VECTORS for Physics

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 ❓ Need For Vectors.

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 ✅ Scalars And Vectors
Scalars: only magnitude , No direction
Ex. Mass, volume, time, distance etc.

Vectors: magnitude & direction both &

must follow the laws of vector addition.
Ex. Displacement, Velocity, acceleration,
force etc.

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 🌞 Representation of a vector.
A vector quantity is represented by a straight line
with an arrowhead over it.

Example: Suppose a body has a velocity of 40 kmh−1

due east.

If 1 cm is chosen to represent a velocity of 10 kmh−1 ,

a line OA, 4 cm in length and drawn towards east
with arrowhead at A will completely represent the
velocity of the body.

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 🚀 Position Vectors
A vector which gives position of an object
with reference to the origin of a co-ordinate
system is called position vector.

(i) It tells the straight line distance of

the object from the origin O.

(ii) It tells the direction of the object

with respect to the origin.

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 Displacement vector.

It is that vector which tells how

much and in which direction an
object has changed its position in a
given time interval.

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 🙄 Tensors Quantities
👉 The physical quantities which have no
specified direction and have different values
in different directions are called tensors.

Tensor quantities are neither vector nor

scalar.
.
For example: Pressure, moment of inertia etc.

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 Types of Vectors

(i) Equal vectors. Two vectors are said to be

equal if they have the same magnitude and
same direction.

(ii) Negative of a vector. The negative of a

vector is defined as another vector having
the same magnitude but having an opposite
direction.

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 Types of Vectors
(iii) Modulus of a vector.
The modulus of a vector means the length or
the magnitude of that vector.

(iv) Unit vector.

A unit vector is a vector of unit magnitude
drawn in the direction of a given vector.

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 Types of Vectors
(v) Fixed vector.

The vector whose initial point is fixed is called a fixed

vector or a localised vector. For example, the position
vector of a particle is a fixed vector because its initial
point lies at the origin.
Ex. Position Vector

(vi) Free vector.

A vector whose initial point is not fixed is called a free

vector or a non-localised vector. For example, the
velocity vector of a particle moving along a straight
line is a free vector.
Ex. velocity etc.

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 Types of Vectors
(vii) Collinear vectors.

The vectors which either act along the

same line or along parallel lines are
called collinear vectors.

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 Types of Vectors
(viii) Coplanar vectors.
The vectors which act in the same plane are called
coplanar vectors.

(ix) Co-initial vectors.

The vectors which have the same initial point are
called co-initial vectors.

(ix) Co-terminus vectors.

The vectors which have the common terminal point
are called co-terminus vectors.

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 Zero Vector (Null Vector)
A zero or null vector is a vector that has zero magnitude
and an arbitrary direction.

It is represented by O (arrow over the number 0).

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 Physics ke Examples Of Zero Vector :
(i) The position vector of a particle lying at
the origin is a zero vector.

(ii) The velocity vector of a stationary

object is a zero vector.

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 Multiplication of a Vector by a Real Number

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 Multiplication Of A Vector By Scalar

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 Operation of two vectors

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 Addition Or Composition Of Vectors

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 Laws of Vector Addition (Geometrically)
Vectors can be added geometrically. The following
three laws of vector addition can be used to add
two or more vectors having any inclination to
each other.

(i) Triangle law of vector addition for adding two

vectors.

(ii) Parallelogram law of vector addition for

adding two vectors.

(iii) Polygon law of vector addition for adding

more than two vectors.

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 1st Law : Triangle Law Of Vector Addition.
If two vectors can be represented both in magnitude
and direction by the two sides of a triangle taken in
the same order, then their resultant is represented
completely, both in magnitude and direction, by the
third side of the triangle taken in the opposite order.

𝑅 = 𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵

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 2nd Law : Parallelogram law of vector addition.
If two vectors can be represented both in magnitude and direction by the
two adjacent sides of a parallelogram drawn from a common point, then
their resultant is completely represented, both in magnitude and direction,
by the diagonal of the parallelogram drawn from that point.

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 3rd LAW : Polygon Law Of Vector Addition
If a number of vectors are represented both in
magnitude and direction by the sides of an open
polygon taken in the same order, then their
resultant is represented both in magnitude and
direction by the closing side of the polygon taken in
opposite order.

R= A+B+C+D

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 Properties Of Vector Addition

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 Analytical Method of the parallelogram law
of Vector addition.

𝑹= 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑸𝟐 + 𝟐𝑷𝑸 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝑄 sin 𝜃
tan 𝛽 = .
𝑃+𝑄 cos 𝜃

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 Derivation of Analytical Method of Vector addition.

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 Q. Two forces of 5 N and 7 N act on a particle with an angle of 60°
between them. Find the resultant force.

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 Angle between two vectors

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 Subtraction b/w Two vectors (Triangle Method)

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 Subtraction b/w Two vectors (Formula Method)

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 Resolution of a vector
It is the process of splitting a vector, into two or
more vectors in such a way that their combined
effect is same as that of the given vector.

The vectors into which the given vector is

splitted are called component vectors.

NOTE: There is one and only one way in which a

vector R can be resolved in the directions of
vectors A and B

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 Orthogonal triad of unit vectors

• 𝑖Ƹ , 𝑗Ƹ , 𝑘෠ represent positive directions of X-axis ,

y-axis and z-axis .

• These three mutually perpendicular unit

vectors are collectively known as orthogonal
triad of unit vectors.
෡ =𝟏
𝒊Ƹ = 𝒋Ƹ = 𝒌

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 Rectangular Components Of A Vector In A Plane.
If 𝐴𝑥 , 𝐴𝑦 are the rectangular components
of 𝐴Ԧ and 𝑖,Ƹ 𝑗Ƹ are the unit vectors along
𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 respectively, then

𝐴Ԧ =𝐴𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗Ƹ

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 Rectangular components of a vector in 3-d
If 𝐴𝑥 ,𝐴𝑦 ,𝐴𝑧 are the rectangular components of 𝐴Ԧ
and 𝑖,Ƹ 𝑗,Ƹ 𝑘෠ are the unit vectors along x ,y and z-
axis , then

𝐴Ԧ =𝐴𝑥 𝑖+ Ƹ 𝐴𝑧 𝑘෠
Ƹ 𝐴𝑦 𝑗+

𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴𝑥 2 +𝐴𝑦 2 +𝐴𝑧 2

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 Rectangular components of a vector in 3-d

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 Find the vector AB and its magnitude if it has initial point A (1,2,-1)
and final point B( 3,2,2).

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 if 𝐴Ԧ = 3𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 7𝑖Ƹ + 24𝑗,Ƹ find a vector having the same
magnitude as 𝐵 and parallel to 𝐴. Ԧ

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 Scalar or Dot Product.
The scalar product of two vectors is a scalar quantity

Ԧ 𝐵 = 𝐴Ԧ 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐴.

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 Properties of Scalar Product:

(i) The scalar product is commutative . A. B = B. A

(ii) The scalar product is distributive over addition.

A. B + C = A. B + A. C

(iii) If A and B are two vectors perpendicular to each other,

then their scalar product is zero.

(iv) If A and B are two parallel vectors having same

direction, then their scalar product has the maximum
positive magnitude.

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 Properties of scalar product:
(v) If 𝐴Ԧ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 are two parallel vectors having opposite
directions, then their scalar product has the maximum
negative magnitude.

Ԧ 𝐵 = 𝐴. 𝐵 𝐶𝑜𝑠 180 = −𝐴𝐵

𝐴.

(vi) The scalar product of a vector with itself is equal to

the square of its magnitude.
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Ԧ Ԧ
𝐴. 𝐴 = 𝐴. 𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠 0 = 𝐴. 𝐴 = 𝐴 = 𝐴 2 Ԧ

(vii) Scalar product of two similar base vectors is unity

and that of two different base vectors is zero.
෡𝒌
𝒊.Ƹ 𝒊Ƹ = 𝒋.Ƹ 𝒋Ƹ = 𝒌. ෡=𝟏
෡ = 𝒌.
𝒊.Ƹ 𝒋Ƹ = 𝒋.Ƹ 𝒌 ෡ 𝒊Ƹ = 𝟎
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 Properties of scalar product:
(viii) Scalar product of two vectors A and B is equal to
the sum of the products of their corresponding
rectangular components.

Ԧ = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 +𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧
𝐴.𝐵

θ between A and B is given by

(ix)The cosine of the angle
Ԧ
𝐴.𝐵
cos 𝜃 =
𝐴Ԧ 𝐵

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 Q. Two vectors 𝐴Ԧ = 5𝑖Ƹ + 7𝑗Ƹ − 3𝑘෠ and 𝐵 = 2𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ − 𝛼𝑘෠ are mutually
perpendicular to each other. What is the value of 𝛼 ?

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 Vector Or Cross Product.

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 Vector Or Cross Product.

👉 Unit vector 𝑛ො perpendicular to the plane

of vectors 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵 is given by

𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵
𝑛ො =
𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵

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 Rules For Determining The Direction Of 𝑨 × 𝑩

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 Physical Examples of Vector Product:

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 Properties Of Vector Product
(i) Vector product is anti-commutative
𝑨 × 𝑩 = −𝑩 × 𝑨

(ii) Vector product is distributive over addition

𝑨× 𝑩+𝑪 =𝑨×𝑩+𝑨×𝑪

(iii) Vector product of two parallel or antiparallel

vectors is a null vector.

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 Properties Of Vector Product
(iv) Vector product of a vector with itself is a null vector.

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 Properties Of Vector Product
(v) Vector product of base vector is cyclic .

Anti-Clockwise +ve Clockwise -ve

𝑖Ԧ × 𝑗Ԧ = 𝑘 𝑗Ԧ × 𝑖Ԧ = −𝑘
𝑗Ԧ × 𝑘 = 𝑖Ԧ 𝑘 × 𝑗Ԧ = −𝑖
𝑘 × 𝑖Ԧ = 𝑗Ԧ 𝑖Ԧ × 𝑘 = −𝑗

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 Properties Of Vector Product
(vi) Sine of the angle between two vectors
Angle 𝜃 between vectors 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵 is given by

𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵
sin 𝜃 =
𝐴Ԧ 𝐵
(vii)The magnitude of the vector product of two
mutually perpendicular vectors is equal to the
product of their magnitudes.

(viii) Unit Vector perpendicular to the plane of two

vectors.
𝑨×𝑩
ෝ=
𝜼
𝑨×𝑩
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 Properties Of Vector Product
(vi) The vector product of two vectors can be expressed in terms of their
rectangular components as a determinant.

𝑖Ƹ 𝑗Ƹ 𝑘෠
𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧
𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧

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 Prove that the vectors 𝐴Ԧ = 2𝑖Ƹ − 3𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠ and 𝐵 = −6𝑖Ƹ + 9𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑘෠ are Parallel.

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 Prove that the vectors 𝐴Ԧ = 2𝑖Ƹ − 3𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠ and 𝐵 = −6𝑖Ƹ + 9𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑘෠ are Parallel.

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 Prove that the vectors 𝐴Ԧ = 2𝑖Ƹ − 3𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠ and 𝐵 = −6𝑖Ƹ + 9𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑘෠ are Parallel.

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 Prove that the vectors 𝐴Ԧ = 2𝑖Ƹ − 3𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠ and 𝐵 = −6𝑖Ƹ + 9𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑘෠ are Parallel.

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