2020 IEEE International Conference on Computing, Power and Communication Technologies (GUCON)

Galgotias University, Greater Noida, UP, India. Oct 2-4, 2020

Battery Management and Operation of a Wind-PV

Based Microgrid
Sudip Bhattacharyya S. Puchalapalli, Member, IEEE Bhim Singh, Fellow, IEEE
Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering,
IIT Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India IIT Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India IIT Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
sudipiitd2019@gmail.com sambasivaiah8888@gmail.com bsingh@ee.iitd.ac.in

Abstract— This paper deals with an integrated PV GW of biomass and 5 GW of small-hydro power by 2022. As
(Photovoltaic)-wind battery-based micro-grid with an improved per the discussion that took place in India Energy Security
multi-functional grid-side converter (GSC) control. This Scenarios, the power generation is expected to attain a 479 GW
improved discrete three-stage reduced-order multiple integrator of solar power and 410 GW of wind power by 2047. However,
(ROMI) GSC control is used to maintain the reactive power into the growth of other renewable sources, is significant [3].
the grid as well as to maintain the dc-link voltage across the Therefore, the electrification through the microgrid is to give a
converter. Moreover, it improves power quality issues in different better solution and to reduce the rate of global emission. This
abnormal conditions. The rotor side converter (RSC) is used to microgrid consists of energy storage systems (ESSs) and loads
provide the required amount of reactive power using the field- that operate as both off-grid and on-grid conditions. Before the
oriented control, for the wind power generator (WPG). A double 1980s, electrical energy storing has been very costly and
fed induction generator (DFIG) is used as a WPG. The single- inefficient and it has a very poor market demand. Now a days,
stage PV array and a battery with class-C chopper is connected to ESSs secure the major contribution to the microgrid. Moreover,
the common dc-link of the GSC. It extracts the maximum power the investors are also paying attention towards the ESSs. The
from wind turbine in light load conditions. The tip speed ratio microgrid with the storage has a huge market as a high-power
(TSR) algorithm is used to extract the maximum power from a system and it is economically feasible for power electronic
wind turbine and the incremental conductance (INC) method is applications. In battery energy storage (BES), the electrical
used to extract the maximum power from a PV array. According energy is stored through the electrochemical process. The
to the load demands at the micro-grid, the battery management storage has a number of battery cells, a converter, and an
works. A PV feed-forward term is added with the total active inverter. The positive and negative ions are exchanged within
component of the GSC control, which damps out the dynamic the anode and cathode of the battery using an appropriate
changes into the system. The grid current THD is also maintained electrolyte medium [4]. The chattering issues and the unknown
within 5% according to the IEEE standard. Simulated results disturbances due to unpredictable wind speed are addressed in
show the performance of the microgrid in different conditions, the literature [5]. However, the maximum wind and PV powers
such as speed changes from the cut-in to cut-out the speed of the are not extracted due to the unavailability of any energy storage
wind turbine, load unbalancing condition, changes in PV in light load conditions. Sattar et al. [6] have proposed the PV
insolation. The charging and discharging cycle of the battery is array, wind based battery storage hybrid microgrid. Simulated
optimized using at battery management system (BMS) at results show the power smoothening of the microgrid, with the
different circumstances. change of state of charge (SOC) of the battery. However, the
proposed work has not clearly mentioned the control algorithm
Index Terms— DFIG, Solar PV Generation, battery, power of the battery SOC. In the literature [7]-[11], there has been a
quality, MPPT, BMS, adaptive current control. control algorithm of PV-battery, wind base hybrid microgrid.
However, the performance at the nonlinear load and change in
I. INTRODUCTION insolation of PV array are not visualized from the literature.
Sustainable energy has played a most important role to Moreover, the active and reactive power flow to the grid is not
control the global emissions. From last few decades, the clearly specified during any dynamic change occurred in the
average of 300 GW renewable capacity has grown every year system. The tradeoff between the renewable energy generation,
and by the end of 2030 it is expected to reach the Paris load demand, and energy storage is determined using various
Agreement, according to the IEA’s Sustainable Development optimization methods. The multi-objective genetic algorithm
Scenario (SDA) [1]. However, the United States has fixed a (MOGA), teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO),
target to achieve a 100 percent sustainable power grid by 2050, epsilon multi-objective genetic algorithm (ϵ-MOGA), linear
though there has been a dispute clashing between many programming, particle swarm optimization (PSO), mixed-
publications over the feasibility of such a renewable grid [2]. A integer linear/nonlinear programming (MILP/MINLP)
country like India has a significant advantage that there is optimization techniques are found in the literature [12]-[15],
massive potential for sustainable energy, although it is largely which depend upon the size, cost, and performance of the
untapped. The estimated solar potential in India is more than micro-grid. Deshmukh et al. [16] have reported the energy
750 GW and the wind potential is around 302 GW, which is management and control of a microgrid on a laboratory
more than 1000 GW. The Indian government has fixed a target prototype. Moreover, the simulation results show the
to achieve 100 GW of solar power, 60 GW of wind power, 10 performance of wind and PV under different uncertain

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conditions. Wu et al. [17] have reported the performance of the wind emulation is done by the separately excited dc machine
utility grid with PV-battery system. The overall operation is with class A-chopper where the torque is directly proportional
well discussed in the literature. However, the performance with to the armature current of the dc motor. The PV array is
nonlinear load and the power quality issues are not discussed. connected to the common dc-link of the DFIG. The battery
In this paper, an improved a three-stage reduced-order management is connected to the dc-link using a Class-C
multiple integrators (ROMI) control scheme has been used for chopper.
the grid-side converter (GSC) of a double fed induction
generator (DFIG) based PV-battery grid-tied system. The III. CONTROL ALGORITHMS
developed microgrid is a combination of aspects of generation, The control of this system is divided in three parts as
storage, and distribution. The GSC control has to maintain the follows.
dc-link voltage and the sinusoidal grid currents, irrespective of
wind speed. The reactive power demand of the stator of the A. Rotor side converter Control
DFIG has been provided by the RSC control as well as it helps The rotor side converter (RSC) control of DFIG is used to
to maintain the MPPT of the wind turbine. The maximum provide the required amount of reactive component to the stator
power from the PV array is extracted using an incremental and of the DFIG and it is used to extract the maximum power from
conductance (INC) MPPT algorithm. The battery management the wind turbine. In this developed topology, the wind
with dc-dc converter is used to store and to deliver a power at emulation has been done by the dc-motor speed control by
the light load and heavily loaded conditions. Moreover, in light class- A chopper [21]. The reference armature current I*a and
load conditions, the extra power from the PV array and wind the sensed armature current error Iea is passed through the
turbine driven DFIG, is stored in the battery. The improved proportional integrator (PI) control.
adaptive GSC control has mitigated the power quality issues
and it improves the dynamic behavior of the control [18]-[20]. I wloss I wloss (h  1)  k p {I ea (h)  I ea (h  1)}  ki I ea (h) (1)
II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION The required amount of the Iwloss component has determined
Fig. 1 shows the DFIG, PV-battery connected microgrid, the switching of a class-A chopper.
where the stator of the DFIG is directly connected to the grid, The no-load magnetizing current Ims of the machine is
and the rotor of the DFIG is connected to the grid via two back mathematically calculated, which equal to the reference
to back rotor side converter (RSC) and the grid side converter reactive current I*qr of the rotor,
(GSC). Two back-back converters are connected to a common
dc-link. The GSC is connected to the grid via a step up
delta/star transformer with grid interfacing inductance. The

Three Phase RC
NL Load Ripple Wind
Filter DFIG
igabc isabc

Grid
GSC RSC
Lf
igsc irsc
Lf Vdc
Lf

Grid Side Transformer

Filter
Lb
PV S2 Cb
Array S1
Vpv Cb
Ipv Rin
Eb Wind
Turbine
Single-stage PV array system Battery management system

Fig. 1. System topology

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 § Vg · 2 BZTs2 ( z  1)2  2 BZTs ( z  1)( z  1)
I ms 0.8164 ¨ ¸ I qr* (2) TF2 (7)
­°8( z  1)  [1  (1  2 B)Z 2 ]( z  1)2  12Ts ( z  1)( z  1)2  ½°
3
© Xm ¹ ® ¾
¯° 2Ts [1  Z 2  2Ts  BZ 2Ts ]( z  1)( z  1) 2 ¿°
The error between reference ω*r and rotor speed ωr has
passed through the PI control. The loss component of the PI When the input disturbance k4, k5 and k6.
output is the reference active current I*dr of the rotor.
Inner current loop iα
I dr* I dr* (h  1)  k p {Zer (h)  Zer (h  1)}  kiZer (h) (3) sqrt(i2α + i2β )
The three-phase rotor currents (Ira, Irb, and Irc) are sensed + k3 iβ
and it is transformed into a dq-reference frame. The sensed and iLabc -
the reference active and reactive rotor currents are passed - Ts(Z+1) Magnitude
A ω +
through the PI controller to get the reference active and reactive + - + - 2(Z-1)
rotor reference voltages. This reference rotor voltage is Ts(Z+1) Imag
ω +
transformed from dq to abc and compares with a 10 kHz pulse 2(Z-1) - Outer voltage loop
width modulated (PWM) signal. +
+ k1 Vref
Vdc PI Iloss
Wind Ts(Z+1) +
Ia ω
speed 2(Z-1) - VT Ppv
+
* - 2/3(Ppv/VT)
Wind Turbine I a Iea Iwloss PWM Db + k2
+ PI Ipvff
Emulation Generator
+ k6
Reference current
ωr - - Ts(Z+1) generation
B + ω +
- Idr - - 2(Z-1)
ω*r ωer I*dr dq Ira Imag
+ PI +
PI Iqr Irb Ts(Z+1) Iloss
* abc ω + + Ipnet
I qr Irc 2(Z-1) - Ipvff
* * -
v dr v qr (Ɵe-Ɵr) +
v*dr vra +k Ipnet
dq vrb 4 × igraf
*
v qr Gate pulses ω Ts(Z+1) + upabc
abc vrc to RSC 2(Z-1) - irfabc +
+ + k9 isabc ieabc
-
+ k5
Fig. 2. Rotor side control - Ts(Z+1)
-
C + ω + 2(Z-1)
- - Hysteresis current
B. Inner Current and Outer Voltage Control of GSC
control
Fig. 3 shows the three-stage additional damped based ω Ts(Z+1) +
reduced order multiple integrators (ROMI) based control, 2(Z-1) - iea
where the nonlinear load currents are the input of the control. + {s1...s6}
iea
The ROMI based current control has three stages to filter out + k7
Ts(Z+1) + iea
the harmonics from the input nonlinear load current [18]-[20]. ω
2(Z-1) -
The first stage of the inner current loop is shown in Fig. 4. +
Where the sampling time Ts is 30μs, and ω is the natural + k8
frequency of 314 rad/s.
Fig. 3 Three-stage reduced-order multiple integrators (ROMI) based adaptive
ZTs ( z  1)[2( z  1)  Ts ( z  1)] current control
T1 (4)
[2( z  1)  Ts ( z  1)]2  [ZTs ( z  1)]2

2ZTs2 ( z  1) 2  2ZTs ( z  1)( z  1) r’ + c’

T2 (5) A T1
+
(1  Z 2 )Ts2 ( Z  1) 2  4( z  1) 2  4Ts ( z  1)( z  1) - - T2
2 AZT ( z  1)  2 AZTs ( z  1)( z  1)
s
2 2
T1
TF1 (6)
°­8( z  1)  [1  (1  2 A)Z ]( z  1)  12Ts ( z  1)( z  1)  °½
3 2 2 2

®
2Ts [1  Z 2  2Ts  AZ 2Ts ]( z  1)( z  1)2
¾ T1
¯° ¿°
Similarly, for stage two of the controller can be Fig. 4. Fast stage of control loop
mathematically express as,

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Moreover, for stage three, the transfer function is expressed as,
2CZTs2 ( z  1)2  2CZTs ( z  1)( z  1) C. Battery Management System
TF3 (8)
The battery management system (BMS) is used to charge
°­8( z  1)  [1  (1  2C )Z ]( z  1)  12Ts ( z  1)( z  1)  °½
3 2 2 2

® ¾ the battery bank of the developed microgrid as shown in Fig. 6.

¯° 2Ts [1  Z 2  2Ts  CZ 2Ts ]( z  1)( z  1)2 ¿° The charging/discharging of the battery bank depends upon the
When the input disturbances are k7, k8 and k9. total power generated by the microgrid. If the total power Pm is
more than the desired limit of Ps then the battery starts to
charge in other cases it discharges. The battery of 200 Ah has
- - - been selected. Moreover, it is charged with ‘C/20’ charging
r + + c rate, which is 5 A battery current. The initial state of charge
TF1 TF2 TF3 (SOC) of battery is 80%.
+
Fig. 5. Compact from of three-stage reduced order multiple integrator based The reference battery current Irbatt is set according to the
adaptive current control charging rate of the battery and the error current Ier1,2 between
Irbatt and Ibatt is passed through a PI controller. The output of the
Fig. 5 shows the compact form of three-stage reduced order battery loss current is compared with 10 kHz PWM signal to
multiple integrator based adaptive current control as, operate the Class-C chopper. The switch S1 and S2 are the
compliment to each other’s.
C ( s) TF1 u TF2 u TF3
(9)
R( s ) (1  TF1 )(1  TF2 )(1  TF3 ) Ibloss1,2 Ibloss1,2 (h  1)  k p {Ier 1,2 (h)  I er 1,2 (h 1)}  ki I er 1,2 (h) (17)

Imag iD2  iE2 (10)

Pm
1 +
The dc-link voltage is maintained by proportional integral |Ps|
(PI) controller. The reference Vref is calculated using the INC
MPPT algorithm. Pm 2 +
Iloss Iloss (h  1)  k p {Vdcer (h)  Vdcer (h  1)}  kiVdcer (h) |Ps|
(11)
Where, Vdcer is the error voltage Vref and Vdc [22]. Irbatt Ier1 2
The PV feed-forward term in the reference grid current is +
-
PI Ibloss1 S1
calculated as,
Ibatt
2 PPV -Irbatt Ier2
I PVff (12) 1
3VT +
-
PI Ibloss2
Where, VT is amplitude of grid voltage, which is estimated Ibatt
as,
Fig. 6. Battery management system
(2 / 3)(vsa  vsb  vsc )
2 2 2
VT (13)
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The active current is the addition of magnitude of The grid-connected PV-wind and battery-based system is
fundamental load current (Imag), loss current (Iloss) and feed- simulated with a three-stage reduced-order multiple integrators
forward PV term (Ipvff) is given as, based adaptive current control algorithm. A DFIG of 5 kW is
selected as a wind generator. Moreover, a PV array of 5.4 kW
I pnet I mag  Iloss - I pvff is connected to the dc link of the DGIG.
(14)
The unit temple components are calculated from grid Simulated results of the wind turbine are shown in Fig. 7.
voltages [22] as, The wind velocity is varying 12 m/s to 6 m/s, within the MPPT
region. The corresponding reference rotor speed is varying
u pa vsa VT , u pb vsb VT , u pc vsc VT from super synchronous speed 204 rad/s to sub-synchronous
(15) speed 110 rad/s. The development torque of the wind turbine is
Where, vsa, vsb and vsc are the phase voltages. changed from 23.75 Nm to 7 Nm. The power coefficient Cp of
the wind turbine is 0.48 constant in the MPPT region. The total
The reference grid currents (irfa, irfb and irfc) are calculated wind power is changed from 4.86 kW to 1.11 kW with the
as, change of wind speed. The tip speed ratio (λ) is constant at 8.1
within the MPPT region.
irfa =I pnet ×u pa ; irfb =I pnet ×u pb ; irfc =I pnet ×u pc
The internal signals of rotor side convertor (RSC) control
(16) are shown in Fig. 8, where the reference dq-axis voltages are

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varied according to the wind speed. The θe is calculated from
the phase locked loop (PLL) and it is changed with the wind
speed. The mechanical angle of the θ is double the electrical
angle.
Fig. 9 shows the internal signals of the grid side converter
(GSC) control, where the load current is constant with changes
in speed. The required amount of load power is provided by the
PV array. Therefore, the internal signals of the improved three-
stage reduced order multiple integrator (ROMI) based adaptive
control (ier1(L1), ier2(L1), ier3(L1), ier1(L2), ier2(L2), ier3(L2),ip1) are not
varying with the wind speed, which are same for loop three
also. However, due to transient speed change from 12m/s to 6
m/s the loss current component iloss is varying, and within 0.05s
it settles down. The average load current remains the same, due
to the constant load current. However, the reference grid
current is slightly increased due to change of wind speed, yet it
settles down within 0.05s.
Fig. 8. Internal signals of RSC control under change in speed
The speed change of DFIG from sub-synchronous to super
synchronous speed is shown in Fig. 10, where the grid voltage
vgrid is not changed. However, the grid current igrid is suddenly
increased due to inertia; yet after half a cycle, it becomes stable.
Simulated results of the battery charge and discharge with
solar PV array are shown in Fig. 11, where the state of charge
(SOC) of the battery is increased from 3.6 s to 4.4 s and the
battery current Ibat is maintained 5 A current towards battery
with battery voltage Vbat of 51.98 V. The SOC of C/20 battery
is reduced from 4.4 s and corresponding the direction of battery
current Ibat is reversed and corresponding the battery voltage
starts reducing. The PV voltage Vpv and current Ipv at 1000
W/m2 are not changed and are independent of the wind speed.
Therefore, the PV power is constant at 5.3 kW. Due to the
change of wind speed, the total power fed to the whole
microgrid is changed. Therefore, the battery management
system (BMS) starts.

Fig. 9. Internal signals of GSC control under speed change

Fig. 7. Simulated results of wind turbine at change in speed

Fig. 10. Change in speed from sub-synchronous to super synchronous

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