2023 ARML Local: Sponsored by Star League

Problems
Team Round (45 minutes)

T-1 Compute the number of distinct paths through the accompanying figure that spell the word
MATHEMATICS.

T-2 Suppose that RECT is a rectangle with RE = 20 and RT = 23. Point P is selected at random
inside RECT . Compute the probability that ∠T P C is obtuse.
√ √ √ √ √ √
T-3 For positive integers a, b, and c, (a 2 + b 3 + c 5)2 = 400 6 + 32 10 + 100 15 + 2023.
Compute a + b + c.

T-4 In the expression

0±1±2±3±4±5±6±7
each ± sign is independently replaced by either + or −, each with probability 12 . Compute the
probability that the expression evaluates to zero.

T-5 Compute the area of the largest circle that can be contained in the region defined by the graphs
of y ≥ |2x| and y ≤ − |2x| + 3.

T-6 Compute the number of positive integers N less than 50 for which N 2 − 1 has exactly four
factors.

T-7 A laser is placed at the corner of a 1 meter wide by 2 meter long box with reflective sides. A
random number x is selected uniformly between 0 and 1 and a beam is fired at an angle θ,
0 ≤ θ ≤ π2 up from the long side such that sin θ = x.

Compute the expected number of times the beam reflects off of a side of the box in the first 4
meters of its path.

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Commercial usage of ARML problems without permission and posting entire contests or contest books are prohibited.
 T-8 The polynomials x3 − ax2 + 95x − b and x3 − cx2 + 119x − d have the same two roots but with
different multiplicities. The roots are all positive integers, as are the coefficients a, b, c, and d.
Compute a + b + c + d.

T-9 In ABC, let D, E, and F be the midpoints of BC, AC, and AB, respectively. The circum-
circles of AEF and BDF intersect at a point G = F . Given that AB = 12, BC = 10, and
CG = 15, compute the sum of all possible values of AC.

T-10 Fabio starts at the origin and hops 1 unit to the right, then 1 unit up, then 2 units to the left, then
3 units down. He continues cycling through those four directions in that order, with his distance
at each hop being the next Fibonacci number. After each hop, he calculates his Manhattan
distance to the origin (i.e. the sum of the absolute values of his coordinates). Compute the least
number of hops after which this distance exceeds 2023.

T-11 Taxicab numbers are numbers which can be written as sums of two nonnegative cubes in two or
more ways. The two least taxicab numbers are
1729 = 123 + 13 = 93 + 103 and 4109 = 163 + 23 = 153 + 93 .
Given this information, compute the number of positive integers less than or equal to 512 that
can be written as a difference of two nonnegative perfect cubes. For example, 117 = 53 − 23 and
512 = 83 − 03 .
π
T-12 Given that sin 14 is a root of the polynomial x3 + ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, and c are rational
numbers, compute a + b + c.

T-13 An L-tile is a 2 × 2 tile with a 1 × 1 piece removed from its corner. Compute the number of
placements of a red L-tile and a blue L-tile in a 5 × 5 grid such that the corners of both tiles
are on lattice points and the interiors of the two tiles do not overlap. A sample valid placement
of two different L-tiles is shown below.

T-14 Consider the set S of all integers n such that 10n = q(q 2 − p2 ) for some positive integers p and q.
Compute the ninth-least element of S.

T-15 Compute the number of sextuples of nonnegative integers (a, b, c, d, e, f ) such that
– each of a, b, c, d, e, and f is at most 6; and
– the ordered pairs (a, b), (c, d), and (e, f ) represent three distinct collinear points in the
Cartesian plane.

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Commercial usage of ARML problems without permission and posting entire contests or contest books are prohibited.
 Individual Round (10 minutes per pair)
2
I-1 The ellipse E1 defined by x4 + y 2 = 1 is reflected in the plane about the line y = x to create
a second ellipse E2 . The two ellipses intersect in four points. Compute the area of the convex
quadrilateral whose vertices are those four points.

I-2 Given a regular hexagon of side length 2, a point X in the interior of the hexagon is chosen at
random. Compute the probability that a circle of radius 1 centered at X lies completely within
the hexagon.

I-3 Compute the sum of all integers between 0 and 511 inclusive that have an even number of 1s
when written in binary.

I-4 Compute the number of nonempty subsets of {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} whose minimum and
maximum are both odd.

I-5 Let L(x) denote the sum of the base-10 logarithms of all positive divisors of x. Given that
L(10z ) = 90 for a positive integer z, compute z.

I-6 Let ABC be acute with AB = 8 and AC = 5. Suppose D is the intersection of the internal
angle bisector of ∠A and the altitude from B to AC. Let F be the circumcenter of ABD.
←→
Suppose that F  , the reflection of F over AB, lies on the circumcircle of ABD. Compute the
perimeter of ABC.

I-7 The line through A = (−3, −1) and B = (2, 1) intersects the unit circle x2 + y 2 = 1 at two
points P and Q, with P between A and Q. Compute AP − BQ.

I-8 A 3 × 4 × 5 box has the property that its side lengths are consecutive integers and the square
of the length of its longest diagonal is one more than a perfect square. Compute the volume of
the next largest box with this property.

I-9 Given that a and b are positive real numbers such that (a + bi)2 = b + ai, compute (a + bi)2024 .

I-10 Compute the number of four-digit multiples of 7 whose digits are in strictly increasing order
from left to right.

ARML encourages the reproduction of our contest problems for non-commercial, educational purposes.
Commercial usage of ARML problems without permission and posting entire contests or contest books are prohibited.
 Relay Round (6, 8, 10 minutes)
R1-1 Compute the greatest integer n such that the nth-least prime number is less than 3n.

R1-2 Let T be the number you will receive. There are two real numbers k such that the positive
difference between the two real solutions of x2 − kx + k = 0 is T . Compute the positive
difference between these values of k.

 2  2
R2-1 Compute 20232024 + 2023−2024 − 20232024 − 2023−2024 .

R2-2 Let T be the number you will receive. Compute the number of five-element subsets of {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
whose median is T .

R2-3 Let T be the number you will receive. Consider all ordered triples of positive real numbers
(x, y, z) such that x + y + z = T . Choose one such ordered triple uniformly at random. Compute
the probability that x or y or z is at least 25.

R3-1 Let S(n) denote the sum of the digits of n. Compute the sum of all natural numbers n for which
n + S(n) = 2023.

R3-2 Let T be the number you will receive. Let S(n) denote the sum of the digits of n. Compute the
greatest prime factor of (10 + S(T ))3 − 103 − (S(T ))3 .

R3-3 Let T be the number you will receive. Points A, B, C, and D are located on the circumference
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
of a circle in that order. Rays AB and DC meet at P , and rays AD and BC meet at Q. Given
that m∠AP D = m∠AQB = T ◦ , compute the number of possible integer values for the degree
measure of minor arc AB.

R3-4 Let T be the number you will receive. Let N denote the least integer that is greater than or
T
equal to N . Compute log10 k .
k=1

R3-5 Let T be the number you will receive. Compute the remainder when 2023T is divided by 50.
√
R3-6 Let T be the number you will receive. Let a0 = 2 11, and for positive
√ integers n, define an as
the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs of length 5 and an−1 . Compute the
number of an that are positive integers with 7 ≤ an ≤ T .

Tiebreaker (10 minutes)

1
TB Let f (k) be the maximum value of y 2 over all real numbers x, y such that ky 2 + 2xy ≤ − k+1
2 2
and (k + 1)y + x = 1. Compute
f (44) + f (45) + · · · + f (2022) + f (2023).

ARML encourages the reproduction of our contest problems for non-commercial, educational purposes.
Commercial usage of ARML problems without permission and posting entire contests or contest books are prohibited.