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Chapter1

This document introduces numerical methods, which are techniques for solving mathematical problems using arithmetic and logical operations, particularly useful for complex problems that cannot be solved analytically. It discusses the differences between analytical and numerical methods, emphasizing that while analytical methods yield exact solutions, numerical methods provide approximate solutions based on desired accuracy. The document also covers mathematical modeling, including dependent and independent variables, parameters, and forcing functions, as well as applications of these concepts in scenarios like analyzing the velocity of a bungee jumper.

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danielkraidan
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3 views18 pages

Chapter1

This document introduces numerical methods, which are techniques for solving mathematical problems using arithmetic and logical operations, particularly useful for complex problems that cannot be solved analytically. It discusses the differences between analytical and numerical methods, emphasizing that while analytical methods yield exact solutions, numerical methods provide approximate solutions based on desired accuracy. The document also covers mathematical modeling, including dependent and independent variables, parameters, and forcing functions, as well as applications of these concepts in scenarios like analyzing the velocity of a bungee jumper.

Uploaded by

danielkraidan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Mathematical
Modeling and Numerical Methods
W H AT A R E N U M E R I CA L M E T H O D S ?

• Numerical methods are techniques by which


mathematical problems are formulated so that they can
be solved with arithmetic and logical operations.
• • Because digital computers excel at performing such
operations, numerical methods are sometimes referred to
as computer mathematics.
• Numerical methods greatly expand the
types of problems you can address.

WHY SHOULD YOU • They are capable of handling problems


that are often impossible to solve
STUDY NUMERICAL analytically with standard calculus such
METHODS? as:
- large systems of equations
- nonlinearities
- complicated geometries.
M AT H E M AT I CA L M O D E L

A mathematical model can be broadly defined as a formulation


or equation that expresses the essential features of a physical
system or process in mathematical terms.

• dependent variables
Models can be represented by a • independent variables
• parameters
functional relationship between:
• forcing functions
• The dependent variable is a
characteristic that typically reflects
the behavior or state of the system.
• The independent variables are
usually dimensions, such as time and
space, along which the system’s
behavior is being determined.
• The parameters are reflective of the
system’s properties or composition.
• The forcing functions are external
influences acting upon the system.
A N A LY T I C A L V E R S U S N U M E R I C A L M E T H O D S
FOR MODEL SOLVING

• Once a mathematical model is constructed one could use


• Analytical methods
• Numerical methods

• Analytical methods
• Produce exact solutions
• Not always feasible
• May require mathematical sophistication

• Numerical methods

• Produce an approximate solution

• The time to solve a numerical problem is a function of the desired accuracy of the

approximation.
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

● F: net force acting on the body (N,


or kg m/s2)
A P P L I CAT I O N :
● m: mass of the object (kg)
SECOND NEWTON
● a: its acceleration (m/s2)
LAW OF MOTION
● 𝑣: velocity (m/s)
𝐹 𝑑𝑣 𝐹
𝑎= ⇒ =
𝑚 𝑑𝑡 𝑚
EXAMPLE: VELOCITY OF A BUNGEE JUMPER
A N A LY T I C A L O R
CLOSED-FORM
SOLUTION
!" $ (")
The differential equation = 𝑔 − ! 𝑣 ( can
!# '
no longer be solved analytically in general
APPLICATION OF THE
ANALY TICAL SOLUTION

A bungee jumper with a mass of 68.1 kg


leaps from a stationary hot air balloon.
Compute the velocity for the first 12 s of
free fall. Also determine the terminal
velocity that will be attained for an
infinitely long cord. Use a drag coefficient
of 0.25 kg/m.
PLOT OF THE VELOCITY VERSUS TIME

§ Transient analysis means analyzing a


system when it is varying with respect to
time (in unsteady state).
§ If the dependent variables involved in
defining the state of a system does not
vary with respect to time, then the
system is said to be in steady state.
§ For the bungee jumper, the steady-state
condition would correspond to the case
where the net force is zero.This is when
𝒅𝒗
the velocity is not changing anymore (
𝒅𝒕
= 0)
NUMERICAL SOLUTION: SOLVE ODE
N U M E R I C A L LY ( E U L E R ’ S M E T H O D )
Forward difference for 1st derivative
𝑑𝑣 Δ𝑣 Δ𝑣 𝑣 𝑡,-. − 𝑣 𝑡, 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑡,-. − 𝑣(𝑡, ) 𝑣,-. − 𝑣,
= lim 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 3 = =
𝑑𝑡 )#→+ Δ𝑡 Δ𝑡 𝑡,-. − 𝑡, 𝑑𝑡 #/# 𝑡,-. − 𝑡, 𝑡,-. − 𝑡,
"

Backward difference for 1st derivative


𝑑𝑣 𝑣, − 𝑣,0.
3 =
𝑑𝑡 #/# 𝑡, − 𝑡,0.
"

Centered difference for 1st derivative


𝑑𝑣 𝑣,-. − 𝑣,0.
3 =
𝑑𝑡 #/# 𝑡,-. − 𝑡,0.
"
A P P L I CAT I O N O F T H E N U M E R I CA L S O L U T I O N
60 60
v Dt=2 s v
n Dt=0.5 s
50 t io 50
lu
so
al
40 ir c 40
e Exact solution
m Exact solution
Nu
30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
t
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 t 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
CAT E G O R I E S O F N U M E R I CA L M E T H O D S
COVERED IN THIS COURSE

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