12 Practical Research 2

Quarter 2 – LAS 1

Research Design
This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) focuses on quantitative research design and description of
sample. This will help you gain understanding and knowledge about these topics.
At the end of the lessons, you are expected to: 1. Choose appropriate quantitative research
design (CS_RS12_IIa – c – 1); 2. Describe sampling procedure and the sample (CS_RS12_IIa – c – 2).

INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT

Selecting an appropriate research design entails you to fully understand the variables under
investigation. Remember that both research designs: qualitative and quantitative have statements of the
problem where the details of the variables will be investigated. And because you are already capable of
stating a research problem, writing the background of the study and the scope and delimitation, stating
the hypotheses, making a conceptual framework, and reviewing related literature, you are ready to begin
with deciding for the appropriate research design. Remember that a quantitative design is more
systematic and controlled as compared to qualitative one. This means that you have to complement your
statements of the problems with appropriate questions for your research instrument.

I. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

A research design according to Andrew B Kirumbi (2018) is the set of methods and procedures
used in collecting and analyzing measures of the variables specified in the research problem. The design
of a study defines the study type (descriptive, correlation, semi-experimental, experimental, review, meta-
analytic) and sub-type (e.g., descriptive-longitudinal case study), research
problem, hypotheses, independent and dependent variables, experimental design, and, if applicable, data
collection methods and a statistical analysis plan. A research design is a framework that has been
created to find answers to research questions
There are two types of Quantitative Research Design
1. Non – experimental Research Design According to Kowalczyk (n.d.), non – experimental
research means there is a predictor variable of group of subjects that cannot be manipulated by the
experimenter. This suggests that different routes should be accustomed draw conclusions, like
correlation, survey or case study.
2. Experimental Research Design It is guided by a hypothesis. Sometimes experimental
research can have several hypotheses. A hypothesis is a statement to be proven or disapproved. Once
that statement is formed, experiments begun to seek out whether the statement is true or not.
NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS
1. Survey Research - uses interviews, questionnaires, and sampling polls to assess trends, opinions,
beliefs, and attitudes and present findings in accurate ways, usually expressed in percentage
- is used to present follow-up analyses and/or evaluations
- can be conducted around one group or used to compare several groups.
- Example quantitative research title. A Quantitative Study Investigating the Experiences
of Saudi Arabian Students at the University of Wisconsin-Stout
This research will assist decision-makers in formulating more flexible ways of preventing severe
effects of typhoon to respondents

2. Correlational Research
- it is used to test the relationships between two variables.
- it determines what the effect of one on the opposite that affects the relationship.
- predicts the magnitude of the association.
- Example quantitative research title: Level of Anxiety and Interest of Students in Speaking
English
This research aimed to investigate the relationship among the variables: level of interest and level
of anxiety in learning the language.
3. Descriptive Research
- it presents a picture of the specific details of a condition, social setting, or relationship
- is oftentimes as a survey of a normative approach.
- Example of quantitative descriptive research: The The Influence of Youtubers On
Teenagers
The study aims to describe the influences of Youtubers on some aspects of teenagers personality
4. Comparative Research
- attempts to reach conclusions beyond single cases and explains differences and similarities
across a moderate number of cases.
- its concern is to establish familiarity with each case included in a study.
- Example of quantitative comparative research: A comparative study of computer and
mobile phone-mediated collaboration: The case of university students in Japan

This study proved that mobile phones have great potential to enhance interaction in online
collaboration.
5. Ex – Post – Facto Research
-examines how an independent variable, present prior to the study, affects a dependent variable
- used in studies which measure the pre – existing effects.
- is a study where the researcher has no control over the variables.
- Example of Ex – Post – facto Research: An Ex Post Facto Study of First-Year Student
Orientation as an Indicator of Student Success at a Community College. The purpose of this ex post
facto study is to determine if a relationship exists between certain student success indicators and
students completing an orientation course their first semester in a particular college in comparison to
those students who do not complete an orientation course in the first semester.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

1. Quasi - Experimental Research
-evaluates interventions but that do not use randomization.
-aims to demonstrate causality between an intervention and an outcome.
- it is often found in the infectious diseases literature, particularly in the area of interventions
aimed at decreasing the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and in health care generally
- involves selecting groups, upon which a variable is tested without any random pre- selection
process.
- is a study where the groups are known to be already established before the research.
- Example of Quasi – Experimental Research: Effect of Education on Asthma Control in
Children: A Quasi- Experimental Study.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of education on asthma control in children.
 2. True Experimental Research
- is thought to be the most accurate type of experimental research as it supports or refutes a
hypothesis using statistical analysis.
- it establishes cause and effect relationship.
- contains three criteria: control and experimental group; researcher – manipulated variable;
random assignment.
- Example of True Experimental Research: Experimental Studies of Physical Exercises to
Improve Students Sleep Quality and Mental Health
This study proved that the subjects all exhibited remarkable improvement in their sleep quality
and mental health.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1 Determine the quantitative research design

appropriate for each research title. Write a short explanation why you
opted to decide for a specific research design.

1. Relationship between Parents’ and Learners’ ODL Modalities Preferences in the Distant
Barangays of Jose Panganiban
2. Face-to-face Tutoring as LGU’s Support to Selected Primary Learners under the Frustration Level
of Reading
3. Effects of Routine Cycling on the Physical Anxiety Level of Selected Teachers of JPNHS
4. Grade 7 Learners’ Physical Activities during the General Community Quarantine
5. Level of Academic Achievement of Selected Grade 12 Students in the Available Learning
Modalities

II SAMPLING PROCEDURE AND THE SAMPLE

POPULATION AND SAMPLE: WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?

A population is the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about. A sample is the
specific group that you will collect data from. The size of the sample is always less than the total size of
the population. In research, a population doesn’t always refer to people. It can mean a group containing
elements of anything you want to study, such as objects, events, organizations, countries, species,
organisms, etc.

Population Sample

Advertisements for IT jobs in the The top 50 search results for advertisements for IT jobs in the Netherlands on May
Netherlands 1, 2020

Songs from the Eurovision Song Winning songs from the Eurovision Song Contest that were performed in English
Contest

Undergraduate students in the 300 undergraduate students from three Dutch universities who volunteer for your
Netherlands psychology research study

All countries of the world Countries with published data available on birth rates and GDP since 2000
 Sampling
Sampling pertains to the systematic process of selecting the group to be analysed in the research
study. Sampling, in research, is a word that refers to the method or procedures of choosing respondents
to answer the question. According to Paris (2013), the bigger the group from where you can choose the
sample is called population, and sampling frame is the list of members of such population from where you
will get the sample. There are two kinds of sampling: the probability sampling or unbiased sampling and
non – probability sampling

1. Probability Sampling. This sampling provides an equal chance of participation in the selection
process given to every member listed in the sampling frame. As a researcher, always remember that the
smaller the sample is, the higher chance of sampling error. Therefore, the bigger the number of
respondents will avoid sample errors.

2. Non – probability Sampling. It disregards random selection of respondents. According to Edmond

(2013), the subjects are chosen based on the availability or the purpose of the study, in some cases it is
the discretion of the researcher.

Simple Probability Sampling

It uses a pure chance selection process.
- You can make a list of the population, writing each name on cards, choosing cards
through a pure chance selection.
-uses any of the following ways: fish bowl technique, roulette wheel, or table of
random numbers.
Example: population: 100; sample: 20 The researcher may write all 100 names in a
clean sheet of paper, place it in a bowl and draw 20 papers out of the bowl.

Systematic Probability Sampling

Probability
Sampling

The researcher chooses elements from a target population by selecting a random

starting point and selects sample members after a fixed ‘sampling interval.’
- runs from determining sampling interval, determining the number of population and
LEARNING ACTIVITY
sample 2 for the sampling ratio.
and computing
IdentifyExample:
the sampling procedure used in150
population: 1500; sample: each given situation. Give a
brief explanation to justify your answer.
150/1500 = 0.1 x 100 = 10%. The sampling interval is 10.

Stratified Probability Sampling

It is used in aSITUATION
SAMPLING SHORT
study that needs group – by – group analysis. It divides population
according to strata or groups before selecting samples.PROCEDURE EXPLANATION
Justin targeted population
Example: forpopulation
group the his studyaccording
are thetotricycle
age, gender, etc.
drivers of Jose Panganiban. He has to get data from any
member of any TODA and he needs 51 members after
Cluster Probability Sampling
computing using Slovin Formula.
The population is divided into clusters, such as districts or schools, and then randomly
select some of these clusters as your sample. The clusters should ideally each be mini-
Christian wants to know if modular
representations distant learning
of the population modality
as a whole.
affects the academic performance
Example: population: 1000;ofsample:
senior150high school
students. She gotresearcher
The all the listcan
of students
randomly from
selecther school
at least and(3) groups with 50 participants to
three
represent
selected every 15th namethe sample
to be a sample.
April wants to survey all the parents of students in SHS who
enrolled to an online class. There are only about 25
students in ODL modality and she includes all of them in the
 sample.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 3
A. Write brief answer to each question. Please write in a
separate sheet of paper.

1. How will you define population and sample?

____________________________________________________________________________
2. In your own words, differentiate the two types of sampling.

B. You can use the Slovin Formula to calculate the sample size (n) given the population size
(N) and a margin of error (e). It is a random sampling technique formula to estimate
sampling size. It is computed as n = N / (1+Ne²) whereas:
n = no. of samples
N = total population
e = error margin / margin of error

To use the formula, first figure out what you want your error of tolerance to be. For example, you may be
happy with a confidence level of 95 percent (giving a margin error of 0.05), or you may require a tighter
accuracy of a 98 percent confidence level (a margin of error of 0.02). Plug your population size and
required margin of error into the formula. The result will be the number of samples you need to take.

 In research methodology, for example N=1000 and e=0.05

n = 1000 / (1 + 1000 * 0.5²)

n = 1000 / (1 + 2.5)
n = 1000/ 3.5 = 286 samples

Suppose that you have a group of 500 city government employees and you want to survey them to find
out which tools are best suited to their jobs. You decide that it is good to have a margin of error of 0.03.
Using Slovin's formula, you would be required to survey n = N / (1 + Ne²) people:

n = 500 / (1 + 500 * 0.03* 0.03)

= 345 samples will represent the research participants/respondents

ACTIVITY 4
Directions: Assume the size of the population and identify the
sample you will be taking for a research title below and explain
the suited sampling technique.

EXAMPLE: Level of English Speaking Anxiety of Grade 10 Students of JPNHS

 Population size 610

= 𝑁 /1+𝑁𝑒2
Sample size 244
The computation for the sample
using Slovin = 610 /(1+610*0.05²)
=610/2.5
= 244

The sampling technique you use Stratified Random Sampling

(Show computation if applicable)
Curriculum Population Sample
STEM 42 17
BEC 568 227
TOTAL 610 244
For STEM For BEC
244/610 =244/610
=.4(42) =.4(568)
=16.8 or 17 =227.2 or 227

Who are the respondents? Grade 10 students of JPNHS

Research Title: Effects of Routine Cycling on the Physical Anxiety Level of Teachers of JPNHS

Population size
Sample size
The computation for the sample
using Slovin (If applicable)
The sampling technique you use
(Show computation if applicable)
Who are the respondents?

Research Title: Assessing Grade 7 Learners’ Physical Activities during the General Community
Quarantine

Population size
Sample size
The computation for the sample
using Slovin (If applicable)
The sampling technique you use
(Show computation if applicable)
Who are the respondents?

EVALUATION
Read each question, and write the letter of the correct answer in a separate sheet
of paper.

1. This type of non – experimental research, the researcher uses interviews,

Questionnaires, and sampling polls to get a sense of behaviour with intense precision.
A. Comparative B. Correlational C. Descriptive D. Survey
2. This research design aims to test the relationship between two variables.
A. Comparative B. Correlational C. Descriptive D. Survey

3. The purpose of this research is to present a picture of specific situations

A. Descriptive B. Explanatory C. Exploratory D. Survey

4. This research design involves selection of groups, upon which a variable is tested without any random
pre – selection process.
A. Quasi Experimental Assessment C. True Experimental
B. Quasi – Non – Experimental D. True – Non – Experimental

5. The aim of Ex – Post – Facto research design is to:

A. determine a cause from already existing effects. C. identify association among variables.
B. establish cause and effect relationship. D. observe and describe a phenomenon.

6. It is almost impossible for one researcher to gather data from the whole population. This situation leads
the researcher to take a _______ rather than the population.
A. extraction C. sample
B. few D. selection
7. It is a type of sampling design where each element of a population has an equal and independent
chance of being selected.
A. Non-Random Sampling C. Simple Experiment
B. Random Sampling D. Total Sampling

8. It is a non-random sampling technique where the researcher take sample who are available at the time
of data gathering.
A. Convenience B. Cluster C. Purposive D. Quota

9. It is a sampling technique wherein the researcher chooses people who correspond to the objectives of
his/her study.
A. Availability sampling C. Purposive sampling
B. Quota sampling D. Voluntary sampling

10. Why is it that probability type is the best sampling technique used in a research study?
A. There is higher complexity compared to non-probability sampling.
B. There is absence of systematic error and sampling bias.
C. It is very cost-and-time effective.
D. Both A and B
ANSWER KEY
LEARNING ACTIVITY 1 LEARNING ACTIVITY 2

1. Correlational 1. Simple Probability Sampling

2. Correlational 2. Systematic Sampling
3. Comparative 3. Purposive
4. Survey
5. Descriptive

LEARNING ACTIVITY 3 Answers vary

LEARNING ACTIVITY 3 Answers vary

EVALUATION 1. D 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. D
PARALLEL ASSESSMENT 1
Analyze carefully the statements below and carefully answer each question.

1. Why is a research design important when conducting research project?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. Why is there a need to use a sample instead of the total population when gathering data
for research?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

For your working research title, fill in each box with the required information.

Working Title

Population size

Sample size

The computation for the sample

using Slovin (If applicable)

The sampling technique you use

(Show computation if applicable)

Who are the respondents?