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Thermal Unit Operations Chapter 1-Introduction

The document introduces Thermal Unit Operations in chemical engineering, emphasizing the design, installation, and operation of processes and plants to achieve desired products. It discusses various unit operations, such as heat transfer and mass transfer, and their applications across different industries, highlighting the importance of understanding the fundamental principles behind these operations. The course aims to provide knowledge on the design, analysis, and practical application of transfer equipment.

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19 views11 pages

Thermal Unit Operations Chapter 1-Introduction

The document introduces Thermal Unit Operations in chemical engineering, emphasizing the design, installation, and operation of processes and plants to achieve desired products. It discusses various unit operations, such as heat transfer and mass transfer, and their applications across different industries, highlighting the importance of understanding the fundamental principles behind these operations. The course aims to provide knowledge on the design, analysis, and practical application of transfer equipment.

Uploaded by

deathcabforcutie.modestmouse
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ChEg 3216: Thermal Unit Operations

Chapter 1: Introduction

Nurelegne Tefera (Prof.)


Introduction
 Chemical engineering is concerned with
Design
Installation and
Operation
of processes and process plants meant to get desired
product.

 The product design and development, as well as that of


the selection and development of raw materials, is also
the task of the chemical engineer.

Nurelegne Tefera (Prof.) 2


Introduction

Design, Cost, Install, Operate, Control &


Optimize, Analyze

Need for a Need for Row Proces Produ


product a process material s ct
(Develop
plant to & select)
Industr
manufact ies (PI)
ure

Nurelegne Tefera (Prof.) 3


Introduction
 Many of the processes in chemical and process
industries have common operations and techniques that
are based on the same scientific principles.

 Petroleum industries and liquor industries, for example,


are entirely different with respect to their product but
they have a number of operations in common,
distillation & heat exchange are some of them.

 Such operations which are normally physical in nature


and are common in chemical and process industries are
conveniently termed as Unit Operations.
Nurelegne Tefera (Prof.) 4
Introduction
Example of unit operations and their applications:
Unit Operations Applications

Size reduction Cement & mineral industries, flour factory


Filtration Pharmaceuticals, beverage industry, Waste water
treat.
Distillation Liquor, petroleum, pharmaceuticals, chemical ind.
Drying Pulp and paper, glass industries, agriculture (grain)

Crystallization Sugar, salt, chem..ind.


Heat exchange Food ind., petroleum, cement etc.

Nurelegne Tefera (Prof.) 5


Introduction
 Many of these unit operations have certain fundamental
and basic principles or mechanisms in comment.

 For example the mechanisms of diffusion or mass transfer


occur in drying, absorption, distillation, crystallization.

 Heat transfer occurs in drying, distillation, evaporation etc.

 Hence unit operations are usually classified according to


these fundamental and basic principles.

Nurelegne Tefera (Prof.) 6


Introduction
 Mechanical UO: Size reduction, mechanical & hydro
mechanical separation, mixing etc
 Thermal UO: Heat transfer operations such as HE,
boiling, condo etc
 Mass transfer Operations : Distillation, Crystallization

 Combination of the above

 One or two of the above with chemical/ biological


reactions

Nurelegne Tefera (Prof.) 7


Introduction
 Heat transfer operations such as heat exchange, boiling,
condensation, evaporation are dealt with in Thermal unit
operations.

 Equilibrium controlled and rate governed operations like


drying, absorption, distillation, crystallization, extraction,
leaching, membrane filtration are thought in Mass transfer
Unit Operations.

 In Thermal Unit Operations we focus mainly on:


 Heat exchange units : Double- pipe, shell-and- tube, condensers,
Evaporators, Agitated Vessels, Boiler

Nurelegne Tefera (Prof.) 8


Introduction
 Needs for Heat and Mass Transfer operations?
In most processes, heat should be added or removed to increase or
decrease temperature, to achieve the required temperature, the
rate of addition or removal must be controlled.
 Thus there is a need for HT operations that requires heat
transfer equipment.
Similarly, a number of processes are meant to change (increase /
decrease) the composition / concentrations of solutions / mixtures.
This also requires the knowledge of mass transfer operations &
mechanical operations (for mixtures) which also require the design
of equipment.
 For the case where both heat & mass transfer occurs
simultaneously, the rates of both should be controlled.

Nurelegne Tefera (Prof.) 9


Introduction
 Rate controlling requires knowledge of factors that affect the
transfer rates and careful design of transfer equipment.

 The rate of transfer could be expressed as

Rate = coefficient X surface or transfer area X driving force.

 Example:
coefficient = f (flow type, fluid propriety, process condition,
equipment geometry & dimension, equipment
material, mode of transfer operation etc)
Area = f (geometry & dimension, mode of contact)

Nurelegne Tefera (Prof.) 10


Introduction
 To get a desired rate, the transfer equipment should be
properly designed and should be properly installed, operated,
optimized & controlled, and maintained.
 Thus for a given transfer operation & equipment, the important
point one should know, understand and apply are:
the need for it
the theoretical principles & fundamentals
the parts of the equipment & their functions
the principles of operations of the equipment
the analysis & design principles, methods & procedures.
Practical analysis & design.

 In this course, the above point should be given great attention


& emphasis.

Nurelegne Tefera (Prof.) 11

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