SPECIALIZED PRODUCTION SYSTEMS  STEM CUTTING – one of the most

 FLORICULTURE – branch of horticulture that important types in fruit propagation

deals with the production of ornamental - DIVIDED IN 3 GROUPS:
crop 1. HARDWOOD
 OLERICULTURE – a branch of horticulture 2. SEMI-HARDWOOD
that deals with the production of vegetable 3. SOFTWOOD CUTTINGS
crops  LAYERING – often used in species that are
SPECIALIZED PRODUCTION PRACTICES particularly difficult to root, commonly used
 VERNALIZATION – temperature in tropical fruits includes:
manipulation to induce flowering 1. SIMPLE LAYERING
- Cineraria: 4wks at 7-120C 2. MOUND LAYERING
- Calceolarias: 6wks at 100C 3. AIR LAYERING
- Asclepias tuberosa & Astilbe: 12wks at ASEXUAL PROPAGULES:
2-90C 1. BANANA PROPAGATION USING SUCKERS
- Hydrangeas & Azaleas: 6 at 2-90C 2. PINEAPPLE PROPAGATION BY VEGETATIVE
 LIGHT INTENSITY MANIPULATION – African MEANS
Violets, a minimum of 500 foot-candles light  NURSERY – location where plants are cared
intensity for during early stages of growth to provide
 DAY LENGTH MANIPULATION: optimum conditions for germination and,
o Wave petunias, Lobelia and subsequently, growth until seedlings are
Gazania(Obligate long-day plants) >12 ready for budding and grafting
hrs daylength
o Poinsettia, Chrysanthemum and
Kalanchoe (Obligate short-day plants):
<12 hrs daylength
o Petunias, Pansies, Dianthus, and
Sunflowers (Facultative short-day
plants) >12hrs length induce production
of more flowers
o Zinnia, Cosmos, and Rieger Begonias  FLATBED – recommended for areas
(Facultative long-day plants) <12hrs receiving optimum rainfall/ when planting
length induce production of more trays are used
flowers  RAISED BED - recommended for areas
 POMOLOGY – branch of horticulture that receiving high rainfall/ poorly drained soils
focuses the production of fruit crops or during heavy rainy season
 GRAFTING – joining of scion and rootstock  SUNKEN BED - recommended for areas with
 TOP GRAFTING – The proximal end of the a shortage of optimum rainfall or during
scion is attached to the distal end of the precipitation
stock MAJOR NURSERY ESTABLISHMENT AND
 ROOT GRAFTING – The proximal end of the MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATION:
scion is attached to the proximal end of the 1. SITE SELECTION
stock 2. CLEARING
 BUDDING – makes more economical use of 3. LAND & SEED BED PREP
propagating wood than grafting 4. DETERMINATION OF SEED QUALITY AND
RATE
5. SOWING/PLANTING AND POST-PLANTING
CARE
 GREENHOUSE – structure with walls & roof
made chiefly of transparent material

 RIDGE – the peak of the greenhouse where

two sides of the roof meet
 RAFTER – provides vertical support and can
be part of a triangular truss, or they can be
arched as in Quonset- type greenhouse
- Spacing influences the strength of the
 LANDSCAPE HORTICULTURE – branch of
structure
horticulture that deals with art and
- Spaced on 2 – 4ft. centers
knowledge of developing
- Very wide greenhouses require
plantation/ornamental plants to maintain
reinforced rafters and truss construction
natural scenery
 END WALLS – on the north side of a
 LANDSCAPE – any area, either big or small,
greenhouse may be solid, non-transparent
on which it is possible or desirable to mold
construction for added strength and energy
a view or a design
conservation
 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE – art of
 SIDE POSTS & COLUMNS – establish the
designing a landscape
height of the greenhouse and provide
 ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN - visual
support
qualities used to physically describe the
- 8-10ft. tall older design
features a landscape such as the
- 10-12ft tall newer design
organization of the plants and hardscape
 SIDE WALLS – may be constructed with
materials
vents at the eave
- Visual qualities illicit many different
- to provide additional air exchange
emotions and feelings
- may constructed of inflatable poly tubes
- ELEMENTS
with an inflatable fan connected to a
1. Line 3 Color
thermostat
2. Form 4 Texture 5. Visual Weight
 PURLINS – run horizontally from rafter to
 LINE: created by the edge between two
rafter and provide additional support
materials, the outline or silhouette of a
- may be especially important in high
form, or a long linear feature
wind areas
- create patterns, develop spaces, create
 EAVE – referred as the gutter
forms, control movement, establish
- where sidewall meets the roof
dominance, and create a cohesive
 SPAN – width/distance from one eave to
theme in a landscape
the next eave, both being under one ridge
- determine how people respond to the
landscape (emotionally and physically)
- LANDSCAPE LINES ARE CREATED
SEVERAL WAYS:
 a) when two different materials meet - most temporary element, usually lasting
on the ground plane only a few weeks a year for individual
b) when the edge of an object is visible plants
or contrasts with a background - adds interest and variety to the landscape
 TYPES OF LINES - guided by color theory (use of the color
1. STRAIGHT LINES (Structural and wheel) to create color schemes
forceful, formal)  COLOR THEORY
2. CURVED LINES (Informal, natural, - Three primary colors red, blue, and yellow
relaxed) - Three secondary colors (a mix of two
3. VERTICAL LINES (Eyes move up, primaries) green, orange, and violet
space feels larger) - Six tertiary colors (a mix of one adjacent
4. HORIZONTAL LINES (along ground primary and secondary color) eg red-
make space larger, low lines create orange
a feeling of rest or repose)  FORMS OF COLOR Tint lighter form of a color:
 FORM: Three-dimensional mass of a white added to a pure color) G Shade darker
shape (Shape is created by an outline form of a color, black added to a pure color,
that encloses a space.) neutral colors -Black, gray, and white Light
- Typically, the dominant visual element colors, tints, and vivid, bright colors attract
that spatially organizes the landscape the attention of the human eye Basic color
and often determines the style of the schemes Color theory also explains the
garden (very powerful element) relationship of colors to each other and how
- Created by outlines or silhouettes of they should be used in a composition resulting
plants, but also by a void or negative to the following basic color schemes 1)
space between plants monochromatic, 2) analogous, and 3)
FORMS ARE CREATED SEVERAL WAYS: complementary. Monochromatic uses only
a) FORMAL AND GEOMETRIC FORMS one color besides green; light and dark.
(circles, squares and polygons) variations, can add interest to the landscape •
b) INFORMAL AND NATURALISTIC FORMS Analogous, sometimes called harmonious,
(meandering lines, organic edges and uses any three to five colors that are adjacent
fragmented edges) on the color wheel, uses two primary colors
TYPES OF FORMS mixed to form a secondary and two tertiary
 GEOMETRIC FORMS colors
- Circle including Oval and Ellipses achieved by using dominance, interconnection,
(emphasis towards the center) unity of three, and simplicity to arrange colors,
- Square (Strong edges to form unique textures, and form (use of design theme or style),
patterns or complex forms) Syn. Harmony (the concept of everything fitting
 Irregular polygons together) Unity by Dominance (Emphasis by
- Meandering lines isolation of plant material in a container)
- Organic edges Dominance or emphasis: the property of a plant or
- Fragmented edges object that attracts and holds attention, making the
 Plant forms object an important feature Focal points: Dominant
- Tree forms features that capture attention Specimen plants:
- Shrub forms Plants that draw attention Unity by
- Groundcover forms Interconnection: Interconnection: the concept of
 COLOR – most conspicuous element in the physical linkage (touching) of various features
landscape and usually the focus of most Example, Bricked plant beds create unity through
homeowner interconnection Unity of Three Features that are
grouped in threes, or other odd numbers Feel more
balanced to the eye and give a stronger sense of
unity • Allow for staggered variations in height, 1. MONOCROPPING: growing a single type of
such as small, medium, and large, that provide crop in a land
more interest Odd numbers are often seen or 2. MULTIPLE CROPPING: growing 2 or more
perceived as a group and are not as easily split or types of crop on the same land for one year
visually divided as even numbers. Unity of or more.
Simplicity: Simplicity: the concept of reducing or THREE (3) TYPES OF MULTIPLE CROPPING
eliminating nonessentials to avoid a chaotic look 1. SUCCESSION OR SEQUENTIAL PLANTING:
brings clarity and purpose to the design Many growing same, two or more crop(s) one
designers achieve simplicity by thoughtfully after another. Sequential planting is
removing features from a design while still denoted by a hyphen (-) between two
preserving its integrity. Applying the Principles and succeeding crops.
Elements of Landscape Design 1. Determine 2. RELAY PLANTING: planting a crop in the
your/clients personal style and sense of place 2. same area as another crop is about to be
Suit the site conditions 3. Regulating lines 4. harvested. Relay planting is denoted with a
Locating features and defining outdoor rooms slash (/) between crops.
Regulating lines: lines used to delineate the shape 3. INTERCROPPING
of spaces and locate the patio and focal features, growing different crops simultaneously in
help regulate space and define forms that extend the same area such that the period of
from the house or between the house and the overlap is long enough to cover vegetative
property lines. Creating outdoor rooms: Spatially stage. It is denoted by a (+) sign between
dividing a yard into separate uses, Logical any two crops grown at the same time.
arrangement of the "rooms" creates a functional THREE (3) TYPES OF INTERCROPPING
and aesthetically pleasing landscape. 1. COMPANION CROPPING: planting in
alternate rows; synonymous to term
"Intercropping" (used interchangeably)
FARMING SYSTEMS 2. MIXED CROPPING: planting with no definite
 CROPPING SYSTEM: refers to the crop or its arrangement
sequence, its spatial and temporal 3. MULTI-STOREY CROPPING: planting crops
arrangement or pattern, and the practices or of different heights Crop rotation: changing
processes involved in growing it crop (family) every year to sustain soil
 ANNUAL CROPS quality and control pests and diseases
1. LOWLAND SYSTEM: land or area is free of  INTER-PLANTING: a practice of planting
dissolved oxygen for few days due to short term annual crop with long-term
accumulation of groundwater or water annual or biennial crops
from other sources; waterlogged or paddy  FAST-GROWING: Beans, cucumbers, okra,
soil, e.g. lowland rice production radish, green onion and pechay
2. UPLAND SYSTEM: land or area is with high  SLOW-GROWING: Corn, eggplant, melons,
elevation or unsaturated with water, e.g. peppers, potatoes, bulb onions, squash and
maize production tomatoes
 PERENNIAL CROPS:  INTER-CULTURE: the cultivation of one crop
1. OPEN-GRASSLAND: combination of underneath a perennial crop
tractor mowing, use of grass cutter or  SUSTAINABLE CROP PRODUCTION
herbicide application, alternate plowing INTENSIFICATION
and harrowing (if necessary) BUILT ON THREE CORE TECHNICAL PRINCIPLES:
2. SLOPING: clearing of spots where trees 1. simultaneous achievement of increased
will be planted, removal of vegetation agricultural productivity and enhancement
(e.g. in row) of natural capital and ecosystem services,
CROPPING PRACTICES
2. higher rates of efficiency in the use of key
inputs, including water, nutrients,
pesticides, energy, land and labor,
3. use of managed and natural biodiversity to
build system resilience to abiotic, biotic and
economic stresses Example, Integrated
crop-livestock production