MODULE 7:

CONJUNCTIONS
(Liên từ)
Liên từ (conjunction) là từ được dùng để nối các từ, cụm từ, mệnh đề hoặc câu. Có hai loại liên từ:
1. Liên từ kết hợp (coordinating conjunctions) nối từ, cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề độc lập có cùng
chức năng ngữ pháp: and (và), but (nhưng), or (hoặc là), nor (cũng không), so (vì vậy), yet (tuy
nhiên), for (vì)
F A N B O Y S
For and nor but or yet so
Ex: Tom and Mary are my friends. (Tom và Mary là bạn cùa tôi.)
James likes tea, but Mary likes coffee.
(James thích trà nhưng Mary thích cà phê.)
Is the baby male or female? (Đứa bé là con trai hay con gái?)
He cannot see, nor can he hear.
(Anh ấy không thấy, cũng không thể nghe.)
There is no food left, so I have to go shopping.
(Không còn thức ăn nên tôi phải đi mua.)
The new method is simple, yet effective.
(Phương pháp mới đơn giản mà hiệu quả.)
I told her to leave, for I was very tired.
(Tôi bảo cô ta đi nơi khác vì tôi rất mệt.)
Liên từ tương quan (correlative conjunctions): both ... and (cả ... và), not only . . . but also (không
những ... mà còn), either ... or (hoặc ... hoặc), neither... nor (không... cũng không), whether... or (có ...
hay)
Ex: Both Tom and John are my best friends.
(Cả Tom và John đều là bạn thân của tôi.)
He can not only play the piano but also sing well.
(Anh ấy không những biết chơi đàn dương cầm mà còn hát rất hay.)
Either you or I will come to help him.
(Hoặc bạn hoặc tôi sẽ đến giúp anh ấy.)
Peter neither spoke nor did anything.
(Peter không nói cũng không làm gì cả.)
I have not decided whether to travel aboard or buy a new car.
(Tôi chưa quyết định là đi du lịch nước ngoài hay mua xe hơi mới.)
- Một số trạng từ (conjunctive adverbs) được dùng như một từ nối để nối hai mệnh đề hoặc câu độc
lập: hence (do đó), however (tuy nhiên), furthermore (hơn nữa), moreover (hơn nữa), therefore (vì
vậy), nevertheless (tuy nhiên), meanwhile (trong khi đó), otherwise (nếu không thì), consequently
(vì vậy, cho nên)
Ex: I had better write it down, otherwise I will forget it.

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 (Tôi nên ghi chép lại, nếu không tôi sẽ quên.)
The whole report is badly written. Moreover, it is inaccurate.
(Toàn bộ bản báo cáo được viết rất tệ. Hơn nữa lại không chính xác.)
2. Liên từ phụ thuộc (subordinating conjunctions) nối mệnh đề phụ (subordinate clause) với mệnh
đề chính (main clause): after (sau khi), before (trước khi), since (từ đó, bởi vì), when (khi),
whenever (bất kỳ khi nào), while (trong khi) , until, till (cho đến khi), as, where, wherever, because,
so that, in order that, although, though, even though, even if (khi mà), if, unless, in case, provided /
providing that, supposed/ supposing that, as if, as though, that.
(Xem phần Adverb clauses, That clauses và Conditional Sentences)
Ex: I’ll phone you when I arrive. (Khi đến nơi tôi sẽ gọi cho anh.)
He told me that he loved me. (Anh ấy nói rằng anh ấy yêu tôi.)

MULTIPLE CHOICE
Choose a, b, c, or d that best completes the sentence.
1. Bill wants to enter Oxford University ________ he has some trouble meeting the academic
requirements.
A. and B. but C. as D. so
2. John usually spent his summer studying basic math, writing, ________ reading comprehension.
A. nor B. but C. as D. and
3. I do not like football, ________ my brother can play football very well.
A. as B. and C. while D. or
4. It is hard to say whether Hemingway ________ Fitzgerald is the more interesting cultural icon of
his day.
Whether + or
A. or B. and C. not D. but
5. Hartford is a rich city, ________ suffers from many symptoms of urban blight.
A. yet B. however C. so D. and
However đứng giữa chấm phẩy….phẩy, chấm…chấm phẩy, chấm ….phẩy
6. You need to work harder; ________, you’ll get fired.
A. otherwise B. moreover C. instead D. however
7. There were not enough beds ________ I had to sleep on the floor.
A. while B. nor C. but D. so
8. You can study hard for this exam ________ you can fail,
A. however B. yet C. and D. or
9. He is a very weak president; ________, most people support him.
A. otherwise B. therefore C. nevertheless = however D. but
10. There was no alcohol in the flat, ________ any tobacco.
A. or B. nor C. but D. and
11. This is a useful rule, ________ difficult to remember.

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 A. so B. but C. and D. or
12. The first two services are free, ________ the third costs £35.00.
A. while B. when C. since D. as
13. ________ knowledge can be acquired from books, skills must be learned through practice.
A. Since B. And C. But D. Whereas
14. She could not speak, ________ could she understand anything we said.
A. when B. as C. or D. nor
15. She not only works hard ________ has a good relationship with all her workmates.
A. since B. as C. but also D. so
16. Whether you win this race ________ lose it doesn’t matter as long as you do your best.
A. nor B. but C. or D. and
17. We were sitting, ________ I remember, in a riverside restaurant.
A. whereas B. as C. and D. yet
18. We wanted to go to the beach; ________, it started to rain and we stayed at home.
A. however B. moreover C. yet D. consequently
19. Forgive my asking, ________ you’re not very happy, are you?
A. but B. and C. so D. as
20. Wear your clothes ________ you want.
A. but B. so C. and D. however
21. Cars have become much more complicated ________, mechanics need more training than in the
past.
A. Therefore B. So that C. Because D. For
22. He did not slow down ________ drove even faster.
A. nor B. and C. but D. because
23. Doctors’ salaries have risen substantially, ________ nurses’ pay actually has not.
A. or B. so C. and D. whereas
24. I have not been asked to resign, ________ do I intend to do so.
A. or B. nor C. as D. since
25. He was wearing glasses ________ no one could see his face clearly.
A. and B. so as C. but also D. so that
26. There was snow everywhere, ________ the shape of things was difficult to identify.
A. so B. however C. as D. or
27. I couldn’t use the pay phone, ________ I didn’t have any coins with me.
A. yet B. despite C. for D. even though
28. I have earned my own living ________ I was seven, doing all kinds of jobs.
A. whereas B. while C. since D. whenever
29. My present job is badly paid ________ I think I will look for another better one.
A. or B. so C. nor D. however
30. Write the answers down ________ you do not forget them.
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 A. than B. as C. if D. so that
31. ________ he was the most prominent candidate, he was not chosen.
A. Though B. Because C. As D. Since
32. Neither Mrs. Rose ________ Mrs. Wood was available for conference yesterday.
A. nor B. or C. but D. so
33. We do not know ________ he will come.
A. than B. but C. when D. whereas
34. My sister broke her leg in two places ________, she had to wear a cast and use crutches for three
months
A. Nevertheless B. Consequently C. For that D. Moreover
35. I do not know ________ everybody will approve of my suggestions or not.
A. only if B. when C. if D. whether
36. The visitors complained about the heat, ________ they continued to play golf.
A. yet B. and C. because D. since
37. The lecture was very boring ________ I had left the hall before it finished.
A. because B. but C. so D. so that
38. Either my friend ________ I am going to help you with the work.
A. and B. or C. nor D. yet
39. Let’s ask our teacher how to solve this problem ________ we can’t agree on the answer.
A. so B. though C. for D. since
40. John thought he had a good chance to get the job, ________ his father was the manager’s friend.
A. since B. though C. as D. for
41. Do it ________ you want.
A. however B. so C. so that D. for
42. The country is famous for the beauty of its landscape ________ the hospitality of its people.
A. thus B. sine C. otherwise D. and
43. Did you go out ______ stay at home?
A. and B. or C. as D. so that
44. They tried hard ______ did not succeed.
A. but B. so C. while D. whereas
45. They got lost ________ they forgot to take the map with them.
A. when B. and C. because D. or
46. I did not see it, ________ did they.
A. and B. nor C. so D. but
47. ________ we miss the last bus, we will walk home.
A. Wherever B. When C. As if D. If
48. He kept reading ________ he fell asleep.
A. until B. as C. for D. and
49. The police searched the region carefully ________ they found nothing.
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 A. whereas B. nor C. but D. as if
50. We open the window ________ fresh air could blow into the room.
A. for B. so that C. not only D. because