IELTS ADVANCED WRITING – LESSON 8

TASK 1: MAPS AND PROCESSES

• Maps and Processes
• Theme: Crime and Society

MAPS
A. TYPES OF MAPS

1 map 2 maps or more

Features Typically ask to compare and contrast Typically ask to describe locations and
features on the map changes in the maps
Structure 3 parts: Introduction – Overview - Body
Example

The map below is of the town of The two maps below show an island,
Garlsdon. A new supermarket S is before and after the construction of some
planned for the town. The map shows tourist facilities.
two possible sites for the supermarket.

B. SUGGESTED STRUCTURES FOR DESCRIBING MAPS:

Introduction Paraphrase the question

Overview Sentence 1: Give some general comments about the changes or the differences
of the features on the maps
Sentence 2: Find out any common things in those changes:
• Are they more modern? Upgraded? Expanded? ...
• What are the changes for? (developing tourism, providing more housing…)
• Which part observe the most noticeable changes? (the south, the north,
indoors, outdoors…)
Body (details) Describe each change or compare each feature in detail.
Always divide the body in two or three paragraphs, based on:
• Locations: north, east, west, south, indoors, outdoors…
• Types of changes: expansion, new construction…
• Types of buildings: residential, industrial, commercial, recreational…

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 C. LANGUAGE FOR DESCRIBING MAPS
 (See Appendix 1 for more advanced structures)

1. Language for Introduction

• The map(s) show(s) how X has changed/ transformed over a 20-year period from 1950 to 1970.
• The map(s) illustrate(s) the changes of X after some new tourist facilities were introduced.
• The map(s) compare(s) two possible locations proposed for a new supermarket.

2. Language for Overview

Sentence 1: Give some general comments about the changes/ differences in the maps:
• Over the last 20 years, the island has undergone a complete
transformation.
• Between 2000 and 2010, noticeable developments were observed in the
area.
• Over the period, the area witnessed dramatic changes.
• From 1995 to 2005, the city centre saw spectacular developments.
• The village changed considerably over the time period.
• During the 10-year period, the industrial area was totally transformed.
• Over the past 20 years, the residential area was totally reconstructed.
• Over the time period, the old docks were totally redeveloped.
• The central business district was completely modernised during the time
period.
• The two locations differ greatly in terms of accessible transportation and
neighbouring facilities.
Sentence 2: Find out any common things in those changes:
• The area was renovated extensively, seeing fundamental changes to its
residential accommodation.
• The hotel underwent an expansion of its accommodation and recreational
amenities.

3. Language for detailed descriptions (Body)

3.1. Language for describing locations:

• The factory is located/ situated to the north of the supermarket.
• There is a supermarket to the south of the factory.
• South of the factory lies a supermarket.
• In the West of the island, there are several trees.
• The railway runs through/ crosses/ passes through/ goes through the town centre.

3.2. Language for changes:

Xây mới newly built, constructed, added, • The government demolished the industrial
developed, erected, set up… estate and developed a sports ground.
Thay thế, replaced with, converted into, turned • They removed the shops and replaced it with
biến thành into, something is demolished to a skyscraper.
make way for, modified,...

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 Mở rộng expanded, extended, enlarged, • A port was constructed at the edge of the
increased in size… river.
Thu hẹp reduced in size, narrowed, become • The factory in the city centre
smaller was demolished and relocated to the north
Giữ remained unchanged, remained the of the city.
nguyên same, maintained, kept intact, • The old warehouses were replaced with new
remained untouched… hotels.
Bị phá dỡ demolished, flattened, knocked • The factory was converted into apartments.
down, cut down, cleared, removed… • The forest was cut-down and replaced with a
Nâng cấp, upgraded, renovated, refurbished, shopping centre.
sửa chữa modernised… • The trees were cleared to make way for
Chuyển relocated to, moved to… houses.
chỗ • The main road was extended and a new
Sát nhập merged with, joined to… bridge built over the river.
• A skate park was set up next to the swimming
pool.
• A park was developed beside the forest.

Tip: Don’t change words only. Change your structures if necessary:

A is newly built. B is constructed. => A is newly built. Another addition is the construction of B.

Practice 1: Complete the table below by adding the nouns of these verbs:
Verb Noun Verb Noun
construct cut down
demolish transform
build industrialise
open erect
knock down modernise
expand urbanise
convert redevelop
introduce pedestrianise
replace enlarge
extend disappear

Practice 2: Rewrite the sentences below by changing the word form:

A sports center is added in the west of the town.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The park in the middle of the area is expanded, while the existing playground is demolished.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
A residential area is developed.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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3.3. Language for compare and contrast
• While/ whereas A is located in the centre of the town, B is situated to the northern outskirts.
• A and B can be compared in terms of their locations.
• A and B are both located near the main road that runs through the town.
• The most striking difference between A and B is …

3.4. Combining locations, changes and comparison.

Comparing and contrasting Locations:
• Both maps show that the river runs along the northern boundary of the town.
• In both years, the railway station is located to the west of the town center.
• The school, which was originally situated next to the park, has been relocated to the southern edge
of the town.
• The residential area in the southeast has been transformed into an industrial zone.

Comparing and contrasting Features:

• The town hall, as depicted in both maps, continues to serve as the central focal point.
• Both maps indicate that the bridge over the river has been maintained without any structural
changes.
• Unlike the map from 1990, the current map shows a new sports complex to the west of the park.
• The former farmland in the northeast has been converted into a modern housing estate.

Comparing and Contrasting Changes Over Time:

• In both maps, the main road runs from the north to the south, providing a consistent route through
the town.
• The position of the hospital has not changed; it is still located in the southwest corner.
• The factory, which was present in 1990 in the northern part of the town, has been replaced by a
residential complex.
• Previously, there was a large open field in the center of the town, which has now been developed
into a central business district.

Practice 3: Look at the map of Frenton 1990 and write 3 sentences to describe the locations on the
map:

Eg: The café and the park are situated to the West of the houses.
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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Now look at the map of Frenton 2012 and write 3 sentences to describe 3 changes in the town:

Eg: The school remained the same but the bank to the South was replaced with a restaurant.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Practice 4: Write an overview for the maps above. What comments can you make about the
changes?
(Suggested: buildings are upgraded/ expanded, less green space…)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Practice 5: Study the Writing Task 1 below and put the words in the box in the blanks. Then outline
the sample answer in the table

The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket S is planned for the town. The map shows
two possible sites for the supermarket.

surrounds difference runs through residential area

no access north west outside

The map shows two potential locations S1 and S2 for a new supermarket in a town called Garlsdon.
The main 1. ______________ between the two sites is that S1 is 2. __________ the town, whereas S2 is
in the town centre. The sites can also be compared in terms of access by road or rail, and their positions
relative to three smaller towns.
Looking at the information in more detail, S1 is in the countryside to the 3. __________ of Garlsdon, but it
is close to the 4. __________ of the town. S2 is also close to the housing area, which 5.________ the town
centre.
There are main roads from Hindon, Bransdon and Cransdon to Garlsdon town centre, but this is a no traffic
zone, so there would be 6. __________ to S2 by car. By contrast, S1 lies on the main road to Hindon, but it
would be more difficult to reach from Bransdon and Cransdon. Both supermarket sites are close to the
railway that 7. ___________ Garlsdon from Hindon to Cransdon.

Introduction Paraphrase
Overview Two main differences:
1 ……………………..
2 ……………………..
Body 1 Compare and contrast ………………………
Body 2 Compare and contrast ………………………

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Practice 6: Study these two maps which show how Mumbai has changed. Put the following
sentences in a logical order to form a complete answer:

a. These two maps show that, since 1845, Mumbai has changed considerably.
b. There are railway lines which run through the central area, as do many major roads.
c. One feature which has remained the same, however, is the names given to the areas of Mumbai.
d. In particular, it has many facilities such as hotels, cinemas, churches and hospitals.
e. There is also a harbour, located to the east of Mazagaon.
f. Looking at the map of Mumbai today, we can see it is now a highly developed area with lots of facilities.
g. Overall, therefore, these two maps clearly illustrate that this area has changed significantly since the
1800s.
h. Furthermore, there are also several transport links which now connect this area together.
i. Before 1845, Mumbai was made up of seven different islands, as opposed to the one mainland which
exists today.
k. For example, the south part of the city is called Colaba after the original island, while the north part is
called Worli and Parel, and the east part Mazagaon.

Order: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Practice 7: The sentences in Exercise 6 use “cohesive devices” in the table below to make the
writing easy to follow. Add the words and phrases from the box to the table:

in addition in comparison in conclusion in contrast particularly

moreover similarly to conclude to summarise what is more

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 1 Adding an idea 2 Similarity 3 Highlighting 4 Contrast 5 Summary
furthermore as do in particular as opposed to overall
also

Sample answers

The maps below show the changes of a school from 1985 to present time.

The map illustrates the layout of a school in 1985 and its current configuration.

Overall, it is evident that numerous new facilities have been constructed to accommodate the needs of the
growing student population.

In 1985, the school had a student population of 1,500. A rectangular car park and a road were located in
the northern part of the school. In the eastern section, there was a two-storey classroom block. A large
playing area occupied the southern part of the map, while the western part of the school housed several
buildings, including an office, a library, a small car park, and a small classroom block.

Currently, the school's population has significantly increased to 2,300. Although the car park in the north
remains, its size has slightly decreased. In the western part of the school, the classroom block has been
renovated with an additional third storey to accommodate the increased number of students. The playing
grounds in the south have been redeveloped to make way for a new pool and fitness center. On the left
side of the school's layout, the small car park has been replaced by new classrooms, and the library has
been transformed into a learning resource center with a computer room.
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Chorleywood is a village near London whose population has increased steadily since the middle of
the nineteenth century. The map shows the development of the village.

Village of Chorleywood showing development between 1868 and 1994

The illustration depicts the development of Chorleywood, a village in London, from 1868 to 1994.

Overall, there was a noticeable trend of rapid and widespread development in the rural area from 1970 to
1994, as compared to previous decades.

As shown in the graph, there were limited improvements in the 19th century. The Main Road was
constructed between 1868 and 1883. Subsequently, developments took place in the vicinity of
Chorleywood station until 1922. In 1970, the Motorway was built, passing through Chorleywood Park and
Golf Course. The introduction of railways occurred in 1909, with train tracks being laid around
Chorleywood station. Extensive developments in the area took place between 1922 and 1994.

The village experienced rapid expansion, particularly between 1970 and 1994, thanks to the availability of
three different types of public transportation. It is also worth noting that the construction and development
in Chorleywood were influenced by transportation facilities, as evidenced by the significant and faster
progress in the areas surrounding the junctions compared to the rest of the village. In the end, the
motorways, rails, and roads formed a pattern resembling a hash symbol, facilitating easy coverage and
connection of the four corners of the village.

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The maps below show the changes that have taken place in Meadowside village and Fonton, a
neighbouring town, since 1962.

The three maps illustrate the development of Meadowside Village and the nearby town of Fonton from
1962 to the present, highlighting the changes in 1962, 1985, and now.

Overall, both Fonton and Meadowside Village expanded significantly over the years, eventually merging,
with Meadowside becoming a suburb of Fonton. Additionally, there have been substantial improvements in
infrastructure, housing, and facilities during this period.

In 1962, Meadowside and Fonton were completely separate, with no roads or rail connections between
them. Fonton had a railway line running through its northern part, while Meadowside, located to the west of
Fonton, only had a small road leading from the west.

By 1985, both Meadowside Village and Fonton had experienced considerable growth. The small road in
Meadowside had been upgraded to a main road and extended eastward to connect with Fonton.
Meadowside also developed a housing estate in the west, a leisure complex, and a supermarket in the
south.

Currently, Meadowside has expanded further, merging with Fonton and becoming known as Meadowside
Suburbs. The railway line running through Fonton has been extended to reach a new station built between
Fonton and the suburbs, adjacent to the main road. North of the station, a hotel has been constructed, and
opposite the station to the south, on the other side of the road, there is now a business park.

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More Practice:
The two maps below show road access to a city hospital in 2007 and in 2010.

The map below shows the changes in an American town between 1948 and 2010.

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The maps below show the changes that occurred to a town named Willington in 1780, 1860, and
2000.

The two maps below show an island, before and after the construction of some tourist facilities.

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The diagrams below give information about two road tunnels in two Australian cities. Summarize
the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where
relevant.

Plan A below shows a health centre in 2005. Plan B shows the same place in the present day.

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The plans below show the site of an airport now and how it will look after redevelopment next year.

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Below is a map of the city of Brandfield. City planners have decided to build a new shopping mall
for the area, and two sites, S1 and S2 have been proposed.

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PROCESSES
A. TYPES OF DIAGRAMS
• Life cycle (natural process)
• Product manufacturing (man-made process)
• Machinery – Location, Structure and Operation
• Object – Evolution

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TIPS:
• Use passive voice for artificial procedures, active voice for natural ones.
• Use present simple.
• Use time-related cohesive devices to connect sentences.

B. STRUCTURES

Content
1.Mở đoạn Sử dụng mẫu câu sau:
(Introduction) The diagram given illustrates the process of making/ producing A
The diagram describes how A (be) produced/ formed/…
Ví dụ: The diagram illustrates how bricks are made for the building industry.
2.Tổng quát Nêu tổng quát về số các bước trong quá trình.
(Overview) It is clear that there are a number of stages/ steps in the entire process,
starting with … and ending with…

Nhận xét chung về quá trình:

Is it man-made or natural?
Where does it mainly happen? (in a factory, outdoors…)
Is it a linear or cyclical process?
Is it simple or complicated?
3-8. Miêu tả chi tiết Sử dụng các mẫu câu chủ động, bị động, kèm theo các time-sequence linkers:
(Body) Trạng từ: Next, then, firstly, finally, …
S+V. Adv, S+V
The pods are ripe and they turn red. After that, they are harvested.
Liên từ: Once, As soon as, When, After, Before…
S + V conj S + V
Conj S + V, S + V
Once the pods are ripe and red, they are harvested.
Đại từ quan hệ: Where, which, …

First step Later steps Final step

•First of all, •Secondly,/ Subsequently, •Ultimately

•Initially, •And then,../ Next,... •In the last stage
•The first stage is •The next step is... •In the end
when… •Following this,..
•In the first place •After/Once/ As soon as A is
done, B is…

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 C. LANGUAGE FOR DESCRIBING PROCESS
 (See Appendix 1 for more advanced structures)

1. Cycle (Natural process)

Introduction • The diagram illustrates the various stages in the life cycle of a frog, from
egg to adulthood.
• The chart depicts the transformation process that a butterfly undergoes
during its life cycle.
Overview • Overall, the cycle includes distinct stages that begin with the egg and end
with the adult frog.
• In summary, the butterfly's life cycle involves significant transformations
from egg to caterpillar, and then to an adult butterfly.
Body – Specific Stage 1: Beginning:
Stages • The cycle begins when the female lays eggs in the water.
• Initially, the butterfly life cycle starts with the female laying eggs on a leaf.
Stage 2: Development:
• Next, the eggs hatch into tadpoles, which are aquatic larvae.
• Following this, the eggs develop into larvae, commonly known as
caterpillars.
Stage 3: Transformation:
• After several weeks, the tadpoles begin to grow legs and develop into
froglets.
• Subsequently, the caterpillars form a chrysalis, undergoing metamorphosis.
Stage 4: Maturity:
• Finally, the froglets mature into adult frogs and the cycle begins anew.
• Ultimately, the chrysalis hatches, and an adult butterfly emerges.

Useful words and expressions:

Common stages of a life Transitions

cycle
• lay eggs • during this stage
• hatch into • at this point
• develop into • in this phase
• undergo metamorphosis • over the course of several
(biến đổi hình dạng) weeks
• transform into • throughout this period
• emerge as • as the cycle progresses
• grow into • eventually
• mature into

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 2. Production (Man-made process)

Introduction • The diagram illustrates the process of manufacturing paper.

• The chart depicts the various stages involved in the production of cement.
Overview • Overall, the process consists of multiple stages, beginning with the
extraction of raw materials and culminating in the final product.
• the production of cement involves several steps, from crushing the raw
materials to packaging the finished product.
Body – Specific Stage 1: Initial Stage:
Stages • The process begins with the extraction of raw materials such as limestone
and clay.
• Initially, the raw materials are collected and transported to the factory.
Stage 2: Processing:
• Next, the raw materials are crushed into a fine powder.
• Following this, the mixture is heated in a kiln at high temperatures to form
clinker.
Stage 3: Refinement
• The clinker is then ground into a fine powder, resulting in cement.
• After heating, the mixture is cooled and then ground to produce the final
product.
Stage 4: Final Stage:
• Finally, the cement is packaged and ready for distribution.
• Ultimately, the finished product is packaged and transported to retailers.

Useful words and expressions:

Common stages of a Transitions

production process
• extraction of raw materials • during this stage
• transported to • at this point
• crushed into • in this phase
• heated in a kiln (lò nung) • over the course of several
• ground into hours
• packaged for distribution • throughout this process
• mixed with • as the process
• formed into progresses
• cooled and processed • eventually
• transformed into

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 3. Machinery (Location, Components and Operation)

Introduction • The diagram illustrates the design and operation of a hydraulic press.
• The chart depicts the structure and functioning of an industrial water
filtration system.
Overview • Overall, the machine consists of several key components that work
together to compress materials.
• In summary, the water filtration system includes various stages to ensure
the removal of impurities from water.
Body – Specific Part 1: Locations:
Stages • The hydraulic cylinder is located at the top of the machine, while the base
plate is positioned at the bottom.
• The intake valve is situated at the left side of the system, with the filter
chamber in the center and the output pipe on the right.
Part 2: Components and Design
• The machine comprises a hydraulic cylinder, a piston, and a base plate.
• The system includes an intake valve, a filter chamber, and an output pipe.
• The hydraulic press is designed with a robust steel frame to withstand high
pressure.
• The filtration system is constructed with multiple layers of filters to trap
different sizes of particles.
Stage 3: Operation:
Initial Stage:
• The operation begins when the hydraulic cylinder is activated, pushing the
piston downward.
• Initially, water enters the system through the intake valve.
Processing Stage:
• Next, the piston compresses the material against the base plate, applying
significant pressure.
• Following this, the water flows into the filter chamber where impurities are
removed.
Final Stage:
• Finally, the compressed material is released and collected from the base
plate.
• Ultimately, the purified water exits through the output pipe, ready for use.

Useful words and expressions:

Component Locations Structure and Design

• comprises • located at • designed with
• includes • positioned at • constructed with
• consists of • situated at • features
• features • in the center • equipped with
• on the left/right side • robust
• at the top/bottom • durable
• compact

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 4. Object (Evolution)
Introduction • The diagram illustrates the stages of development of the electric car.
• The chart depicts the evolution of the camera over time.
Overview • Overall, the process consists of several stages, starting from the initial
design to the modern electric car.
• In summary, the evolution of the camera includes multiple significant
advancements from the early models to the digital age.
Body – Specific Part 1: Initial Stage:
Stages • The process begins with the invention of the first mechanical calculators.
• Initially, cameras were large and used glass plates for capturing images.
Part 2: Early Development:
• Next, mechanical calculators evolved into electronic calculators with basic
functions.
• Following this, portable film cameras were introduced, making photography
more accessible.
Stage 3: Intermediate Stage:
• The electronic calculators then developed into early computers, which were
bulky and used vacuum tubes.
• In the next stage, digital cameras emerged, offering higher image quality
and storage capabilities.
Stage 4: Final Stage:
• Finally, modern personal computers were developed, featuring
microprocessors and user-friendly interfaces.
• Ultimately, the latest cameras are compact, high-resolution devices with
advanced features like connectivity and editing tools.

Useful words and expressions:

Process Descriptors
• invention
• evolved into
• introduced
• developed into
• emerged
• offering
• featuring
• making
• resulting in
• leading to
• advancements
• improvements
• innovations

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Practice 1: Study the Writing task 1 question and sample answer below:

The illustration below shows how chocolate is produced.

Put the missing passive forms to complete the sample answer. Select from the choices in the box.

is pressed is produced are laid out

are roasted are harvested are placed
are crushed is grown are removed

The diagram explains the process for the making of chocolate. There are total of ten stages in the process,
beginning with the growing of the pods on the cacao trees and ending with the production of the chocolate.
To begin with, the cocoa comes from the cacao tree, which (1)……………….... in the South American and
African continents and the country of Indonesia. Once the pods are ripe and red, they
(2)………..………..and the white cocoa beans (3)……………..…... Following a period of fermentation, then
they (4)……………..…... on a large tray so they can dry under the sun. Next, they (5)………..………... into
large sacks and delivered to the factory. After that, they (6)……………..…... at a temperature of 350
degrees, after which the beans (7)……………..…... and separated from their outer shell. In the final stage,
this inner part that is left (8)…………..……... and the chocolate (9)……………......

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Practice 2: Label the diagram below with the missing information, based on the sample answer:

The diagrams illustrate the stages in the life of a silkworm and the process of producing silk cloth.

The diagram illustrates the stages in the in the life of a silkworm and the process of producing silk cloth.
At the first stage in the life cycle of a silkworm, the moth lays its eggs. Around ten days later, silkworm larvae
hatch from the eggs; these larvae feed on mulberry leaves. Then, after four to six weeks, the larvae become
covered in silk thread, and it takes between three and eight days for a full cocoon to be produced.
For silk cloth production, a cocoon is first selected and then boiled in water. After boiling, the silk thread that
makes up the cocoon is unwound, and then several strands of thread are twisted together. At the fifth and
sixth stages in the process, the thread can either be dyed and then woven into silk fabric, or it can be woven
first and then dyed subsequently.

Practice 3: The diagram shows the process of making Wesak lanterns, which Sri Lankans do to
celebrate the festival of Wesak in May each year. With a partner, make a list of verbs, nouns and
adjectives you could use in describing this process.

Verbs Nouns Adjectives

cut scissors coloured

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Practice 4: Look at these sentences and the stages in the process they correspond to on the diagram.
Rewrite them using the passive.

Tip 1: The passive is a very useful structure for describing processes. There may be opportunities to use
more complex passives, such as modal passives and passive infinitives, which could improve your
grammar score:
• You have to glue the paper to the frame. (active)
 The paper has to be glued to the frame. (passive)
• The lantern is ready todecorate. (active)
 The lantern is ready to be decorated. (passive)

1. You have to tie the corners of four of these squares together. (Stage 3)

 …………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Next, you can stick the square and triangle tissue paper shapes on to the frame. (Stage 6)

 …………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. The lantern is then ready to hang on a lightbulb. (Stage 8)

 …………………………………………………………………………………………………

Practice 5: Complete the sample answer using the words in the box:

after that this then this stage next finally

to begin with ending with once

The diagram shows the process of making Wesak lanterns. There are eight main stages, beginning with
tying bamboo sticks together to form the frame of the lantern, (1) ………………….. the cutting and pasting
of coloured paper which is used to decorate it.

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(2) ………………., 24 bamboo sticks need to be cut to a length of 25cm each. Four of the sticks are (3)
……………….. tied together to make a square. (4) ……………….. of the process has to be repeated until
you have made six squares. (5) ……………….., the corners of four of the squares have to be tied together.
The remaining two squares are then tied in place at the top and bottom of the ring, which will give you the
basic frame of the lantern.

(6) ……………….. your frame is completed, take brightly coloured tissue paper and cut out eight triangles
and four squares to sizes which correspond to the squares and triangles on the frame. (7) …………………….
the tissue paper shapes should be attached onto the frame. The squares at the top and bottom of the frame
should be left empty. (8) ………………………, fold and cut the paper for the frills, and decorate the base of
the lantern with them, so that they hang down below it. The lantern is then ready to be hung on a lightbulb.

More sample answers:

The diagram below shows how solar panels can be used to provide electricity for domestic use.

The given diagram illustrates the process of producing electricity in a home using solar panels.
It is clear that there are five distinct stages in this process, beginning with the capture of energy from sunlight.
The final two steps show how domestic electricity is connected to the external power supply.
At the first stage in the process, solar panels on the roof of a normal house take energy from the sun and
convert it into DC current. Next, this current is passed to an inverter, which changes it to AC current and
regulates the supply of electricity. At stage three, electricity is supplied to the home from an electrical panel.
At the fourth step shown on the diagram, a utility meter in the home is responsible for sending any extra
electric power outside the house into the grid. Finally, if the solar panels do not provide enough energy for
the household, electricity will flow from the utility grid into the home through the meter.

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 The diagrams below show the life cycle of a species of large fish called Salmon.

The diagram illustrates the stages in the life of the salmon, from birth to maturity.

In general, the salmon passes through three distinct physical stages as it grows to maturity. Each of
these stages takes place in a very different aquatic location. It is noteworthy that the first two stages of
this fish's life occur in a freshwater environment, while the third stage is lived in saltwater.

Salmon begin life as eggs on a riverbed, hidden among reeds in the slow‐moving upper reaches of a river.
After five to six months the eggs hatch into 'fry'. For approximately the next four years, these baby salmon
will live in the lower, faster‐flowing waters of their river. During this time, they measure between three and
eight centimetres in length. By the time the salmon reach twelve to fifteen centimetres, they are termed
'smolt', and at this time they migrate further downriver into the open sea. After five years at sea the salmon
will have grown to adult size, which is between seventy and seventy‐six centimetres. They then begin
swimming back to their birthplace, where they will lay their eggs, and the cycle starts anew.

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 The diagrams below show how houses can be protected in areas which are prone to flooding.

The diagrams compare two different methods of defence for homes which are at risk of being flooded.

The key difference between the diagrams is that they show flood protection with and without a stopbank. In
either case, the at-risk home is raised on stilts above ground level.
The first diagram shows how a stopbank acts as a flood barrier to stop river water from flooding homes.
The stopbank is a small mound of land next to the river that is higher than the 100-year flood level, and
prevents the river from bursting its banks. Nearby houses can be built on stilts to prevent flooding from
rainwater, and a floodgate beneath the stopbank can be opened to allow this ‘ponding’ to drain off into the
river.
When there is no stopbank, as shown in the second diagram, there will be nothing to stop the river from
flooding. In this case, the solution is to put buildings on stilts. The height of the stilts is measured so that the
floor of the house is 300mm above the 100-year flood level. This measurement is called the ‘freeboard’.

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More practice:

The diagram below shows the different stages in the life cycle of the fly.

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The diagrams below give information about the Eiffel Tower in Paris and an outline project to extend it
underground.

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The diagrams below show a structure that is used to generate electricity from wave power.

The diagrams below show stages in the development of simple cooking equipment.

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The diagram below shows the carbon cycle.

The diagram below shows how electricity is generated in a hydroelectric power station.

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The diagrams below show the design for a wind turbine and its location.

The diagrams below show the development of the horse over a period of 40 million years.

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THEME: CRIME AND SOCIETY
1. The government should control the amount of violence in films and on television in order to
decrease the violent crimes in society. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this issue?
2. Many people are optimistic about the 21st century and see it as an opportunity to make positive
changes to the world. To what extent do you agree or disagree with their optimism? What changes
would you like to be made in the new century?
3. We have a mixture of people from different culture and ethnic groups in a country. Why? Is this a
positive or negative development?
4. Some think we should take more measures to deal with criminals. However, others think that there
is not much we can do to curb law breaking. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.
5. Many people are afraid to leave their homes because of their fear of crime. Some believe that more
action should be taken to prevent crime, but others feel that little can be done. What is your opinion?
6. There is an increasing number of juvenile delinquencies. Analyze the possible causes that give rise
to this phenomenon and offer some feasible recommendations.
7. People aim to achieve the balance between their work and lives, but few people achieve it. What
are the causes of the problems? How to overcome it?
8. Sending criminals to prison is not the best method of dealing with them. Education and job training
are better ways to help them. Do you agree or disagree?
9. In some cultures, the old age is more valued, while in some cultures the youth is more valued. Discuss
both views and give your own opinion.
10. Nowadays, many families have both parents working. Some working parents believe other family
members like grandparents can take care of their children, while others think childcare centers
provide the best care. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
11. Young people who commit serious crimes, such as a robbery or a violent attack should be
punished in the same way as adults. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
12. Housing shortage in big cities can cause severe social consequences. Some people think only
government action can solve this problem. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
13. Some people who have been in prison become good citizens later, and it is often argued that these
are the best people to talk to teenagers about the dangers of committing a crime. To what extent
do you agree or disagree?
14. The detailed description about crime will affect the people and cause many social problems. Some
people say that the media should be strictly controlled. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
15. Due to the rise of the COVID-19 across the world, people are started to do social isolation. What are
the Pros and Cons of this action?

Sample essays

1. The government should control the amount of violence in films and on television in order to
decrease the violent crimes in society. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this issue?
The pervasive presence of violence in films and on television has sparked a heated debate over
whether the government should intervene to regulate such content to reduce violent crimes in society. I
largely agree that government regulation can play a crucial role in mitigating violent behavior, though it
should be balanced with preserving artistic expression.

Firstly, it is undeniable that media can significantly influence behavior, especially among impressionable
audiences such as children and adolescents. Studies have shown that exposure to violent content can
desensitize viewers to aggression and normalize violent responses to conflict. By imposing regulations
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 to limit violent scenes, the government can help to create a safer media environment, which in turn
could contribute to lower rates of violence in society.

Moreover, government control over media content can serve as a preventive measure. By setting clear
guidelines and restrictions on the depiction of violence, authorities can ensure that such content is
presented responsibly, without glamorizing or trivializing violent acts. This regulatory framework can
discourage filmmakers and television producers from including gratuitous violence, thereby promoting
more positive and constructive programming.

However, it is also important to consider the potential drawbacks of government intervention. Excessive
control over media content could stifle creativity and artistic expression. Filmmakers and writers often
use violence as a tool to convey powerful messages or depict harsh realities, and limiting their ability to
do so might undermine the authenticity and impact of their work. Additionally, the subjective nature of
what constitutes "excessive violence" could lead to arbitrary censorship, potentially infringing on
freedom of speech and expression.

In conclusion, while there are valid concerns about government control over violent content in films and
on television, the potential benefits in terms of reducing societal violence cannot be overlooked. A
balanced approach that involves setting reasonable guidelines without unduly restricting creative
freedom would be the most effective way to address this issue.

2. Many people are optimistic about the 21st century and see it as an opportunity to make positive
changes to the world. To what extent do you agree or disagree with their optimism? What changes
would you like to be made in the new century?
The 21st century has been heralded as an era of unprecedented opportunities for positive change, and
many share an optimistic outlook for the future. I largely agree with this optimism, given the rapid
advancements in technology, medicine, and social awareness. However, realizing this potential requires
addressing significant global challenges.

Firstly, technological innovation offers immense possibilities for improving quality of life. Advances in
artificial intelligence, renewable energy, and biotechnology can revolutionize industries, enhance
productivity, and address critical issues like climate change and healthcare. For instance, AI can
optimize resource management, while renewable energy technologies can reduce our reliance on fossil
fuels. Moreover, increased global connectivity fosters a better understanding of diverse cultures and
promotes collaboration. The internet and social media platforms enable people to share ideas, mobilize
for social causes, and hold governments accountable. This increased awareness and activism can drive
significant social changes, such as greater gender equality, improved human rights, and more robust
democratic institutions.

However, this optimism must be tempered with a recognition of the challenges we face. Issues like
economic inequality, political instability, and environmental degradation require urgent attention. For the
21st century to truly be a period of positive transformation, concerted efforts must be made to address
these problems.

In terms of changes I would like to see, prioritizing environmental sustainability is crucial. Implementing
policies to reduce carbon emissions, protect biodiversity, and promote sustainable development is

34
 essential for future generations. Additionally, investing in education and healthcare can create more
equitable societies and empower individuals to contribute to global progress.

In conclusion, while I share the optimism about the 21st century, achieving positive change requires
addressing pressing global challenges. By focusing on technological innovation, environmental
sustainability, and social equity, we can harness the opportunities of this century to create a better world
for all.

3. We have a mixture of people from different culture and ethnic groups in a country. Why? Is this a
positive or negative development?
In many countries today, the presence of a diverse mixture of people from various cultures and ethnic
backgrounds is a result of historical factors such as colonization, migration for economic opportunities,
and geopolitical events like wars and political upheavals. This diversity enriches societies in numerous
ways, both culturally and economically.

Firstly, cultural diversity fosters a vibrant tapestry of traditions, languages, and customs that contribute
to a nation's cultural identity. Exposure to different perspectives and ways of life promotes tolerance,
empathy, and understanding among individuals from different backgrounds. This cultural exchange not
only enhances social cohesion but also stimulates creativity and innovation in fields ranging from arts
and cuisine to business and technology.

Economically, a diverse population can lead to a more dynamic workforce and greater entrepreneurial
activity. People from diverse backgrounds bring unique skills, knowledge, and experiences that can
drive innovation and productivity. Studies have shown that companies with diverse teams are more
likely to outperform their peers, as diverse perspectives lead to more creative problem-solving and
decision-making processes.

However, managing cultural and ethnic diversity also presents challenges. Issues such as
discrimination, prejudice, and social inequality can arise if diversity is not accompanied by inclusive
policies and practices. Societies must actively promote equality of opportunity and social justice to
ensure that all individuals, regardless of their background, can fully participate and benefit from the
opportunities available.

In conclusion, the mixture of people from different cultures and ethnic groups in a country is primarily a
positive development. It enriches societies culturally, promotes economic growth and innovation, and
enhances social understanding and cohesion. However, to fully realize these benefits, it is essential for
governments and communities to foster inclusive environments that celebrate diversity and address any
associated challenges through policies that promote equality and mutual respect.

Ideas to be sorted out:

Crime
Police and Crime Prevention
The job of the polices is to catch criminals
They must also prevent crime and make communities safer
There should be an increase in the number of police officers on the streets
Police officers should be seen as part of the community
They should be involved with education and prevention
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The police should be in close contact with schools
They should focus on young people who have dropped out of school.
These teenagers may become involved with gangs

Punishments/Prisons
Fines are used as punishment for minor crimes
If the crime is more serious, prison is the most common punishment
Some criminals pose a threat to society
They are put in prison to ensure the safety of other citizens

Negatives of Prisons
Criminals are put together
They make friends with other offenders
Many prisoners re-offend when they are released
A criminal record makes finding a job more difficult

Rehabilitation
Another aim of prisons is rehabilitation
Prisoners receive education of vocational training
Prisoners should learn personal skills and specific job skills
Punishment could make prisoners’ behavior worse
Rehabilitation aims to make them better citizens
Rehabilitated prisoners are less likely to re-offend

Capital punishment
Supporters say that capital punishment deters crime
Fear of the death penalty stops people from committing offences
The death penalty shows that crime is not tolerated
It is a form of revenge
The cost of imprisonment is avoided
The offender cannot pose a threat to others

Against Capital Punishment

Innocent people could be wrongly convicted and executed
Crime rates are not necessarily reduced
Many criminals do not think they will be caught
Capital punishment is not a good deterrent
Executing prisoners creates a violent culture and encourages revenge
We have no right to take another human life

Community service
Community service is a way to reform offenders
It could be a solution to prison overcrowding
It avoids the cost of imprisonment
It makes offenders useful in their local communities
They are required to clean streets or talk to school groups
Offenders repay their community
They avoid the negative influence that prison can have
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Against community service
Community service is not a sufficient punishment
Criminals should be locked up, away from their victims

Crime in the Media

Crime is one of the main subjects of most news programs.
The mass media focus on violent and sensational crimes
This lead to fear of crime among the public
Sensational stories attract more viewers or readers
The media report crime stories in order to increase their audience

VOCABULARY

Noun Phrases

1. Juvenile delinquency: The rise in juvenile delinquency has alarmed the local authorities.
2. White-collar crime: White-collar crime is often harder to detect than street crime.
3. Recidivism rate: The recidivism rate for drug offenders is particularly high.
4. Criminal justice system: The criminal justice system must be fair and impartial.
5. Organized crime: Organized crime has infiltrated many legitimate businesses.
6. Prison overcrowding: Prison overcrowding is a major issue in many countries.
7. Social unrest: The economic crisis has led to increased social unrest.
8. Cybersecurity threats: Cybersecurity threats are a growing concern for businesses.
9. Law enforcement agencies: Law enforcement agencies are working together to combat terrorism.
10. Human trafficking: Human trafficking is a serious violation of human rights.
11. Capital punishment: Capital punishment remains a controversial topic.
12. Domestic violence: Domestic violence is often underreported.
13. Economic disparity: Economic disparity can lead to higher crime rates.
14. Community policing: Community policing aims to build trust between the police and the
community.
15. Forensic evidence: Forensic evidence played a crucial role in the trial.
16. Gang violence: Gang violence has been on the rise in the city.
17. Criminal rehabilitation: Criminal rehabilitation programs are essential for reducing recidivism.
18. Identity theft: Identity theft can have devastating consequences for victims.
19. Legal representation: Everyone has the right to legal representation.
20. Victim advocacy: Victim advocacy groups provide support to those affected by crime.

Verb Phrases

21. Commit a crime: He was arrested for committing a crime.

22. Enforce the law: It's the duty of the police to enforce the law.
23. Serve a sentence: He is currently serving a five-year sentence.
24. Break the law: Anyone who breaks the law should face the consequences.
25. Plead guilty: She decided to plead guilty to the charges.
26. Deter crime: Increased police presence can help deter crime.
27. File a complaint: She filed a complaint against her neighbor for harassment.

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 28. Investigate a case: The detectives are investigating the case thoroughly.
29. Prosecute offenders: The government will prosecute offenders to the fullest extent of the law.
30. Issue a warrant: The judge issued a warrant for his arrest.

Adjective Phrases

31. Criminally liable: He was found criminally liable for the accident.
32. Legally binding: The contract is legally binding.
33. Morally reprehensible: His actions were considered morally reprehensible.
34. Severely punished: Offenders should be severely punished for such crimes.
35. Socially responsible: Companies should be socially responsible in their business practices.
36. Inherently dangerous: Some activities are inherently dangerous and require regulation.
37. Legally acceptable: The evidence was deemed legally acceptable by the court.
38. Widely condemned: The policy was widely condemned by human rights groups.
39. Economically disadvantaged: Economically disadvantaged communities often face higher crime
rates.
40. Psychologically damaging: Experiencing crime can be psychologically damaging for victims.

Other Collocations

41. Witness protection program: She was placed in a witness protection program for her safety.
42. Criminal investigation: The criminal investigation took several months to complete.
43. Court of law: The dispute was settled in a court of law.
44. Plea bargain: He accepted a plea bargain to avoid a lengthy trial.
45. Bail hearing: The bail hearing is scheduled for next week.
46. Criminal record: Having a criminal record can affect job prospects.
47. Mitigating circumstances: The judge considered the mitigating circumstances before sentencing.
48. Jury deliberation: Jury deliberation took several days.
49. Community service: He was sentenced to 100 hours of community service.
50. Restorative justice: Restorative justice focuses on the rehabilitation of offenders through
reconciliation with victims.

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APPENDIX 1: ADVANCED STRUCTURES PROCESSES

1. Introductory phrase - provide context and give the reader an understanding of what the process
entails
• The process is schematically represented...
"The process is schematically represented in the graphic, detailing the stages of ecological
restoration."
• The provided graphic illustrates the steps involved in...
"The provided graphic illustrates the steps involved in cultivating rare orchid species."
• The diagram depicts the various stages of...
"The diagram depicts the various stages of sustainable energy production."
• The flowchart outlines the procedure for...
"The flowchart outlines the procedure for optimizing supply chain logistics."
• The graphic conveys the method employed for...
“The graphic conveys the method employed for recycling electronic waste."
• The provided visual representation details the steps for...
"The provided visual representation details the steps for launching a space satellite."

2. Overall Sentence with Step Count – these structures, which may come after your description of
the process, show the total number of stages and the framework of the procedure.
• "Intricately designed and comprising a total of [number] well-defined phases, this process
commences at …, marked by the critical first step."
• "The examination begins with the initial step of this multifaceted process, one that sets the
foundation for a journey through a series of [number] meticulously crafted phases."
• "The complexity of this operation reveals itself as it progresses through a carefully choreographed
sequence of [number] critical steps, commencing with …."
• "Starting with the foundational first step, this intricate procedure consists of a total of [number]
meticulously detailed phases, each contributing to the overall success of the process."
• "To provide a comprehensive understanding, a process composed of [number] intricately
connected stages should be dissected, starting with …."

3. Highlighting the complexity of the process – This is an optional section that you can use to
enhance your writing and provide a smooth transition from your introduction to your detail
exploration
• "The intricacy of this operation becomes evident as it progresses through a meticulously
orchestrated sequence of interdependent steps, each of which contributes uniquely to the final outcome."
• "This process is characterized by its sophisticated nature, as it weaves through a web of intricately
interconnected phases, demanding meticulous attention to detail."
• "The complexity of this procedure is underscored by the multitude of variables at play, each
requiring precise handling to ensure the desired result."
• "As people delve deeper into this multifaceted operation, it becomes apparent that it involves a
delicate interplay of numerous intricate elements, each with its own specific role."
• "Each step in this process is marked by a level of complexity that necessitates careful
consideration and precise execution, underscoring the need for a meticulous approach."

39
4. Emphasizing the Starting Point – You can introduce the initial phase of the technique shown with
the aid of these structures.
• “The journey commences at its inception, marked by the pivotal first step, where..."
• "The exploration of this intricate process begins with a deep dive into its genesis, starting at the
foundational first step, where..."
• "To initiate the analysis, attention should be directed to the inception of this complex procedure, where
it all begins at the critical starting point, where..."
• "The comprehensive examination of this operation commences from its very source, defined by the
pivotal first step, setting the stage for subsequent phases, where..."
• "The exploration of this detailed process begins at the source, emerging as the cornerstone upon
which the entire structure is built, where..."

5. Conveying Progression – these structures can serve as a bridge to the following step of the
procedure shown.
• “Subsequently, the procedure advances to step two, marked by..."
• “Progressing to the next phase, the operation transitions to step two, characterized by..."
• “Advancing further in the analysis, the focus shifts to step two, where..."
• “Transitioning from the initial phase to the subsequent stage, it becomes evident that step two plays
a pivotal role in..."
• “As the process unfolds, attention is drawn to the second step, which is characterized by..."
• "Moving forward, the process transitions to the second phase, characterized by step […], which..."

6. Transitional phrases – these words and phrases assist you in maintaining a smooth and logical
connection between the process's succeeding steps.
• "Segueing into the next phase of the procedure..."
• "Directing attention to the following component, it is evident that..."
• "As the procedure progresses, focus now shifts to..."
• "Continuing the analysis, the spotlight turns toward..."
• "Navigating through the various stages, the procedure eventually reaches the production of…”

APPENDIX 2: ADVANCED STRUCTURES MAPS

1. Introductory phrases
Overall introduction – Those structures might be used in the introduction section to provide a
general overview of what is described in the provided map.
• "The provided visual representation encapsulates a comprehensive overview of..."
• "The map provides an insightful perspective into the layout/comparison of..."
• "The map offers an initial glimpse into the intricate structure of..."
• “The map effectively communicates the spatial arrangement of..."
• "The map illustrates the dynamic evolution of the landscape and its various components."
• The provided map offers valuable insights into the geographical composition and alterations over time."
• "In essence, the map provides a holistic view of the region's structure and developmental trends."

Overview – You can use such structures at the beginning of your description to give a general
sense of the locations you are describing.
• "Commencing the examination of this map, attention is immediately drawn to..."

40
 • “Embarking on an in-depth examination of the graphic, one is immediately struck by...
• “Launching into the depiction presented, it becomes evident that...”
• “Embarking on this visual journey, the map offers an initial glimpse of...”
• “At the onset of our study, it is salient to observe that...”

2. Sequencing and flow – You can use those structures to show how you are going to organize
your description.
Chronological “To facilitate the analysis, a chronological progression can be followed,
Progression commencing with the northern sector and then moving southward."

Spatial Progression "The examination may follow a spatial progression, starting from the city
center and extending outward to the surrounding suburbs."
Sequential Breakdown "Breaking down the map into sequential segments, the description may
begin with the residential areas, then transition to the commercial districts,
and finally, delve into the transportation network."
Layered Approach "A layered approach to analysis involves peeling back the map's features
one by one, beginning with the natural elements and then progressing to
the built environment."
Hierarchical Examination "The examination can adopt a hierarchical structure, commencing with the
most prominent landmarks and gradually moving toward lesser-known
features."
Geographic Orientation "To maintain geographic orientation, the description may proceed in a
clockwise direction, starting from the east and moving toward the west."
Proximity-Based "Exploration may be proximity-based, focusing on clusters of features
Exploration located near each other before transitioning to more distant areas."
Pattern Recognition "As the analysis progresses, patterns and trends that emerge can be
identified, drawing connections between various elements."
Thematic Analysis "The analysis can be thematic in nature, addressing each significant
theme or category separately, starting with infrastructure, followed by
residential zones, and concluding with green spaces."
Cumulative Insight "As the description progresses, insights about the map's composition can
be accumulated, with each segment building upon the understanding
gained from the previous one."

3. Transitional language – those strutures can be used when you want to transition from one
objective of description to the next
• "Commencing with the leftmost section, it is evident that..."
• "Moving on to another segment, attention is drawn to..."
• "Shifting focus to a different aspect, one can observe..."
• "Advancing to the subsequent feature, it becomes apparent that..."
• "Next in line is the western/eastern/southern/northern sector, characterized by..."
• “Proceeding to the upper/lower map of the map, one can observe…”
• "Transitioning to the adjacent area, focus can be shifted to..."

4. Comparative languages – used in describing an objective or section that is opposed to the

one being discussed
• In stark contrast to
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"In stark contrast to the left side of the map, the right side depicts..."
• A exhibits a markedly different landscape from B
"Comparatively speaking, the northern section exhibits a markedly different landscape from the southern
part, where..."
• A notable/sharp disparity emerges when comparing
"A notable disparity emerges when comparing the extent of development in the central area to the
outskirts, where..."
• While A is dominated by…, B is prominantly characterized by…
"While the western portion is dominated by residential zones, the eastern side is predominantly
characterized by..."
• In juxtaposition with A, B appears…
"In juxtaposition with the bustling commercial district, the surrounding neighborhoods appear relatively
tranquil, featuring..."
• The level of infrastructure in A core far surpasses that of B
"The level of infrastructure in the depicted urban core far surpasses that of the peripheral regions,
where..."
• In terms of…, A outshines B with its…
"In terms of transportation infrastructure, the central district outshines the suburban areas with its
extensive network of..."
• Comparing…, a substantial transformation is evident in…
"Comparing the two time frames presented, a substantial transformation is evident in the expansion of..."
• Contrasting…., one can discern significant alterations, notably…
"Contrasting the current layout with the historical representation, one can discern significant alterations,
notably..."
• Disparity in Terms of...:
"There is a significant disparity in terms of educational facilities, with the northern region boasting multiple
schools, in contrast to the south."
• A clear distinction between A and B is discernible, where…:
"A clear distinction between commercial and residential zones is discernible, where the former thrives in
the central district, while the latter sprawls along the periphery."
• Polarization in... is striking:
"The polarization in economic prosperity is striking, with affluent neighborhoods clustered in proximity to
industrial areas."
• A conspicuous variation in.. can be obsevered, as…:
"A conspicuous variation in building heights can be observed as skyscrapers dominate the downtown
area, while single-story structures prevail in suburban regions."
• A sharp contrast between A and B is immediately apparent."
"A sharp contrast between the lush green parks and the concrete jungle of the city center is immediately
apparent."
• Dissimilarity in the degree of..., with A …, unlike B…
"There is dissimilarity in the degree of riverfront development, with the eastern bank boasting a well-
developed promenade, unlike the western bank."
• Considerable discrepancy in... exists:
"A considerable discrepancy in population density exists, with the central area teeming with residents
compared to the sparsely populated outskirts."

42
5. Trends and changes – these structures can be used to describe changes/developments that
have occurred to the areas shown over time.
• "Over the depicted period, there has been a noticeable shift from X to Y."
• "It is evident that significant developments have taken place in terms of..."
• "There has been a gradual transformation in the landscape, primarily characterized by..."
• "Comparing the current representation with the previous one, we can observe a clear evolution in..."
• "It becomes apparent that there has been a shift in emphasis from... to..."
• "The depiction highlights a progressive change in the distribution of..."
• "There is a distinct pattern of development, with an increasing emphasis on..."
• "It is evident that significant developments have taken place in terms of..."

43