SPECIALIZED PRODUCTION SYSTEM

Learning Objectives

1 2 3
1. Define 2. Discuss the 3. Identify plants
landscaping; basic principles use in
and elements of landscaping
landscaping;
Landscape Gardenin
g...
• It is an aesthetic branch of Horticulture which
deals with planting of ornamental plants in such
a way that it creates a picturesque effect.
• Landscape is the appearance of that portion of
land which the eye can view at once and
landscape gardening is the art of laying grounds
so as to produce the effect of a picturesque
landscape.
Landscape Gardenin
g...
• Landscape gardening can also be defined as the
beautification of a tract of land having a house or
other object of interest on it.
• It is done with a view to create a natural scene by
the planting of lawn, trees and shrubs.
• Landscape gardening is both an art and science of
the establishment of a ground in such a way that it
gives an effect of a natural landscape.
PHASES OF LANDSCAPING

1. The Design Phase

2. Implementation Phase
3. Landscape Maintenance
The Design Phase
-It includes evaluation of the space to be used as well as conceptualizing the design itself based on the site
analysis.

Throughout the design process there are ten important things to consider:
1.Understand your site for plant selection and activity location.
- A thorough inventory and analysis of the site is important to determine the environmental conditions for plant
growth and the best use of the site. Issues of concern include the soil type, topography, and regional climate.
- The type of soil determines the nutrients and moisture available to the plants.
- It is always best to use plants that will thrive in the existing soil.
The Design Phase
2. Remember the user by considering what you want and need.

The users are typically you, your family, the family pets, and visitors, and each have their own needs.
There are five things to consider:
1) How do you currently use the yard?
2) How do you want to use the yard?
3) Aesthetically, how do you want it to look?
4) What is your maintenance style, hands-off or hands-on, and
5) How much is your budget?
The Design Phase
3. Use a form and/or style theme to help determine shapes and
organize spaces
There are many different landscape design themes- from simple to
complex, but it is helpful to choose one to guide your plant and material
selection. Think of a theme as the inspiration for your garden. Many people
find it helpful to look in gardening magazines and books for ideas.
The Design Phase
4. Create and link spaces by designating activity areas and linking with elements
The yard is an extension of the home where a variety of activities take place. A yard can
generally be divided into three areas: public (the front yard), private (the back yard), and service
(typically the side yard). The location of activity areas depends primarily on the type of area, the
size of space needed, the type of activity, and the desired proximity to other activities and
structures.
The Design Phase
5. Consider the function of plants for both the environment and the user
From a design perspective, plant materials have three major functions in the landscape:
aesthetic, structural and utilitarian. Aesthetically plants create a visually pleasant
environment and structurally plants organize and define spaces. Plants are utilitarian
because they can transform the environment for the comfort of the user by modifying light,
temperature and humidity. Plants can also be used to control noise and odor, and provide food
for homeowners and wildlife.
The Design Phase
6. Structure the plantings by using massing and layering techniques
• Plants provide structure in the garden in the same way as do the walls of a building.
• Shrubs can act as walls in a space and the branches of trees form a ceiling canopy overhead.
• The overhead plane, the vertical plane and the ground plane should all be considered to create enclosure. Once the
shape of a plant bed has been established, the plants should be massed (grouped) and layered to achieve visual
unity and the desired amount of enclosure.
• The size of a plant mass will depend on the total size of the yard, the size of the individual plants in the mass, and
the emphasis or impact desired from the plant material.
The Design Phase
7. Highlight important points such as transition areas and focal points
• Important points in the garden should be highlighted by the use of unique plants, distinct
structures, or garden ornaments.
• Marking thresholds or entrances to spaces can be done with gates, arbors, and steps, or through
the use of unique and colorful plants.
The Design Phase
8. Pay attention to detail in the materials, the colors, and the surface textures
• Detail in the landscape is derived from the visual quality of plants, hardscape, and garden
ornaments. Sensual qualities such as scent, sound, and touch also add detail to the
landscape. Various combinations of form, color, texture, and size create aesthetic qualities.
• Plants come in various forms-such as round, columnar, weeping, and spreading, that
compliment or contrast with each other depending on how similar or different they are.
The Design Phase
9. Take time into account for the growth and maintenance of plants
• Plant selection must consider a plant's growth rate, its mature size and form, and the maintenance it
will require.
• Giving plants room to grow is a challenge because the common mature size is typically based on
optimal growing conditions and the environmental conditions of a site may cause a plant to grow
larger or stay smaller.
• If plants are spaced too closely (to simulate a fully grown landscape) the overcrowded plants will
present a maintenance issue.
The Design Phase
10. Protect your resources by using sustainable design practices
• Be a good steward of the land through the wise use of plants, water, and building
materials.
• The three areas of greatest impact are the use of resource-efficient plants, the
management of water, and the use of environmentally sound landscape materials.
• Before you remove any plant material, consider how you might be able to enrich your
existing ecological
Implementation Phase
• The focus of this phase is on the production of seedlings and planting materials. This phase
involves site clearing, layout, hardscape construction, and planting.
Landscape maintenance
• Landscaping maintenance, also known as groundskeeping, is all about keeping the landscape of your
property clean, attractive, and safe.
• It typically consists of the upkeep of the yard, garden, driveway, and more. In addition to this, it also includes
seasonal tasks such as spring and fall cleanup, weeding and fertilizing, lawn care, snow removal, and more.
General Principle of Landscaping
Simplicity
• The landscape designer must develop simplicity in the design, to provide a restful setting for the
outdoor living in the property area. Simplicity in design is achieved through several ways:
• Repetition of same species for similar form (silhouette), habit or color and construction material.
• Avoid too many species in a small place
General Principle of Landscaping
Unity or harmony
• It is an overall effect of various features, styles and colors of total scene. The unity in design
is achieved by several ways:
• In simplest form, unity is expressed by the repetition of identical elements.
• Plants in the landscape should be limited in kind and variety in order to produce an unified
effect as too many divergent shapes, textures or colors generate confusion, thus we can say
that unity is achieved through various ways:
General Principle of Landscaping
Balance
• Balance influences the eye movement as lines and shapes have visual weight or visual magnetism.
• Equal weights can be balanced only when placed equidistantly from the center.
• If the weights are unequal, the heavier must move towards the center for making balance.
• Symmetrical or formal balance is achieved when identical elements are positioned equidistantly from the central
axis. In making the balance with the plants, their form, color and texture are kept in view.
• Asymmetrical or informal balance creates the same amount of interest on both sides of the outdoor room, but
does not create an exact duplication of elements. A tree on one side is balanced by planting a group of shrubs on
the other side.
General Principle of Landscaping
Proportion
• Is concerned with the size relationship of the features of the landscape.
• It is the relation of one thing with the other in magnitude.
• The space allotted for different features should be in the right proportion.
General Principle of Landscaping
Accent or focalization
• The feature which first attracts the eyes is known as accent or focal point or focalization.
That feature may draw attention through its form (shape), habit, color, size, texture,
sound, motion, etc.
• The hidden focal point is called vista. This may be created through a specimen plant,
flowers, statues or fountains.
Elements of Landscaping
Lines
• Line may be placed at the junction of two materials such as a border of water and land
for grass and walkway.
• It is used to create a control pattern of movement and attention.
• Straight lines denote formality, quality and solid structure.
• Curved or zigzag lines are less passive and encourage slower movement and are
common in informal gardens.
Elements of Landscaping
Color and tone
• It brings the world to life.
• It creates a variety of responses.
• It creates depth (blue color) or nearness (red color).
• It gives a feeling of warmth or coolness.
Elements of Landscaping
Habit and form
• Straight growing plants take the eye vertically.
• Horizontally growing plants pull down the eye and are good for planting in small
compounds, depicting close intimacy between the plants and earth.
• Columnar canopy shaped plants take the eye vertically while globular plants
take the eye horizontally.
Elements of Landscaping
Texture
• It is defined as the representation of the structure of the
surface of leaves and bark, and is determined visually.
Elements of Landscaping
Styles
• Formal
• Informal
• Free
• Wild
Plants Used
in Landscaping
Annuals
• Annuals are plants that complete their life cycle in one season or one year.
• Annuals are a group of plants which attain their full growth from seed, flower
and die in one year or one season. Mostly they complete their life history in 3
to 6 months.
• They comprise several of the most beautiful and easily grown plants widely
varying in form, habit of growth and color.
Annuals are classified into rainy season annuals, cool season or winter
annuals and warm weather annuals .
Plants Used in Landscaping
Biennial
Biennials are plants which grow in one season, flower, fruit and die in
the next season. Generally, the period of growth is 6 to 9 months.
Biennials are grown in the same way as annuals and can be used
similarly.
Plants Used
in Landscaping
Herbaceous perennial
-Herbaceous perennials are those perennial plants with soft
succulent stems (as compared to shrubs which have woody
stems).
-They are propagated by seeds, cuttings, offset and slips.
-They are useful as herbaceous or mixed borders or for pot culture.
Plants Used
in Landscaping
SHRUBS
• Shrubs are plants with woody stems which are smaller
than trees but bigger than herbaceous plants.
• A typical shrub will have several stems arising from the
main stem at ground level itself.
• They can be either evergreen or deciduous. Some are
attractive in their foliage, some produce attractive flowers
and some are grown for their attractive berries.
Plants Used in Landscaping

• Importance of shrubs in garden

1. Being permanent, they form part of the frame work of the garden.
2. They form the chief features of landscape gardenings placed in front of tall
trees and joining the spacious lawn etc.
3. Shrubs which are amenable for frequent training are chosen for topiary work
4. Tall growing shrubs often serve as screen
5. They are useful as a single specimen in the lawn
6. They can be trained to form standards i.e., trained to single stem and allowed
to branch out and form a handsome head only above a particular height e.g.
Bougainvillea, Ixora, Murrya exotica.
 Plants Used in Landscaping
• TREES
• Trees form the main framework of the garden.
• Some trees produce attractive and beautiful flowers including
fragrant flowers, few trees are noted for their attractive foliage and
few more trees are known for their peculiar shape or form which
are used as specimen trees.
• Shady trees are planted in chosen spots of large public garden which
provides place for picnic and relaxation. Such trees are also planted
along the borders of roads as avenue for giving shade.
Plants Used in Landscaping

• TREES
• Landscaping the backyard with trees and other plants can
help to minimize the bad effects of pollution. In addition to
purifying the air, plants can help disperse fog, reduce wind
speeds, reduce noise effects, control erosion and influence
snow deposition.
Plants Used in Landscaping

CLIMBERS AND CREEPERS

• Botanically, plants which have the special structure to climb on
supports are defined as climbers.
• Climbers are very important ornamental plants and are commonly
used on walls, arches and pergolas but in cities their utility is
increased for the purpose of screening the premises from adjacent
houses and maintaining privacy.
• Bare walls can be most effectively decorated by growing colorful
climbers.
Activity

Create a top-down landscape design of your dream garden

following the general principles and elements of landscaping.
Materials:
• Long bond paper
• Pencil and eraser
• Colored pencils or markers
• Ruler
Activity

Instructions:
1. Define the Area: Draw a large rectangle on the page to represent your
garden/yard area.
2. Divide the Space: Plan where key features will go:
• A seating area (e.g., patio or bench)
• A path or walkway
• A water feature (pond, fountain)
• A flower bed or vegetable patch
• Trees and shrubs
Activity

Instructions:
3. Add Landscape Elements: Use symbols to represent different
elements:
• 🌳 Trees (circles with trunks)
• 🌿 Shrubs (small cloud-like shapes)
• 🪴 Flower beds (rectangles or wavy shapes filled with color)
• 🧱 Pathways (dashed lines or bricks)
• 💧 Water features (blue areas)
Activity

Instructions:
4. Label Your Drawing: Use labels or a simple legend to
explain what each symbol represents.
5. Add Color and Texture: Use colored pencils to make it
vibrant. Green for grass, brown for soil and blue for water.
Rubrics

• Design/Composition 30%
• Relevance to the topic 40%
• Creativity 20%
• Effort 10%
100%