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Concrete 1

The document provides an overview of concrete and reinforced concrete, highlighting their composition, advantages, and disadvantages. It details the various reinforced concrete members in building structures, differentiates between reinforced concrete and steel structures, and outlines the materials used in reinforced concrete, including types of cement, aggregates, steel reinforcement, water, and admixtures. The text emphasizes the importance of concrete in construction due to its strength, durability, and versatility.

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Nicole Guintu
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23 views5 pages

Concrete 1

The document provides an overview of concrete and reinforced concrete, highlighting their composition, advantages, and disadvantages. It details the various reinforced concrete members in building structures, differentiates between reinforced concrete and steel structures, and outlines the materials used in reinforced concrete, including types of cement, aggregates, steel reinforcement, water, and admixtures. The text emphasizes the importance of concrete in construction due to its strength, durability, and versatility.

Uploaded by

Nicole Guintu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NAME: Guintu, Nicole C.

DATE: February 12, 2025


INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. JASON
YR. & SECTION: BSAR-4D
AGUSTIN SCORE

CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE


Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials due to its strength, durability, and
versatility. It is commonly used in buildings, bridges, roads, and various infrastructure projects. The quality
and properties of concrete depend on the mix proportions, the type of cement used, the water-to-cement ratio,
and the curing process. Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other aggregates held
together in a rocklike mass with a paste of cement and water. Sometimes one or more admixtures are added
to change certain characteristics of the concrete such as its workability, durability, and hardening time.
As with most rocklike substances, concrete has a high compressive strength and a very low tensile
strength. Reinforced concrete combines concrete and steel wherein the steel reinforcement provides the
tensile strength lacking in the concrete.

ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

A. Advantages of Reinforced Concrete


1. Concrete offers high compressive strength at a relatively low cost compared to most other
materials.
2. It has excellent resistance to fire and water, making it highly durable in various environments.
3. Reinforced concrete structures are extremely rigid, providing stability and strength.
4. It requires minimal maintenance over its lifespan.
5. Compared to other materials, concrete has an exceptionally long service life.
6. It is often the most economical choice for applications such as footings, floor slabs, basement
walls, and piers.
7. One of concrete’s key advantages is its ability to be cast into a wide range of shapes, from simple
beams and columns to complex arches and shells.
8. In most regions, concrete benefits from the availability of inexpensive local materials like sand,
gravel, and water.
9. Its construction process typically requires less skilled labor compared to materials like structural
steel.
B. Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete
1. Concrete has very low tensile strength, making tensile reinforcement necessary.
2. Formwork is required to support the concrete until it hardens adequately.
3. Concrete has a relatively low strength-to-weight ratio, which can be a limiting factor in certain
applications.
4. This is a crucial consideration for tall buildings and long-span structures.
5. The placement and curing process of concrete are less controlled compared to the manufacturing
of other materials.
REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS IN BUILDING STRUCTURE

a. Slab (One-way and Two-way) – is a flat, two-dimensional


structural element used primarily as floors, roofs, or walls
in buildings. It transfers loads by bending.
• One-way Slab—This slab carries loads in one
direction, supported by beams on two opposite sides. It
is suitable for long, narrow structures where the load is
transferred primarily in one direction.
• Two-way Slab—This slab bends and carries loads in
two directions. It is supported by beams on all sides or
directly by columns and is ideal for heavier loads and larger spans.

b. Beam - A horizontal structural member that carries lateral


loads from slabs to columns or walls. Beams resist bending
moments caused by these loads.

c. Column - A vertical structural member that primarily carries


axial load but can also be subjected to moments due to lateral forces
or eccentric loading.

d. Walls - These are vertical plate elements used to resist


vertical, lateral (shear), or in-plane forces within a
building structure.

e. Foundation - These are pads or strips supported


directly on the ground that distribute the weight from columns
or walls so it can be safely borne by the soil without excessive
settlement.
DIFFERENTIATE REINFORCED CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURES

Reinforced Concrete offers excellent compressive strength, durability against weather, and good fire resistance
but is brittle under dynamic loads. It relies on rebar for tensile strength. On the other hand, Steel Structures provide
high tensile and compressive strengths, are lighter, and offer better resistance to dynamic loads. However, they are
prone to corrosion and require fire protection measures. Steel allows for faster construction due to prefabrication but
needs additional protective coatings compared to the inherent durability of reinforced concrete.

MATERIALS USED IN REINFORCED CONCRETE

1) Cement
Cement is a fine, powdery material that serves as a key binder in construction. When mixed with
water, it forms a paste that hardens over time, binding sand, gravel, or other aggregates to create strong
and durable structures like concrete and mortar. The most widely used type is Portland cement, known
for its high strength and versatility. Cement plays a crucial role in various construction projects, including
buildings, bridges, roads, and dams. Its setting and hardening process is driven by chemical reactions,
making it an essential component in modern infrastructure.

Type I – The common, all-purpose cement used for general


construction work.

Type II – A modified cement that has a lower heat of


hydration than does Type 1 cement and that can withstand
some exposure to sulfate attack.

Type III – A high-early-strength cement that will be


produced in the first 24 hours, a concrete with a strength
about twice that of type 1 cement. This cement does have a
much higher heat of hydration.

Type IV – A low-heat cement that produces concrete which


generates heat very slowly. It is used for very large concrete structures.

Type V – A cement used for concretes that are to be exposed to high concentrations of sulfate
.

2) Aggregates

These are the inert or chemically inactive materials


that form the bulk of cement concrete. These
aggregates are bound together through cement. The
aggregates are classified into two categories.

1. Fine
2. Coarse

3) Steel/Steel Bars

Steel reinforcement is typically made of round mild steel bars, with diameters ranging from 6mm to 40mm. In
some cases, square bars, twisted bars, or ribbed-tor steel are also used. For road slabs and other structures,
reinforcement can include rolled steel sheets of appropriate thickness. Additionally, steel lath, a hybrid material,
may be utilized as reinforcement.

4) Water
Water is the least expensive yet most essential ingredient in concrete. It should be clean and free from
harmful impurities like oil, alkali, and acid. Generally, water suitable for drinking is considered ideal for
making concrete. In some cases, additional ingredients are mixed into concrete to enhance its properties
or modify its physical characteristics in both fresh and hardened states. These substances, known as
admixtures, can improve concrete’s strength, durability, workability, and water resistance.

5) Admixtures

Materials added to concrete during or before mixing are referred to as admixtures. They are used to improve the
performance of concrete in certain situations as well as to lower its cost. There is a rather well-known saying
regarding admixtures, the effect that they are concrete as beauty aids to the populace.
A concrete admixture is a quick-setting cement that can be used for several functions.

1. To increase the concrete's workability without changing the water content.


2. To shorten the time it takes for it to set.
3. To improve the concrete mixture's permeability.
4. To strengthen the connection between fresh and old concrete.
5. To reduce concrete bleeding and segregation.
6. To lower the slump loss rate.
7. To strengthen the connection between concrete and steel reinforcement.
8. To improve water tightness and reduce heat evolution.

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