Harbin Electric International Company Limited

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INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL (I&C)

Power Plant Automation System SPPA-T3000TM

Abreviations

ASD Alarm Sequence Display

CS3000 Communication module
Compound Component User-specific automation function
CPU Central Processing Unit
CSV Comma Separated Values
DNP3 Distributed Network Protocol
DP Decentralised Periphery
I/O-module Input / Output module (ET200)
TM
ECS Embedded Component Services
Faceplate Control element for the user interface
GLONASS Global Satellite Navigation System
GPS Global Positioning System
HART Highway Addressable Remote Transducer
HTML Hypertext markup language
IEC60870 Communication protocol for industrial automation
Communication protocol for protection and Instrumentation and Control in electrical
IEC61850
plants
Java Programming language developed by the company SUN
LAN Local Area Network
MODBUS Communication protocol on Master/Slave-Base
OPC OLE for Process Control, Protocol for data transfer via network
Powerserver Designation of Automation- und Application-Server
PROFIBUS Process field bus
Proxy Communication interface inside a network
PSM Plant Situation Monitor
RJ45 Registered Jack
SCD Substation Configuration Description
SIL Safety Integrity Level

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SIM Signal Module

SOE Sequence of Event
SPPA-T3000™ Siemens Power Plant Automation Teleperm 3000
TCC Technical Calculation Container for Technology Server
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
URL Uniform Resource Locator
XML Hierarchical structured data in a text file

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Introduction

SPPA-T3000™ offers a single user interface for operation, engineering, diagnostics,

configuration, commissioning and service. Each object has all the necessary information and
interfaces embedded in it. No further proprietary software is necessary i.e. a standard
browser is the only criteria needed to view the status of the entire power plant and to perform
all automation activities. Windows-style drop-down menus, pop-up windows, multi-window
technique, easy search functions, point information and many other features make the
activities of users intuitive and easy. Unrestricted concurrent workflow, even on a single
object level, offers flexibility for any task.
Easy integration of different standards is the key to reduction of costs for a process control
system. SPPA-T3000™ addresses this problem by providing a platform built solely on open
standards and off-the-shelf components for both hardware and software platforms. Platform
independence and openness guarantee easy integration within specified company
applications. Information will be provided from the lowest field device level straight to the
control room, office or the corporate enterprise level. No interfaces are required, either
through different gateways or via software adaptation. Furthermore SPPA-T3000™ ensures
homogeneous operation and engineering for automation and optimization by integrating the
process optimization modules SPPA-T3000™.
SPPA-T3000™ allows tailor-made solutions. This not only addresses your functional
requirements, but also your personal preferences for different views and look-and-feel
settings.
The simplicity of the system architecture allows for plug&play installation of software and
hardware components. For example, additional operator stations can be easily connected
without the need of any further software installation. The software component modularity
reduces your maintenance and administration efforts substantially.
Process control systems in power plants are also affected by new trends in the automation
market. Changing requirements of customers and government rules are influencing the
requirements of the power generation industry. These requirements can be met by either
using new technologies or combining them with existing ones.
SPPA-T3000™ has already taken a lot of new trends into consideration in its architecture,
such as the basic embedded Internet technology, the TCP/IP communication and the
consequent component-based design.

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The main benefits of these innovative architectures are:

– Complete integration
– Any time consistent views
– Central data management
– Integrated instrumentation and control, operational displays, alarms, diagnostics and
engineering
– Integration of turbine controller
– Integration of failsafe controller
– Capital asset of protection
– Simple integration of external products through applications hosting
– Flexible integration of field devices
– Flexible and simple updates and upgrades
– Reduced administration effort

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Hardware Architecture

Introduction

The operator stations present all information regarding operation, engineering and
diagnostics. Through a web browser, they enable the access to a web application over the
internet or a corporate intranet, without having to install the application on every operator
station.
Processing data and control algorithm are the main focus of the power services. But the
power services provide additional functions like diagnostics, configuration, archiving, and
alarming services. The hardware platforms for all power services are the application server
and automation server that provide the highest availability.
The communication is provided via networks that link the different components together. The
main communication is realized by a standard ethernet network with TCP/IP. The
communication to the process interfaces is established by Profibus DP field bus. Other
standards are available like Modbus or IEC61850, IEC60870 and DNP3. The Profibus DP is
directly connected to the runtime container on the automation server.
The interface to the process provides signal conditioning and command output via I/O-
modules.
The fail safe functions are integrated in the system and based on “SIMATIC Safety
Integrated” (failsafe integration of SIMATIC) with use of failsafe I/O-modules.

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SPPA-T3000™ Power Server

SPPA-T3000™-Power Server provides all instrumentation and control system functions and
services needed for power plant control. Two hardware platforms are used to run the system
services:
– Automation server with all automation functions
– Applications server to provide central services like archiving, configuration, alarming, etc.

Automation Server
The automation server is a hardware platform with high-performance deterministic
automation functions and provides the connection to the I/O level. The number of automation
servers depends on the system configuration and can be scaled depending on the
complexity of automation tasks. These automation tasks are performed by automation
function components implemented by a Runtime Container. The runtime container provides
the runtime environment, the hardware proxies (hardware drivers) and their interconnection.
To conform to the requirements of complex automation tasks and to minimize the risk of
system downtimes, the automation servers use fault-tolerant configurations. They are based
on the 1-out-of-2 principle, and are capable of a bumpless switch to the backup system in the
event of a fault. These systems use a completely redundant design to maximize the
availability. This means that all major components of the automation server such as CPU,
power supply and hardware for coupling the two CPUs are present in pairs. Other
components which are also made available in pairs in the interest of availability depend on
the particular automation task.
A possible hardware platform is based on standard SIMATIC S7-CPU from the product
spectrum of the world market leader in process automation: SIMATIC. To meet various
process requirements the SIMATIC family CPU S7-400 is available.
Failsafe automation servers are used for turbine or boiler protection with fail-safe controls.
They detect not only errors in the process, also their own internal errors, and will
automatically set the power plant to a safe state if an error is detected.
The failsafe automation Servers are based on SIMATIC S7-CPUs which combine standard
automation and safety engineering in a single system.
Another automation server hardware platform is provided by the CS3000 (single/redundant)
that provides the real-time processing environment for the SPPA-T3000™ process
optimization functions and the hardware platform for all SPPA-T3000™ connect products
(such as Connect/IEC, Connect/Modbus, Connect/TME, etc.) for connectivity to third-party
systems. Based on standard PC components it provides most of the interfaces expected in a
standard PC, and adds interfaces as well as changes the housing and expansion slot types
to meet industrial needs. For applications which are requiring high availability, CS3000 can
be set up redundantly.
The SIMATIC FM458 is used to control the turbine functions integrated with SPPA-T3000™.
It provides high-speed closed-loop position control for steam and combustion turbines. The
SIMATIC FM458 provides for extremely time-critical closed-loop controls.

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The SIMATIC FM458 is used to control the turbine functions integrated with SPPA-T3000™.
It provides high-speed closed-loop position control for steam and combustion turbines. The
SIMATIC FM458 provides for extremely time-critical closed-loop controls.

Application-Server
The application server host common SPPA-T3000™ applications (web server, central project
container, etc.). Applications can be accessed through the user interfaces utilizing a standard
web browser. To provide the convenience of windows-based application handling, the
application server comes with a Microsoft Windows Server operating system.
The fault-tolerant hardware provides the highest level of availability. The fault-tolerant
application server automatically manages its redundant components without interruption in
data processing even if a component fails.

Network
Networks are used to distribute the system data and plant information within SPPA-T3000™.
SPPA-T3000™ offers the following Networks:
– Ethernet-Network based on TCP/IP
– Profibus DP

Ethernet-Network based on TCP/IP

The Ethernet Network provides the basis for the communication between the installed
system elements. From the automation servers, the data transmitted via a high speed
Ethernet Network to the application server and is available on any connected user interfaces.
Network printers can be connected directly to the Ethernet Network for printing any system
information (diagrams, engineering data, manuals, etc.). These printers can be accessed by
any client or server inside the SPPA-T3000™ system.
Additionally, SPPA-T3000™ can be equipped with a gateway for communication in or out of
the system. Safety access to the system by meaning of firewalls and up-to-date safety
measures to ensure.
Today's networking technologies provide high speed data transmission based on standard
protocols. The Ethernet Network of SPPA-T3000™ runs on Industrial Ethernet using the
TCP/IP protocol for all process data exchange.
To ensure continuous communication without any interruptions, rigorous redundancy
strategies have been applied. The Industrial Ethernet bus system features mechanisms that
prevent a communication system failure due to a single fault. By connecting the network, it
remains functional even when one transmission route fails. If a network component fails, only
the stations connected to that component are inaccessible. Redundant SPPA-T3000™
components are connected to different switch modules within a ring configuration. Through
this measure increases the availability even more.

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Principle of the Virtual Ring

Provided that the bus system is operating error-free, the data packets from a transmitting
participant are transferred over the entire length of the bus and the monitoring logic receives
identical bus signals from both directions.

BC BC

M
BC BC BC

AS AS AS AS

Figure: Principle of the virtual ring (error-free operation)

In the event of a fault, such as wire-break or failure or shutdown of a switch module, the data
stream is not received from one direction. Participants do not receive data temporarily, which
is connected between the locations of the fault for the module that contains the monitoring
logic (for several milliseconds). The monitoring logic responds by connecting the open circuit,
so that all participants are able to communicate with each other once more.

BC BC

M
BC BC BC

AS AS AS AS

Figure: Principle of the virtual ring (fault compensation)

When the fault that interrupted the transfer path has been rectified, the virtual ring is re-
established in that the monitoring logic disconnects the path again. With a virtual ring, single-
fault tolerance can be achieved that is comparable to a bus system that is implemented with
a redundant transfer medium without the need to implement a second transfer medium. One
fault in the cable of the virtual ring is tolerated.

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Profibus DP
Field communication connects I/O devices in the I/O-cabinet to the automation servers (e.g.,
S7-CPUs.). For this purpose, SPPA-T3000™ uses both Profibus-DP and Profibus
(IEC61158/EN50170) - the international standard for the field level is the global market
leader in the area of field bus applications and offers high performance process or field
communication with short response times.
Thanks to the openness of Profibus DP, components from various manufacturers that comply
with the standard can be easily integrated. The IEC 61158/EN50170 standard is your
guarantee of future security for your investment. More than 300 manufacturers worldwide
offer a wide range of Profibus DP products for the field level. Siemens offers both field
devices and network components.
Profibus is a serial byte communication bus which runs the electrical signal separately from
the power supply. The diagnostics of the Profibus is quite extensive and covers the alarms
related to the device, module or channel. Also, non-cyclic communication for alarms and
Read-/Write functions are provided to allow reading status messages and optimizing
parameters of the field device online.
Profibus provides the advantages of real networking on the field side with the ability to share
control functions in field devices and centrally in the control system, and remote calibration,
commissioning and maintenance, and real device inter-operability.

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Software Architecture
In classical Distributed Control Systems it is common to use different tools, software or sub-
systems that are optimized for a single specific task, which are brought together by more or
less complex middle-ware to synchronize the different tasks with each other.
SPPA-T3000™ uses the ECS™ solution which means having all data for each process
object located in a software object representation itself. All views like plant display,
engineering, alarm sequence display (ASD), etc. are supplied by the system services with
current data.

Due to the Java programming approach the SPPA-T3000™ software architecture consists of
components which can be in principle freely distributed on different hardware platforms. The
automation logic is built by automation functions and hardware proxies (drivers for hardware
components) engineered in the desired sequence and processing cycle and executed in
case of real-time requirements in the automation server which provides the real-time runtime
environment to perform deterministic control tasks. The Application Server provides the main
system services of access controls, data distribution to the operator station and the archiving.
Also it is the operating surrounding for OPC server and client components and provides the
surrounding for permanent engineering data management.

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Changes made in the automation and plant display set-up affect single central objects and
can be automatically inherited by all other components without having to duplicate the
change in those other components.
Another important advantage is keeping the operator stations completely independent from
all applications and control logic. Any re-definition of a strategy or even radical changes of
automation logic will not influence the client software set-up. Operator stations still accesses
data via the web browser, receiving only the logic or calculation results provided by the single
control objects. Operator stations therefore could be standard PCs without the need for
locally stored system software.

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Interfaces
Coupling via OPC to External Systems
As interface to third party systems, SPPA-T3000™ supports a data coupling via OPC. The
OPC server is installed on the application server.

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Time Tagging
Principle
Information for all views is generated in the automation servers. This Information can be
grouped into the following categories:
– Information about signal changes
– Information about SPPAT3000™ faults (Instrumentation and Control system alarms)

The time of the change or fault is appended to the information. In the case of signals, time
tagging always takes place on status change:
– Binary signals: Changing from 0 to 1 or vice-versa
– Analog signals: Overshooting an adjustable tolerance band (e.g. 0.5 %).

A binary signal, for example, can be a value which is read into a binary transmitter or a limit
derived from a process value. Analog signals are measured values from the process or
calculated variables. The value can be scanned in case of difference from the tolerance band
whenever a signal is generated. The tolerance band can be adjusted for each signal
separately allowing adaptation to the process engineering requirements with respect to
accuracy and response time. The generated values in this manner are further processed or
displayed in the different views for operation and diagnostic. They are conditioned for the
operating personnel in the form of protocolls, system messages, trend diagrams or overview
displays from SPPA-T3000™. This data can also be archived in the application server
complete with the time tags.

Source of Time Taggs

It is possible to configure which signals are to be time-tagged in addition to the instrumental
and control alarms that are specified as standard in all components.

SIM-Module
Binary or analog signals for fault safety use or not fault safety use get their time tags from the
automation server.

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Principle of Processing

The processing of signals always follows the principle of input – processing – output.

This ensures a time chronological sequence in the ASD. For example a hardware input
signal receives the time tag (by the hardware proxy) when it is entering the automation
server, after logic processing the second time tag is set before the value goes into the
process. This command could be e.g. “Protection OFF”. Due to the cyclic processing it is
ensured that the output signal “Protection OFF” has a later time tag than the causing input
signal.

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Time-off-day Synchronization

The automation server and the lower-level components require the current system time for
the purpose of assigning the time tag. A time-of-day server is the reference that ensures that
all components have a synchronized time. It is connected to the automation highway and
ensures that the communication processors are synchronized. In SPPA-T3000™ there is the
NTP (Network Time Protocol) mechanism used with a request/response method. The client
sends a time request packet to the time-of-day server that is answered by a time response
packet. The internal clock of the communication processors synchronizes the associated
automation server.
There are three methods for synchronizing the time-of-day server:
– GPS radio signal

The resolution of the time-of-day server and all lower-level system times is 1ms and therefore
the time tag resolution is 1ms too.

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Gas Turbine Automation

For gas turbine automation please refer to description of gas turbine section 7.

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Steam Turbine Automation

For steam turbine automation please refer to description of steam turbine section 8.

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INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL (I&C)

Black Box Systems

Definition of term “Black Box”

A “Black Box” is a system or subsystem, which entirely includes its own process- and electri-
cal equipment. The system is usually designed and delivered by the manufacturer of the me-
chanical equipment according to his proven industrial standard.
Therefore, most Black Boxes with their electrical switchboards and/or control cubicles are
located decentralized close to their consumers. The sub-distribution and control boards in-
cluding all power and control cables are designed, supplied, and mostly erected and com-
missioned by the respective Black Box supplier. Black Boxes can be individually produced
products or mass product devices of the industrial market, which can be ordered by cata-
logue. Representative examples for mass product devices are cranes, hoists and laboratory
equipment.
The electrical design of the Black Box-systems will be executed accordingly to IEC 60402-1.
The black box system will be connected to the Distributed Control System (DCS) according
below mentioned categories.

Definition of Categories
The definition of the category follows the impact on the operation of the plant.
Category 0:
This category contains systems which have no impact on operation of the plant. No signal
exchange with Distributed Control System is required.
Category 1:
This category contains systems which have minor impact on operation of the plant. Minimum
signal exchange with Distributed Control System is required. These signals represent at least
the actual state of the Black Box System.
Category 2:
This category contains vital systems, which have direct impact of the plant operation. Ex-
tended signal exchange including limited remote operation or direct control with Distributed
Control System is required.

Note:
Siemens defines minimum requirements of the Black Box to ensure a minimum of uniformity
and quality regarding electrical and instrumentation / control devices. The list of Black Box
Systems below mentioned is an assumption. The final scope will be defined during project
execution, also the individual signal exchange to each system.
For information about typical interface definitions reference is made to figure at page 4.
Black Box signals are shown in the DCS graphic display corresponding to that process sys-
tem where the Black Box is integrated. Alarms will be additionally shown in the Alarm Se-

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quence Display. Local logic and pictures of the Black Box will not be duplicated in central
DCS.

All submitted signals are stored in the DCS archive.

Design and execution of those systems and components follows sub-suppliers or manufac-
turer´s inhouse standard, which may differ from the plant overall standards. To the benefit of
the customer, this inhouse standard will allow the sub-supplier / manufacturer to offer a prov-
en and standardized solution with maximum efficient after sales support.
In general the supplier´s inhouse standard will comprise the following features:
– System or component will be composed of serial products, which may in their details de-
viate from customer´s specification. However, they will fully comply with the functional re-
quirements as set herein.
– Materials will be selected according to sub-supplier´s / manufacturer´s experience and
may differ from overall specification requirements as by customer.
– Electrical configuration and cabling may follow sub-supplier´s inhouse standard, but will
fully comply with international standards.
– Standardized product documentation and data management will be included, following
the applicable rules and regulations of the country of installation.
– Component or system will be tagged with one overall KKS-designation. Within the system
sub-supplier´s own inhouse tagging system may be applied.
– Automation of the stand-alone system will be done with sub-supplier´s preferred brand
automation system. Necessary signal exchange to Distributed Control System will be as-
sured.
The data- management covers all important engineering data for successfully integration into
the Power Plant. The documentation management uses the product documentation accord-
ing to supplier standard.

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Black–Box Systems are listed below:

Designation Category
1 Fuel Gas Supply 2
Sampling and Chemical Dosing Systems
2 1
(Chlorination, Ammonia, Biozid Dosing, etc.)
3 Emission Monitoring System 1
4 Fuel Oil Handling Systems/ Fuel Oil Treatment Plant 2
5 Fire Fighting System (only for GT Enclosure) 1
6 HP Reducing Station 2

Remark: Due to the project system configuration some listed systems perhaps may not be
used or additional Black Box Systems will be applied.

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Example for Signal exchange to DCS

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Continuous Emission Monitoring System

Introduction

The standard Continuous Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS) designed by Siemens con-
tinuously measures the for gas turbine operation essential pollutant concentrations of NO x
and CO as well as the oxygen level as reference value the exhaust gas stack.
Design and manufacturing is on based on European regulations (2010/75/EU and
EN14181).
The measuring system always consists of the following functional units:
– Extractive Sampling
– Gas Conditioning
– Gas Analysis
– Data Acquisition and Handling System (Emission-PC)

The gas is sampled from the exhaust gas stack by a heated sample probe. Via a heated
sample-line the flue gas is routed from the extraction probe to the analyzer shelter located at
the ground level. There the sample gas gets processed to bring it into a proper condition for
a reliable measurement. To this end, it is passed through suitable filters to remove dust par-
ticles and through heat exchangers (gas cooler) to condense out the humidity. Prior to NO
analysis the NO 2 components are additionally reduced to NO using a thermal catalytic con-
verter. In this way, the sum total of NO and NO 2 (=NO x ) is acquired as NO by the monitoring
system.
A schematic gas flow diagram can be seen in the Appendix B.
The CEMS facility is designed for automatic, continuous monitoring. It switches off and on
with gas turbine operation.
The system is fully automated. Measured data and certain status signals are transmitted to
the plant DCS and to an emission evaluation computer (Emission-PC). The entire process is
monitored and controlled by a programmable logic controller SIMATIC S7. To simplify opera-
tor interaction, a text display is integrated showing the current system status and facilitating
troubleshooting.

Design Description

Analyzer Shelter
Depending on the site conditions, the emissions monitoring system will be integrated into an
air-conditioned walk in shelter suitable for outdoor installation with dimensions of approxi-
mately 3000 mm x 2500 mm x 2700 mm = W x D x H.

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Typical Analyzer Shelter Design

Air Conditioning is realized by a split air con. The external unit is mounted on a support at the
side wall, the internal unit close to the ceiling inside.
Internally opposite on the wall of the front door an analyzer cabinet is installed containing
electrical and analytical parts. An overview of a typical application is shown in Appendix B.

Sampling
This sampling system consists of three major components.
– Heated Probes
– Heated Tubes (hoses)
– Gas Pump

A heated probe is installed at the sampling point (typically in the stack). The probe is
equipped with one-meter stainless steel tubes to measure in the inner area of the stack. The
probe is heated up on 150°C and mounted directly on a DN65/PN6 flange at the stack wall. It
includes a 2µm ceramic filter to remove particulate and is connected to the gas conditioning
section in the CEMS compartment with a heated tube to prevent moisture in the sampling
system. The gas pump is located in the CEMS compartment.

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Typical Design Sample Probe

(1. weatherproof cover, 2. junction box, 3. heated sampling line)

Gas Conditioning
In the gas conditioning section the sample is cleaned, by removing particulate (filter) and
converted to dry standard conditions (removing moisture). In addition the NO 2 portion is re-
duced to NO. Depending on the NO analyzer design the converter might be an external de-
vice or installed in the NO analyzer. Gas flow adjustment and valve switching for injection of
calibration gas also belongs to the gas conditioning process.
The gas conditioning system consists of the following components:
– 20µm filter in front of gas pump
– Compressor gas cooler
– Sample gas pump
– 2µm fine filter including moisture indicator
– Solenoid valves to insert reference and sample gas
– NO 2 converter

A standard gas flow diagram is shown Appendix B.

Gas Analyzers
For the measurement of NOx a highly sensitive chemiluminescence analyzer is used. Nitro-
gen oxides consist of NO and NO 2 . The installed CLD analyzer can only detect NO, but not
NO 2 . To measure the total nitrogen oxides a NO 2 converter is implemented internally the
measuring instrument. At a ceramic surface NO 2 is reduced to NO at 350 to 400°C. After
passing the converter all nitrogen oxides are present as NO and can be measured as total
sum of nitrogen oxides in the NO analyzer by chemo luminescence detection.

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Two measuring ranges are available:

Lowest range: 0 – 5 ppm NO
Highest range: 0 – 5000 ppm NO
In this area the desired ranges are freely programmable. An auto switch function between
two ranges is available.

Typical chemiluminescence (CLD) NO x -Analyzer

For the measurement of CO and O 2 a SIEMENS Ultramat 23 is used. The Ultramat 23 is de-
signed for simultaneous measurement of two components. The CO measurement is based
on infrared absorption method; O 2 is measured with an integrated electrochemical cell.
Two measuring ranges are available:
Lowest range: 0 - 150 mg/m3 CO
Highest range: 0 - 750 mg/m3 CO
In this area the desired ranges are freely programmable.
An auto switch function between two ranges is available.
Lowest range: 0 - 5 Vol% O2
Highest range: 0 - 25 Vol% O2
Usually the range of the oxygen measurement will be fixed to 0 - 25 Vol%.
The accuracy of the analyzers is +/- 1.5 % of each measuring range.

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Ultramat 23 Gas Analyzer

Operation
The whole measurement system is designed for fully automatic operation:
– Automatic measuring and standby service in reliance to the operational status of the gas
turbine (“Flame On” signal)
– Signal exchange with plant DCS SPPA-T3000TM
– Signal transfer to the Emission-PC
– Automatic calibration of the NO x , CO and O 2 measurement in standard cabinet
– Status display on integrated control
– Easy operation via SIMATIC HMI

Simatic PLC Control

The Simatic S7 System observes all the essential parts for a reliable measurement and sets
alarms and warnings if necessary. It organizes the message transfer to the local HMI, i.e.
TP177B as well as maintenance procedures initiated by plant DCS system and the measur-
ing facility is managed by the S7 PLC.

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Every service and malfunction notice will be shown in clear text on the display of the HMI. Its
notification display is hierarchically structured. Malfunction notices have highest, warnings
middle and status updates lowest priority. If more that one notification are shown, the most
recent one will be displayed (the others will be saved). Via the HMI some handling features
can be carried out.
– Start / stop gas pump
– Start auto-calibration
– Zero gas feed
– Span gas feed
– Adjustment of system parameter

Typical HMI for CEMS

Signal Transfer

Signal Transfer CEMS to SPPA T3000TM

The CEMS transfers analogue as well as different binary signals (status) to the SPPA-
T3000TM. The analogue signals are mainly measuring values from the analyzers. It serves as
a redundancy in case of Emissions PC failure. The binary signals belong to the status of the
individual analyzers and other CEMS components. So the plant operator always is informed
about the actual condition of the system and also the plausibility of the readings can be
checked.
From SPPA-T3000TM some analog reference values and binary status signals are transmit-
ted to the CEMS These signals provide some operational plant parameter as well as the ac-
tual plant status necessary correct emission data evaluation.

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Signals to the Emission-PC

The CEMS is linked to the superior Emission-PC via a BUS connection. Data acquisition
takes place in the CEMS shelter by data acquisition station where all the analogue and bina-
ry signals necessary or emissions evaluation is connected to, i.e. the pollutant and reference
(e.g. NO x , CO, O 2 ) values including corresponding status and service signals.

Emissions Evaluation -- Emission-PC

The Emissions PC is a personal computer operating on type-tested software for emissions

evaluation according to the relevant requirements, i.e. EN14181. The evaluation software is
based on Microsoft Windows. All relevant emission data is recorded and evaluated in the
Emissions PC, which provides an overview of the instantaneous emissions and generates all
necessary printouts of past recording periods. Besides pollutant data also plant data like ac-
tive power and fuel consumption will be transmitted between DCS and Emissions PC to be
integrated into the Emission reports.
The PC is equipped with a back-up hard disc for CEMS data archiving up to 3 years.
The relevant emissions will be reported in ppm vd , mg/Nm3, kg/s or mg/MJ. The mass flow is
determined by Nm3/h dry.
The pollutants are stored as hourly averages and daily averages. Smaller integral are pro-
grammable.
To define the actual mass emission, the dry emission volume flow is determined by the PC
based on combustion calculation. For this calculation the fuel flow, calorific value of fuel and
the oxygen surplus in the flue gas are used.

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Appendix A – Typical Standard Measuring Cabinet (inside shelter)

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Appendix B - Schematic Gas Flow Diagram

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