the base plates or casters last, ensuring the scaffold is fully
disassembled.
• Storage: Inspect all components for damage and store them safely.

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