CONNECTIVES

Giữa các ý trong câu hoặc giữa các câu đơn thường có các mối liên như sau: nguyên nhân, kết quả,
mục đích, nhượng bộ, đối lập- tương phản, thêm thông tin, tóm tắt, …
1. Nguyên nhân:
because of/ owing to/ due to/ as a result of/ as a consequence of/ on account of + Noun phrase/ V-
ing
because /since/as SV
S1 V1, for S2 V2.
2. Kết quả:
S1V1, so S2 V2.
too, enough , so… that…, such…that..
S1V1. Therefore/Hence/Thus/Consequently/As a consequence/As a result/Accordingly, S2V2.
3. Mục đích:
so as (not ) to-V/ in order (for O) (not) to-V
so that/ in order that SV
4. Nhượng bộ:
Despite/In spite of Noun/V-ing
Although/Though/Even though SV
Wh-word + ever = No matter + wh-word: cho dù, bất kể
whoever = no matter who: Whoever/No matter who you are, I still won’t believe you.
whatever = no matter what
wherever = no matter where
whenever = no matter when
whichever = no matter which: Whichever/No matter which way you choose, you can’t get to the
town before dusk.
however = no matter how (+ Adj/adv): However fast you drive, you can’t catch up with him.
However hungry the boy was, he didn’t touch the food.
However you travel to France, you will have to spend a lot of money.
whomever = no matter whom
(không có Whyever)
S1V1. However/Nevertheless/Nonetheless/Still, S2V2.
S1V1, but/yet S2V2.
5. Đối lập-Tương phản:
S1V1. However/Meanwhile/In contrast/On the contrary/On the other hand, S2V2.
While/Whereas (trong khi mà) S1V1, S2V2./ S1V1 whereas/while S2V2.
(để diễn tả 2 đối tượng có đặc điểm trái ngược nhau)
He must be about 60, whereas his wife looks about 30.
The amount of time children spent watching TV remained stable. Meanwhile, the amount of time
they spent using computers increased dramatically.
6. Thêm thông tin:
S1V1. In addition, Also, Besides, Additionally, What is more, furthermore, moreover,… S2V2.
S1V1, and S2V2.
7. Tóm tắt:
In conclusion, In brief, In short, To sum up, To conclude, In summary, On the whole, Overall, In a
nutshell, After all, …
8. Nêu ví dụ:
For example/ For instance,
such as/ like + N/V-ing
Take + O + for example/as an example
 PRACTICE
EXERCISE 1
1. The examination was very difficult, _____ very few were able to pass.
A. consequently B. as well as C. on the hand D. whereas
2. We know _____ him and his wife.
A. either B. neither C. both D. as well
3. You can send letters from Hongkong _____ by Suez or by Canada.
A. either B. neither C. both D. as well
4. There as no one there, _____ I went away.
A. and B. but C. or D. so
5. He was very young and had no experience of that type of work; _____, he was not given the
post.
A. and B. but C. or D. therefore
6. He had to pay a fine of $10, _____ he had to spend 10 days in prison.
A. or else B. while C. whereas D. however
7. He is very cleaver and wins all the prizes _____ his brother never seems to know a thing.
A. and B. while C. therefore D. or
8. You must tell him where you are going _____ when you will be back.
A. and both B. and as well C. and also D. and too
9. He was the best in class at Maths and English; _____, he was the best footballer in the school.

A. moreover B. however C. or D. so
10. Geography is a very interesting subject; _____, very few people study it thoroughly.
A. and B. however C. or D. so
11. It was very wet _____ I decided not to go.
A. and B. but C. or D. so
12. He is very fond of music _____ reading.
A. as B. as well C. as well as D. as good as
13. I told him to come at three _____ to bring his wife with him.
A. also B. and also C. so D. too
14. Our opponents have a very good team; _____, there is no need for us to lose hope.
A. and B. therefore C. moreover D. however
15. I’ll offer it to Tom _____ he may not want it.
A. even though B. as C. when D. however
16. There is fog at Heathrow; the plane _____ has been diverted.
A. otherwise B. so C. therefore D. or
17. He says he will pay, _____ I don’t think he will.
A. though B. even though C. in case D. but
18. They are ugly and expensive, _____ people buy them.
A. already B. yet C. thus D. hence
19. You aren’t rich. _____, you could do something to help him.
 A. Yet B. Still C. For D. But
20. _____ the severe weather conditions, all the cars completed the course.
A. In spite B. Despite C. However D. Yet

EXERCISE 2
1 _____ we lived in town, we often went to the theater.
A. After B. When C. For D. Or
2. He took the food eagerly, _____ he had eaten nothing since dawn.
A. if B. in case C. but D. for
3. _____ the sun rose, the fog dispersed.
A. As B. While C. Before D. Until
4. _____ a married man, he has to think of his family.
A. If B. As C. or D. so
5. Tired _____ he was, he offered to carry her.
A. as B. though C. Although D. however
6. Some people waste food _____ others don’t have enough.
A. as B. in case C. while D. before
7. _____ she came to know him better, she relied on him more.
A. While B. Because of C. Though D. As
8. _____ I sympathize with your point of view, I cannot accept it.
A. While B. Although C. But D. A or B
9. How can you expect your children to be truthful _____ you yourself tell lies?
A. when B. therefore C. because D. since
10. Strong _____ he was, he couldn’t lift it.
A. like B. as C. or D. and
11. He stole, not _____ he wanted the money, _____ because he liked stealing.
A. for / but B. because / but C. although/however D. because /and
12. Many people think the building is ugly. _____, some say it looks marvelous.
A. On the contrary B. Because C. Although D. Since
13. Business has been very bad this year. _____, we have had to close one of our factories.
A. Consequently B. As a result C. But D. a or b
14. Take a map with you _____ you lose your way.
A. if B. in case C. so that D. so
15. The play was very boring, _____ they walked out.
A. so B. if C. when D. while
16. She’ll only do the job _____ you pay him more.
A. unless B. after C. if D. as
17. He hasn’t written to us _____ he left.
A. when B. for C. because D. since
18. I never take an umbrella _____ it’s raining heavily.
 A. unless B. if C. otherwise D. or
19. He got a new alarm clock _____ he’d get up on time.
A. because B. and C. so that D. so
20. He agreed to go climbing _____ he hated heights.
A. despite B. in spite of C. so D. although

Exercise 3. Combine each pair of sentences below, using the conjunction given in parentheses.
1. He is very rich. He isn’t happy. (no matter)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. She can’t answer those questions. She is very intelligent. (no matter)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. She may say anything. I don’t believe her. (whatever)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. He tried. He was not successful. (no matter)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. His life is hard. He is determined to study well. (no matter)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. He was wise and experienced. He was taken in. (though)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. He got good jobs. He was not satisfied. (no matter)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. You do any job. You should do it devotedly. (whatever)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. He might live anywhere. He always thought of his homeland. (no matter)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. It was cold. He didn’t wear warm clothes. (no matter)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
11. He often tells lies. Many people believe him. (Despite)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
12. You return at any time. She waits for you. (no matter)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

THE END