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Influence Line Diagram - Study Notes

The Influence Line Diagram (ILD) is a graphical representation used in structural analysis to determine the effects of moving loads on internal forces and displacements in structures. It can be constructed using the Critical Point Method or the Muller Breslau Principle, with specific conventions for reactions, shear, and bending moments. The ILD is applicable for both determinate and indeterminate structures and is essential for finding maximum values of stress functions under various loading scenarios.

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15 views6 pages

Influence Line Diagram - Study Notes

The Influence Line Diagram (ILD) is a graphical representation used in structural analysis to determine the effects of moving loads on internal forces and displacements in structures. It can be constructed using the Critical Point Method or the Muller Breslau Principle, with specific conventions for reactions, shear, and bending moments. The ILD is applicable for both determinate and indeterminate structures and is essential for finding maximum values of stress functions under various loading scenarios.

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Influence Line

Diagram
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Copyright © 2014-2021 Testbook Edu Solutions Pvt. Ltd.: All rights reserved
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Influence Line Diagram


 Influence Line Diagram is a diagram in which the co-ordinates are plotted as a function of distance along
the span, these co-ordinates gives the magnitude of stress function of internal forces and displacements
at a particular point in a structure, when a unit load moves across the span.

 ILD is used for analysis of structure if load changes its position over the structure.

 ILD for stress function includes the ILD drawn for Shear force, Bending Moment and Support Reactions.

Methods to draw ILD


ILD for a stress function can be drawn using one of the two methods as described below:

Critical Point Method

Muller Breslau Principle

Sign Convention:

 Reactions: Upward→(+)ve, Downward→(-)ve

 Shear:

 Bending Moment: Sagging→(+)ve, Hogging→(-)ve

Critical Point Method


 To draw ILD for any stress function in case of determinate structures apply unit load only at the critical
points, calculate the magnitude of stress function and join it by straight line in case of determinate
structure and by using curve in case of indeterminate structure.

 Various critical points in a structure:

 Supports

 Free End

 Internal Hinge

 Just left and right of the section for which the ILD is desired.

STRUTURAL ANALYSIS | Influence Line Diagram PAGE 2


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Muller Breslau Principle

 It states that the ILD of any stress function (Reaction, Shear Force, Bending Moment etc.) is the deflected
shape of the structure after removing the stress function from the structure at the concerned section and
by applying unit displacement (deflection or rotation) in the positive direction of stress function.

Note:

 It is valid for all types of statically determinate and linear elastic indeterminate structure (truss,
arch, frame, cable structure etc.)

 It is not valid for moving unit point moment.

 Proof of it is principle of virtual work.

 ILD of deflection is not plotted by Muller Breslau Principle.

ILD for some Basic Structures


 ILD for Reactions in an SSB:

 ILD for Shear force at C in an SSB:

 Both segments in the ILD for Shear force should be parallel be-
cause there isn’t any release of moment.

 ILD for Bending Moment at C in an SSB:

STRUTURAL ANALYSIS | Influence Line Diagram PAGE 3


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Note:

 ILD for a statically determinate structure is always linear.

 ILD for deflection of statically determinate structure is non-linear.

 ILD for statically indeterminate structure is either non-linear or a combination of linear and non-linear
curves.

Application of ILD

Finding Maximum Value of stress function

Case 1 :- Point load :

 Maximum (+)ve Shear Force at C→ Load is placed just right of C.

 Maximum (-)ve Shear Force at C→ Load is placed just left of C.

 Maximum sagging moment→ Load placed at C.

STRUTURAL ANALYSIS | Influence Line Diagram PAGE 4


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Case 2 :- ULD longer than the span:

 Maximum (+)ve Shear Force at C→ Tail of load is placed just right of C.

 Maximum (-)ve Shear Force at C→ Head of load is placed just left of C.

 Maximum sagging moment→ Load placed over entire span.

ULD Shorter than span of beam:

 Maximum (+)ve Shear Force at C→ Tail of load is placed just right of C.

 Maximum (-)ve Shear Force at C→ Head of load is placed just left of C.

 Maximum sagging moment→ Load placed in such a way that it should get divided on both side of the
section in equal ratio:

STRUTURAL ANALYSIS | Influence Line Diagram PAGE 5


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Case 4 :- Series of Point Loads:

 Maximum (+)ve Shear Force at C→ By trial.

 Maximum (-)ve Shear Force at C→ By trial.

 Maximum sagging moment - It can be achieved by placing equal average load on both the sides of the
section but if it doesn’t yield the desired result then method of trial is performed. In it loading corre-
sponding to approximate equal average load on either side of the section is considered at the start. In
all trials, at least one point load must be placed exactly over the section.

Absolute maximum Bending Moment

 If a series of point loads is moving over a structure, then absolute maximum bending moment is
obtained by placing load in such a way that resultant of all the point loads and one adjacent load should
be equidistant from the centre of span and absolute maximum bending moment is obtained just below
the adjacent load considered.

Case 1:- If resultant coincides with any point load then resultant is placed at centre of span and absolute
maximum bending moment is at centre of the span.

Case 2:- If resultant is close to heavier adjacent load then only heavier load is considered as adjacent load.

Case 3:- If resultant is close to lighter load then calculation is done corresponding to both heavier and
lighter adjacent loads.

STRUTURAL ANALYSIS | Influence Line Diagram PAGE 6

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