READ AND UNDERSTAND, NO NEED TO MEMORIZE!

• Communication is a two-way process of connecting to both living and nonliving

things. It is also a means of sharing and exchanging messages, information, ideas,
and feelings for mutual understanding (Gregoriom, J.C., 2015).

• Communication comes in various forms. From the simple nodding of your head,
stretching of hands, raising your eyebrows up to your daily conversations with your
friends over the phone, constant exchange of text messages, and regular browsing in
social networking sites, these are but some examples of how humans communicate
their thoughts, feelings, ideas, and insights. These only signify that humans really
engage in communication.

2 Key Terms in Communication

MESSAGE

UNDERSTAND

What are the 5 basic elements of communication?

• SENDER

• RECEIVER

• MESSAGE

• FEEDBACK

• CHANNEL

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION:

SHRAMM- suggests that the sender and receiver’s field of experience is an important part
of the communication process.
Schramm (1954) visualized the process of communication as an exchange of thoughts and
ideas. Feedback is an added element to Schramm’s Model. The recipient of the message
decodes it and creates a feedback based on his understanding of the information sent and
vice versa.

TRANSACTIONAL- portrays a multilayer of communication processes where the characters

and environment change overtime. Communication is dynamic. It has a complex nature. It
takes place among individuals at any given time with any given subject. However, there are
tendencies that barriers would interfere which may create a sudden impact and change in
the processing of information.

INTERACTIVE- Interactive approach is a two-way communication process where a response

is given after a message is sent. The recipient of the action intentionally or unintentionally
gives feedback associated with the information received.
Example: You ask your sister to put on her mask every time she goes out and she nods in
reply.

LINEAR- this communication model shows a one-way communication where the source of
information does not know whether the message is understood or not.

Communication Breakdown.

The goal of communication is to achieve a clear and effective

understanding resulting to good relationships in the community. However,
there are times when this goal is not reached due to certain factors. When
this happens, there is a communication breakdown. Another term for
breakdown is failure.

Barriers to Communication

Psychological Barriers are called also mental barriers. These refer to social and
personal issues of a speaker towards communicating with others. Examples:

1. trauma

2. shyness, lack of confidence

3. depression

4. fear, stage fright

Physical Barriers are the natural or environmental conditions that act as barriers in
communication in sending the message from sender to receiver.

1. people talking too loudly

2. noise from a construction site

3. loud sound of a karaoke

4. blaring of jeepney horns

Linguistic Barriers pertain to conflicts with regard to language and word meanings.
Because words carry denotative and connotative meanings, they can sometimes
cause confusion and misunderstanding. Meanings of words and symbols also vary
depending on culture.

1. difference in language

2. accent and dialect

3. use of jargon and slang

4. speech defects or language impairment

Cultural Barriers pertain to communication problems encountered by people
regarding their intrinsic values, beliefs, and traditions in conflict with others. People’s
culture affects the way they communicate and relate to others.

Examples:

1. different beliefs

2. traditions, and customs

3. manners of dressing

4. speaking

Tips on How to Avoid Communication Breakdown

Concreteness Effective communication is backed up by facts, figures, and real-life

examples or situations. This will make the receiver understand the message better.

Courtesy The speaker can show respect to his/her receivers through understanding
their culture, values, and beliefs. This implies good choice of words and language and
a consideration of the audience’s perspectives and feelings on the part of the sender.
Showing courtesy helps create a positive vibe with the audience.

Clearness or Clarity It implies the use of simple and specific words to express
ideas. When the speaker focuses on specific ideas, he/she will not confuse the
audience.

Correctness Avoiding mistakes in grammar helps to boost the credibility and

effectiveness of the message, and at the same time it eliminates negative impact on
the audience.

Conciseness The message should be direct or straight to the point and should be
expressed in the least possible number of words. Irrelevant information should not be
included.

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

Formal communication is the type of communication used in formal, ceremonial or

dignified gatherings. Here, the exchange of information is controlled, well-thought
out, and prepared. It also conforms to certain rules and conventions as defined by the
goals and values of particular groups or organizations.

Examples: • Meetings • Interviews • Conferences • Formal One-on-Ones • Speeches

• Presentations

Informal communication is characterized by free, casual and spontaneous

exchange between two or more persons. The exchange is a kind of interaction that is
unrestrained by rules and conventions. It is also the type of communication that
occurs in everyday life.

Examples of Informal Communication • Casual Conversations • Gossips • Tales •

Inter-relational Activities • Family Social Communication Culture • Inter-relational
activities outside of the formal
 Verbal Communication refers to the use of words to convey a message. This type
of communication can be regarded efficient and successful if the receiver can easily process
the message delivered by the sender.

Nonverbal communication refers to a collaboration of movements that does not require

any spoken words in order to convey a message. This incorporates actions such as hand
gestures, body language, facial expressions, stance, appearance and others in order to
convey a message. Nonverbal communication makes the message more meaningful.

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION

CONTROL AND REGULATION Communication functions to regulate and control the

behavior of a person or group of people.

SOCIAL INTERACTION Communication functions as a means to casually interact with other

people.

MOTIVATION Communication functions to inspire or motivate a person or people to be or do

better.

INFORMATION DISSEMINATION Communication functions as a way to share information

or data in order to educate.

EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION Communication functions as a way to connect to a person or

people for the purpose of affecting them emotionally

Types of Speech Context

1. Intrapersonal – This refers to a type of communication that is focused on one

person, where the speaker acts both as the sender and as the receiver of the
message. The message is made up of thoughts and feelings while the medium is the
brain that processes what you think and feel. (Hybels & Weaver, 2012, p 16)

Examples:
• There is a voice within you that tells you, “It’s okay, you can still do it! You can
make it!” when you are losing your drive to finish the task that you are doing.
• When you told yourself not to talk to your friends when you have read in a
Facebook post that they were in a party and you were not invited.

2. Interpersonal – This refers to the type of communication that takes place and
creates personal relationship between and among people. Normally, it includes two
individuals, and it can vary from casual and very personal to formal and impersonal.

Types of Interpersonal Communication

Dyad Communication – communication that happens between two people.

Examples:
• You consoled your brother who was feeling down.
 • A conversation between your father and mother about the latest announcement of
your Barangay Chairman

Small Group– This applies to interactions involving at least three but not more than
twelve people engaged in face-to-face interactions to achieve the desired goal. In this
type of conversation, all participants can freely express their ideas throughout the
discussion.

Examples:
• You are having a discussion with your two brothers about the surprise party you are
planning for your mom’s birthday.
• Kathlyn who came back from the United States called her three brothers and four
sisters and announced that she is getting married.

Public– This type refers to a communication that enables you to send or deliver a
message before a crowd. The message can be transmitted for informative or
persuasive purposes. "In public communication, unlike interpersonal and small
groups, the channels are more exaggerated. The voice is louder and the gestures are
more expansive because the audience is larger” (Hybels & Weaver, 2012, p 19).

Examples:
• Delivering a graduation speech to your fellow graduates.
• You were elected as the new SSG president of your school and were given a chance
to deliver a message of gratitude to your fellow students.

Mass Communication – This refers to communication through television, radio,

newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, the internet, and other types of media.