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(SA2) Unit 1.1

structural analaysis

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Udaya Kumar H
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35 views26 pages

(SA2) Unit 1.1

structural analaysis

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Udaya Kumar H
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CHAPTER 2 INFLUENCE LINES ire working in a design office analyzing and designing bridge wheel — 3x your hfe wall be made much easier if you use the concept ofinfluence i for rah are graphs drawa with the structure axis as X-axis and taking on the Y-aue Tove! lines - quantity ike reaction. thrust, internal shear, support moment, internal bend in desing forve . . ete You can also think of influence lines for displacements (including slope) thous ese ae rarely used In an influence line diagram the ordinates show the BM, shear, reactio, i chosen point in the structure say P and the abscissa (x co-ordinate) represents the®t®+ at, the structure where we keep a unit load. Thus, in an influence line diagram for bers po" Xce at P, y the ordinate at X is the bending moment at P due to a unit load at X lta Momea, influence of a unit load at any x on the bending moment at P (or shear at P ae the | ‘Orce | quantity at P). 22 DEFINITION AND ILLUSTRATIONS ‘Aa influence line is a graph showing, for any given beam, frame or truss, the vary ofant force or displacement quantity (such as shear force, bending moment, tension, deflea’s for all positions of a moving unit load as it crosses the structure from one end to the other) Forstatically determinate structures the ILD for force quantities are made up of displaced configurations of the underformed parts of the structure. For example, in Fig. 2.1 (6) is the IL for R,. Figure 2.1 (c) is the IL for bending moment at P. Figure 2.1 (d) is the IL for Ry. 1 Beaes <<<. i f° (a) ; % 1 z az () Fig. 2.1 _- INFLUENCE LINES “a etl are very useful in quickly determining the force component at any given nen Hin loads. Thus in Fig. 2.1 (5), y, is the reaction at A due to a unit nad lines i ving ! : gue to 8 OTA jue toa unit load at 2 and Wy, +Wy,) isthe reaction at Ade to ae is ee at 2, Extending this reasoning, y, is the bending moment at P due to a aha Va 3, Wy «9018 the bending moment at P due toa load W, at 3. vit errs THE INFLUENCE LINES Gal 2 Reactions ina SS Beam es fares like reactions are the easiest force components for which influence lines = wet Pp js 8 Fig. 2.2 Let us try to get the IL for R, for the beam AB in Fig, 2.2 (a). Let a unit load act at P, distance a from A. Then (la) Ry (2.1) & When we plot equation (2.1), that is the influence line for R, Fig. 2.2 (6). As simple as Wewill extend this reasoning to Ry and land at Ry = Plotted in Fig, 2.2 (c) < (2.2) ks a LULU 2.3.2 Reactions in a Cantilever F E Let tytn sketch the ILD for reactions R, and M, in 8 cantilever in Ty sn’ lon thru renee Ft Potion. Hengy fives the ILD for Ry. M, due to a unit load at P, ‘a Figure 2.3 (c) plots this curve. from the free end is M, = a) ©) R= ey Tu=U-a) ¢ () Fig. 2.3 / 2.3.3 ILD for Internal Shears and Bending Moments / (q) SS beams Let us investigate the SF and BM at X, at distance x from A. Let « be the coordina position of a unit load. Fora , lS (wi) Fora x, For ; M,= R,X, M,=— In the plots in Fig. 2.4 (6) and (c), ‘a’ “o1o(1=) im XB. These plots are the i (b) Cantilevers wet le a A B ——=$ <> 7. ae @) A 1 b 1 (b) af a B (c) M, = (a-x) Fig. 25 (4) Shear force at X, x from A, when W = 1 acx, F,20, a>%, Fel (ti) Bending moment at X, x from A when W = 1 acx, M=0 a>% M, =(a-x) 5 The above shear force and bending moment at X due to a travelling unit loud ay ve plotted in Fig. 2.5 (b) and (c). tc) Overhanging beams , Overhanging beams are not very common. But we do come across them in balcony beam, balanced cantilever bridge beams, etc. , In buildings, over hangs are considered as space you get free. Let us investigate a bog, with double overhangs as in Fig. 2.6. Let us try sketching influence lines for F,, M,, Ry. Re: May My for the 3 zones a <9; Ol } ) F, : When X is on AB or on CD, the shear will be as in the case of a cantilever. Whey | X is on BC, the shear will be as in the case of a SS beam for the region BC ; but loads on the _ overhangs do produce shears at X (Fig. 2.6 (b) and (c)). j (ii) M, : When X is on AB or on CD, the BM will be as in the case of a cantilever Fig. 2.6 (¢), | When X is on BC, the IL for M, will be similar to the case of a SS beam for the region BC ; but even when the unit load is on the overhangs, BC will suffer bending moments. For example, when a unit load is on D. 1xly Ry =- «(2.10) and M, =-4x 21D) _———____ x y-”) deh-o BM in the overhangs s — 1 — aly U BM in the spans t (e) | ee a Re vj 0 4 ur ih Re 7 @) Fig. 26 Figure 2.6 (c) shows this influence, {ii) Reactions R, and Rg: We know that a unit load at B produces unit reaction Ry. A tad atC produces zero reaction at B and a nit load at D produces - “ asin eqn. (2.10). This ges sufficient data to plot 26 () and 2.6 (the influence lines for Ry and Ry 2.4 USING INFLUENCE LINES a In Chapter 1, we dealt with rolling loads without the benefit of influence lines. That was like going to a warfront without guns. We found the going difficult as we had to plod through several possibilities. Now, we will experience the pleasure of putting influence lines to work. Influence lines duly plotted can help us get the total influence of all the loads on a span in inducing shear or bending moment at a point, or a support reaction or a support bending moment. They can also help us decide upon the strategic load positions to create maximum shear or bending moment at a given section for which the ILDs are drawn. The italicized phrase is a limitation. It may require some effort to locate the critical point for which we shall construct the influence line. Example 2.1 illustrates the use of influence lines. Example 2.1. A single rolling load of 100 kN moves on a girder of span 20 m. (a) Construct rN the influence lines for (i) shear force and (ii) bending moment for a section 5 m ) from the left support. (b) Construct the influence lines for points at which the absolute maximum shears and absolute maximum bending moment develop. Determine these absolute maximum values. = Ja) To find maximum shear force and bending moment at 5 m from, the kn ‘Solution a [tex Por the TLD for shear, I. ordinate to the right wok 1 9 29.75 ys. 6 IL ordinate to the left of D = 1 = 0.25 ‘ > "AD for BN om © Fig. 27 ule) For the IL for bending moment, IL ordinate at D = ‘) Maximum positive shear force Hy inspection of the ILD for itis evident that maximum positive shear foree eerurs when the lod is pi » the right of D Maximum positive shear force AUD, SF + 6 6 kN * ordinate = 100 «0.75 Maximum negative she Manin negative shear ‘cours when the load is placed just to the left 1 Maximum negative shear load * ordinate = 100 « 0. MD SE VAN Maxim Max h When the load is placed vn the section 1) itself Ma tending ul» ordinate © 100+ 975 © 970 kNm INFLUENCE LINES: 8 “i Absolute rnaximum positive shear foree will occur at A Absohute maximum neKative ‘ ‘roecur at B. Maximum bending moment will sur at m The Ls are a ILD for positve SF at'A’ (ay ILD for negative $F at 'B (b) que » ae ILD for BM. at mdspan © Fig. 28 \) Positive shear force Absolute maxirour positive shear foree occurs when the load is plac Absolute maximum positive shear foree = load » ordinate = 100 x 1 4 + = 100 KN ‘egative shear foree occurs when the load is placed! at Bi Absolute maximum negative sheur force = load = ordinates: HARA: f 100 KN Wi) Absolute m: ending mo Ahwolute: maxim ling moment occurs when the land is at midspas Maximum t ant. o Mi load « ordinate = 100 s 8 = 500 kNm. | Frample 2.2 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS4I 56 —— so... 7° $m +15 m ‘The influence line diagrams are already found in Figs. 2.7 (b) and (c). (a) Maximum bending moment Maximum bending moment at D due to a UD! IL shorter than the span occurs when the Section divides the load in the ‘Same ratio as it divid les the span (Fig. 2.9). -—— am —_y 10kNim Fig. 2.9 A,D_ AD In the abo 1, AD = = in the above figure, BD Bp? “D=2m, BD-6m Ordinates ; a Ordinate under A, = ©! x3=225 375 Ordinate under B, = 1g "922.25 ‘LUENCE LINES: 7 voi bending moment = Intensity of load x Teak at = 10 x ST 228 «8 D. Myax = 240 km, At aum positive shear force p) Maxton i vs positive shear force occurs when the tail of the Hairs Maxi ght (Fig. 2-10). UDL. traverses ft to foo? ; m+} 1 m——# taivof the uDL ‘kN Soe A D 8 oon Fig. 2.10 0.75 Ordinate under B, = —q~ x (15-8) = 0.35 shear force = Intensity of load x Area of ILD under load (0.75 +035) x8 a 2 Maximum positive =10 SF, += 44 KNm. (c) Maximum negative shear force Maximum negative shear force due to an UDL occurs w as it traverses from left to right (Fig. 2.11). shen the head of the load is at D Fig. 2.11 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS: Tntensity ofload x Area of LD under the 2 10(} «0.25 x 5) Maximum negative shear force Negative SF yg, = 6.25 KN. : ’ ‘Example 23 nd 200 RN spaced 3m apai £7088 a girdp a ee a a the 100 kN load loading. Draw the inp ” ding moment and find the value of maximus Seiten tena aa Also, find the absolute maximum bending moment due to the given load sgt ‘Solution oc) Maximum bending moment 200 kN 100 KN 100 kN wo a 3m 6m (b) Fig. 2.12 Max. ordinate of ILD = “ = 2 = 3.6 m, Maximum bending moment at D from left to right or from right to left of where, occurs under the critical lo ad. This load, when it moves ‘D’ changes the sign of L, i» the differential loading rate, x l-z Now, let us try with 200 kN load. Firstly, keep this 200 kN load to the left of ‘D’. Wien Writ 200 100 Le ae 20.22 Gave) 2 es aa) INFLUENCE LINES “ this Jond to the right of Dy, L,= Min Nea 9 _ 300 : a so Moving «ca, the sgn of L, changee the 200 kN load eer sp when this 200 KN lond is placed at D. is critical, The maximum bending moment occu 36 ordinate under 100 KN lod = “5-8 =24 faximum pending moment = E (Load x Ordinate) = 200 x 3. Me ae M.., = 960 kNm, «36+ 100«24 0) Maximum shear force fo Positive shear force 200 KN awe Fig. 2.13. ILD for shear force at ‘D’. hows the load position for the absolute maximum positive shear forse. If ed to the left, the positive contribution due to the bigger (200 KN load ss Jost and @ negative contribution is obtained. If the load train moves to the right, the ordinates under to the loads decrease Hence, the indicated load position is the eritical one Figure 2.13 sI the load train is mov Ordinate under 200 KN load = 0.6 06 04 Ordinate under 100 KN load = 9 Maximum positive shear force = 200 (0.6) + 100 (0.4) SF yg, + = 160 KN. (ii) Negative shear force 200 KN 100 KN 3m STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS is 100 KN load to the left of p, ing with 100 KN load, first keep this 100 KN To of D, load a is SM of ‘D’ by 3m, If the value of the shear increment Sisa Negative indicates a decrease in negative shear force. We 3003 " S= pe ee ee “ i 4 load train is moved Hence, the negative shear force decreases when this ed to the ‘D: Hence, to get maximum negative shear fore, this 100 kN load should be kept inte left of D. Ordinate under 100 KN load = 0.4 04 Ordinate under 200 kN load = = oa 3=02 Maximum negative shear force = 100 x 0.4 + 200 x 0.2 = 80 SF. = 80 KN, \¢} Absolute maximum bending moment (v) Resultant of the loads Taking moments about 200 kN load, 100x3=RF, R=300KN, F=10m Absolute maximum bending moment occurs under the load which is nearer to the resultant ‘R’. The critical position is when the resultant ‘R’ and the load are at equal distance from the centre of span (C), (In this problem, 200 kN is nearer to the resultant ‘R)) Distance of this 200 kN from C = Distance of R' from C. =1/2*10=05m 200 kN 100 kN Fig. 2.15 Maximu ordinate under 100 KN load = ‘Absol' — m —"_ ae 225m ordinate of ILD ie., ordinate under 200 kN load We INFLUENCE LINES 3.733 = 2333 m site maximum bending moment, M,,. .,, = E (Load « Ordinate! = 200 «3.739 + 100 2.333 = 979 9 kNro a4 A train of 5 wheel loads crosses a simply supported beam of span 22.5 m- forces Using influence lines, calculate the maxtmui 0 oe eee SA zo. 160%N 400 kN 2604N 240; 25m| 25m |25m| 25m Ww, WOW, Fig. 2.16 Solution (2) Maximum shear force (i) Positive shear force W, W, Wy We Wy 120 KN 160 KN 400 KN 260 kN 240 KN sop @ f-——_— 115m Fig. 2.17. ILD for shear force at ‘C. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II determine the load position i itive shear fo to get the maximum positive s} e Fee, Jet uy sa ein gute Tee move W, lad tothe I af by 25 m. Ifthe gig iq emis negative, it will indicate that W, shall be retained at C, he W =Total load on the span = 120 + 160 + 400 + 260 + 240 = 1180 kN ¢ = Distance through which the load train is moved =25im 18025 Ee Sop DTI oe) Since S, is positive, the shear force increases due to the shifting of W, to the leg ofc. Again, let us move W, to the left of C by 2.5 m to check whether the shear force further increases or not. We 180 x25 sorrel 225 Since S, is negative, it indicates that to get maximum Positive shear force, W, shouly ~ 160 = ~ 28,89 (-ve) ‘stay just right of C. ri 7] Ordinates of ILD ‘. hi : -0 I / Ordinate under W, = = *(1125-25)=-099 5 ml ae = Ordinate under W, = 25-1125 = Pa 225 Resell Ordinate under W, = iw x 8.75 = 0.39 i‘ Ordinate under W, TT x 6.25 = 0.28 Ordinate under W, is x 3.75 = 0.17 Maximum positive shear force = ¥ (Load x Ordinate) = 120(- 0.39) + 160 (0.5) + 400 (0.39) + 260 (0. 28) + 240 (0.17) ALC, SF... + = 302.8 kN. (t) Negative shear force 120KN 160KN 400 KN 260 KN 240 kN 25m] 25m | 25m] 25m 11.25 m 11.25 m Fig. 2.18 To determine the position of loads to get the maximum negative shear force, move the lads one by one to the right of C and compute the value of S, IS, becomes negative i call indicate a decrease in negative shear force due to that movement. EE Ret vex ua move the leading Ws, to the right uf by 25 wa a=" W, = 240 KN ;d=25m 116025 S,= —g95 _ ~ 240 = - 108.89 (-ver since g,is-ve it indicates that W, should stay just to the left of C. ordinates of ILD Lo 225 eee 1125 ips ordinate under Ws 1125 _g5 . x (11.25 - 2.5) = 0.39 0.5 ordinate under W4= 7795 05 Ordinate under W, = 7125 x (11.25 — 5.0) = 0.278 05 ondinate under Wo= 7195 * C28 iis 0.167 05 1125 shear force at C = 240 (- 0.5) + 260 (- 0.39) + (400 (- 0.278) + 160 (~ 0.167) + 120 (- 0.056) Ordinate under W x (11.25 — 10) = 0.056 Maximum negative Fg, = 366.04 KN (b) Absolute maximum bending moment (i) Position of resultant of all loads 120 (0) + 160 (2.5) + 400 (5.0) + 260 (7.5) + 240 (10.0) = R. R= 1180 kN ¥ =5.72 m from W, (ii) Location of absolute maximum bending moment Taking moments about W,, the load, which is nearest to the Absolute maximum bending moment occurs under ‘R’). The distance between C and Test . aay fi R’. (In this problem, W, is nearest to the resultant distance between C and W, shall be equal. 4/2 (0.72) = 0.36 m. | Distance between R and centre of span (C) = al spot D, 10.89 m from A. Fi aa igure 2.19 shows the IL for bending moment at the entic ‘STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II KN 240 kN Y6DKN AO0KN 260 er 072m 178m 1089 m 161m kS8n_, 5 ) Flg. 218. ILD for bending moment aD. Ordinates of ILD Maximum ordinate of ILD A ~ u (22.5 — ‘e, ordinate under W, = = = Sess 5.62 562 Ordinate under Wa soap «839 = 4.33 562 Ordinate under Ww, = Toso «5.89 = 3.04 5.62 Ordinate under i= Figg F844 Ordinate under W,= 5.62 's= T1eq * 8.61 = 3.20 Absolute maximum bending ‘moment = 120 (3.04) + 160 (4 33) + 400 (5.62) * 2604.41) + 249 (3,9) Macs max = 5220.2 Nm, Brxample 250 4 girder ha, 'ng a span of 18 m is sim, 'ply supported at the ends. is traversed By a train of loads ax shown in Fig. 2.20, the 50 kN loag eading. Pind the paximum bending moment which Can occur (i) under the 299 load, and (0 under 50 N load, using influence Hine diagrams (ILD), INFLUENCE LINES 100kKN 200 KN 100 kN SO KN Fig. 2.20 imum bending moment Maxi der 200 kN load maximum bending moment under W,, the resultant (R} and W , should be at al distances from the centre of the span (C). For that, the point of action of resultant (R! equ termined first. f loads : R = 450 kN nts about W, os 200 (3) + 100 (3 + 2) + 50(3 +2 +3) = 450 F ¥ = 3.33 m from W,. moment under 200 KN load Resultant o Taking mome : ; Bending 0.165 m Gi 100kKN 200kN 100kN 50 kN R 5.835 m 3m F 3m 4.165 m ¢ a t oe k gm ote 9m 4 (a) a bs ke 8.835 = 9165 ry (b) if Fig. 2.21 istance stance between C and 200 kN load = Distance between C and R = 0.33 / 2 = 0.165 m. TLO under a7 12335 m I-12 18-8835 =9165 m oe Ws ee oe 8 10 under W,2 So 1585-297 a: Se ohare DO under Wy AE 09+ 4165)2332m WO wader Wy = AO 4165-2050 Beading moment under the 200 kN load = 200 14.5) + 100 (2.97) + 100 13.52) + 5012 05) = 1651.5 kN, ‘Ht Bending moment under 50 kN load To get the maximum bending moment under W, fae te asin 1» W, and R’ must be at centre of span (C) equal distanca Distance between Cand R = Distance between C and W, = V2(2-033 + 3) = 1214.67) = 2.335 m 033m 4 190KN 2005N 100K SoKN a {2m al a 2335 . 2335 ‘ am am ‘ enn 11.395, 6665 oss 635 (bo) Fig. 222 Ordinates of ILD xl x) 11395 + 6.665 110 under W, = . 2420 18 er ——— «8335 der Ws" 71935 * youn 7 2 A 16335 =2: po under Ws Tiss * oe 42 ows cians «995 = 1 ag moment under the 50 KN loed Bendin = 4.2.(50) + 3.09 (100) + 2.35 (200) + 1.241100) = 1113 km ing the relevant influence line diagrams, find Us gos ine maximum bending moment, i) the maximum pontive and neaitivé shears at 4 m from the left support A ofa SS girder of span 10m. when a tran of 4 wheel loads of 10 EN, 15 RN, 30 kN ond 30 kN spaced at 2m, 3 m. and 3 m respectively cross the span with the 10 kN load leading. rhe influence line diagrams for bending moment and shear are aketched below golatiOP Fig, 2.23) W, Ws Ww, wW, 30KN 30 KN 15KN 10KN 3m 3m 2m 40KN 15KN 30KN 3OKN 2m am 3m Fig, 2.23 LO at C for bending moment is ope T 7 10 'LO at C for shear right of C 4 =k LO at C for shear left of ir - STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS: i itical load j Maximum bending moment occurs at C when the critica i Dlaceg ates is ia ile tn moved from left of C to the right changes ty “ee Wraehe W, loading rate L, given by os ‘The load system can traverse the span either from left to right or from Tight to tot the maximum bending moment, the load system should traverse rom lefty ri a W, leading (Otherwise, with W, at C, W, will be off the span), When W, is at C Gust to the left of C), aca aes LE “26 10.83 (+ve) WONG «IRs When W, has crossed to the right of C, 3055 Lag =167 ve) 1, changes sign when W, crosses C. Hence, W, is C. Figure 2.24 shows the maxitnum bending moment at critical and should be placed at C fy influence line ordinates (ILO), load positions and the corresponding 06m 10 40 Fig, 2.24 Mas at C = 30(0.6) + 30 (2.4) + 15.(1.2) + 100.4) = 112 kNm. 2. Maximum positive shear force The ILD for shear is shown in Fig. 2.25, Maximum positive shear force occurs when all the loads are to the right of the section load system traverses from right to left and the 30 kN 30 kN 15KN 10 kN We 3m W, 3m Wo2m dw, ‘+ Fig. 2.25 ximum positive shear force, place W, as shown i ascertain that qo Fad position for maximum positive shear force, areal ioe left through # wis gam eo that Win at: If the sign of shear inerement 8, given by SW - W mss je i : i oe spindicates that W, should be at the right of C’, (W, is the load moved to the other stv" 5 e expression, 8?” tg tne 9PO™ wd 15x38 S,= 7 Wn 9 ~80=-7.5 (-ve) shear increment happens to be negative, The $A ghould not be moved to the left Hence © 4 W, = 0.6 06 inate under W, Maximum positive faximum negativ shear force = 0.6 (30) + 0.3 (30) = 27 kN. e shear force 3. saximum negative shear foree orcurs when the loads are to the lft ofthe section while versing from left to right. tra 10 kN 15 KN 30 KN 30 kN 2m 3m 3m Fig. 2.26 To ascertain if this is the maximum negative shear force position, move W, to the right gc et a distance of 3 m. If the sign of S, is negative, it indicates that the W, should not mov 3 = - — 30 = - 12 (-ve) Since the sign is negative, W, should stay at the left of ‘C’. ote 7 ee under W, = 0.4 laximum negative shear force = 0.1 x 30 + 0.4 x 30 = 15 KN. Ordinate under W 2 Bi) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II Example 27 Four equal loads of 150 KN each equally spaced at 2 m apary wt of 80 ENim at a distance of 15 m from the last 159 aN eed sedor of 20-m span from right to left Using influence lines, egy fae shear fore and bending moment at a section 8 m from the left han rua a sehen the leading 150 AN load is at 5 m from the left hand support 4 150 150 180 150 60 KN/ KN KN KN yy 2m{2m am| ts 1) W, Wy Wy pas. |-————_—__ am =| Fig. 227 Solution (a) Bending moment for the given load position 1 pecs ne Ge 60kNim om 2mlom 2m|15m é —"__ — Fig. 2.28 Ordinates of ILD Maximum ordinate at D = Ordinate under E= Ordinate under Fe - Oe ” 48 osdin 48 H= 7) *9=36m ate under 12 is odin 48 der T= 37 *75=3.0m eainate UP oF moment al end (Load * ae for point loads + (Load intensity x area of [LD below UDL! De 2 ha) + 180 (42) + 1504.4) + 1503.6) + 60(4 75 3) = 2065 KN. Bes force at this section o 150 150 150 150 7m iim Ordinates of ILD Maximum positive ordinate of ILD = Tag = ae = pp 708 8 i egative = -=—=04 Maximum negative ordinate of ILD Fi 7° -04 Ordinate under E= —5— x 5=—0.25 -0. Presta onder Fn T= - 0.35 06 Ordinate under G = 72 * 11 = 0.55 Ordinate under Ordinate under I = z x 7.5 = 0.38 SEE ere eerie erence cierseretciea eater eee ee aerate Aa, 72 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I _ ngement Shear foree at D for the noni ada ILD below Uy 2d dead « ordinate) + oad intensity «4 THO 0.25) 4 THO. 0.35) 4 1 THO OAS 6 BOOZE, 145.5 kN SE), 2.5 INFLUENCE LINES FOR OVERHANGING BEAMS Drawing influence lines for beams with overhangs does not need any y,.) We need extend the concept we lready familiar with. Loads on overhang, downward reactions at supports Fig. 2.30 ‘These in turn can produce hogging bending moments. We need be, therefore. « about the sign of the influence line ordinates. For the beam ABC in Fig. 2.30 (a) the influence line for R, is shown in Fig. ? ‘There is a negative part in the overhang BC. This of course means, “that a load on BC pr a negative (downward) reaction at A. Figure 2.30 (c) is the influence line for bending moment at D on segment AB is J 3 beam. For the overhang, when the unit load is at x from B, the one for a x ax 73) Mp=Ry.a=-% : ac Hence at C, where x = ¢ the ordinate is — 7 Regarding bending moment at B, we can use the same formula as for a ca" er = , Son Joad on AB does not moment at B, bending — ee moment ordinate at C =~ in: te 2.30 (d) is the ILD for bending moment at B. ele a8 Draw the influence lines for (a) Ra ging moment at D B eo mi C ered ng moment at B for the overhanging beam Et bili figure. 8 8 i c 40 SS 2m—} 7m ton fee So et vs consider & section X at a distance x from C. When a unit load is at X, —2 i _ This is valid for all x from C to A. The influence line ordinates are as under.

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