EE112/BEE1013

Circuit Theory I

Circuit concepts (CLO1)

Resistor, series, parallel, nodes, branch, loop, Ohm’s law

Lecturer: Ts. Dr. Sarah ‘Atifah binti Saruchi

18/5/22
Recap

• Systems of Units (SI unit)

• Electric Charge
• Current
• Voltage
• Power and Energy
• Circuit Elements
 Common Mistake
• No SI unit
• No re-draw circuit
• Not properly label the circuit, the current flow
• Don’t leave the answer in fraction value
Good examples
 Today outline:

• Resistor
• Series Circuits
• Parallel Circuits
• Nodes, branch, loops
• Ohm’s law
Resistors

http://apps.usd.edu/coglab/psyc770/resistors/r4beginner.html
 Resistors
• Resistance – Ability to resist the flow of electric charge
• Measured in Ohms (Ω)
• Resistance equation:

• Where:
ρ – Resistivity (Ω.m).
l – Length
A – Cross-section Area
 Resistors
• Resistivity of common materials
 Series circuit
• Two basic ways to connect components in a circuit : series and parallel
• Components are arranged in a line, forming a single path for current flow
• The current, 𝐼 flows through all components is same

𝐼 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼3

• Supply voltage is equal to the sum of the individual voltage drops

V = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3

• Total resistance, 𝑅𝑇 is equal to the sum of individual resistances

𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3

Series circuit diagram

 Parallel circuits
• Components are arranged in parallel, forming multiple paths for current flow
• Total current, 𝐼 is the sum of the currents flowing through each component

𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3

• Voltage across each component is the same

V = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉3
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3
• Total resistance, 𝑅𝑇 formula
1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

Parallel circuit diagram

Real series and parallel circuits
 Bulb brightness in direct current (DC)
series circuit

(a) (b)
Question:
Assuming the battery supply is constant, will the light bulbs shine same for picture (a)
and (b)?
Answer:
Increasing the number of bulbs in a series circuit decreases the brightness of the bulbs.
In a series circuit, the voltage is equally distributed among all of the bulbs
Additional notes:
If one bulb burns out in a series circuit, the entire circuit is broken. The more
components there are in a series circuit, the greater the circuit's resistance
Bulb brightness in direct current (DC)
parallel circuit
• Bulbs in parallel are brighter than bulbs in
series.
• In a parallel circuit the voltage for
each bulb is the same as the voltage in
the circuit.
• Unscrewing one bulb has no effect on the
other bulb.

Additional notes regarding parallel circuit:

• Independent components. You can turn
on/off single components independently.
• One of the components is faulty, it will not
affect the rest of the circuit
• Parallel circuits also allow components to be
added in the circuit without changing the
voltage.
Exercise 1

1) Calculate total resistance when both R1 and R2 are 1k ohm.

2) Calculate total resistance when R1=10K ohm and R2=15k ohm.

(Parallel: Total resistance, 𝑅𝑇 formula:) (Series: Total resistance, 𝑅𝑇 formula:)

1 1 1 1 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
= + +
𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
Exercise 1

1) Ans: 500 Ω

2) Ans: 6K Ω
 Exercise 2
Calculate the total resistance. Given that R1=5Ω, R2= 4Ω and R3=2Ω

(Parallel: Total resistance, 𝑅𝑇 formula:) (Series: Total resistance, 𝑅𝑇 formula:)

1 1 1 1 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
= + +
𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
Exercise 2
Calculate the total resistance. Given that R1=5Ω, R2= 4Ω and R3=2Ω

Solution:

Rt= R1//R2//R3
= 5//4//2
1 1 1 1
= + +
Rt 5 4 2
= 0.2+0.25+0.5=0.95
Rt = 1.05Ω

* Symbol // is used to indicate a parallel combination

 Exercise 3

Given that :R1 = 10Ω ; R2 = 50Ω;

R3=15Ω.
What is the total resistance value?

(Parallel: Total resistance, 𝑅𝑇 formula:) (Series: Total resistance, 𝑅𝑇 formula:)

1 1 1 1 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
= + +
𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
Exercise 3

Given that :R1 = 10Ω ; R2 = 50Ω;

R3=15Ω.
What is the total resistance value?

Total Resistance, Rt = 10 + 50 + 15 = 75 Ω
 Exercise 4
Calculate the total resistance RT at terminal ab for both circuit
(a) (b)
a
RT
a
RT

(Parallel: Total resistance, 𝑅𝑇 formula:)

1 1 1 1
= + +
b 𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
(Series: Total resistance, 𝑅𝑇 formula:)
𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
Exercise 4
Calculate the total resistance RT at terminal ab for both circuit

a
RT

RT
a

b
b

Ans: 242.25Ω
Ans:2750Ω
Exercise 5
Determine the value of V1 , V2 and V3. Given that Vs = 5V.
Exercise 5
Determine the value of V1 , V2 and V3. Given that Vs = 5V.

Answer: V1=V2=V3= 5V
In parallel circuits, voltage for all components are same
 Nodes, Branches and Loops

• A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or

a resistor.
• A node is the point of connection between two or more
branches.
• A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
• A network with b branches, n nodes, and l independent loop will
satisfy the fundamental theorem of network topology:
b = l + n −1
Example:branch
Example:nodes

• A node is usually indicated by a dot in a circuit.

• If a short circuit (a connecting wire) connects two nodes,
the two nodes constitute a single node.
• The circuit in Fig. 2.10 has three nodes a, b, and c. Notice
that the three points that form node b are connected by
perfectly conducting wires and therefore constitute a
single point. The same is true of the four points forming
node c.
• Circuit in Fig. 2.10 has only three nodes by redrawing the
circuit in Fig. 2.11.
Example:loops

• 3 loops in Figure 2.11

Example: network topology

Fundamental theorem of network topology:

b = l + n −1

b=5, l= 3, n= 3
Homework
 Ohm’s Law

• Ohm's Law is a formula used to calculate the relationship

between voltage, current and resistance in an electrical circuit
• Ohm’s law states that the voltage V across a resistor is directly
proportional to the current I flowing through the resistor.
• Mathematical expression:

V=IR

unit: V=A.Ω
 Ohm’s Law
Use this pyramid to memorise the Ohm’s law:

Example:
Exercise 7
Given that R1 = 15kΩ; R2= 20kΩ and R3=25kΩ and voltage
source = 150V. What is the current flowing in the circuit?
Exercise 7
Given that R1 = 15kΩ; R2= 20kΩ and R3=25kΩ and voltage
source = 150V. What is the current flowing in the circuit?

Solution:

Rt =15k+20k+25k=60kΩ

Ohm’s Law: I = V /R
I = 150 V /60kΩ = 2.5mA
 Power dissipation

• Total power in a parallel circuit is same as in series circuit.

• Unit: Watt (W)
• Mathematical equation for power dissipation:
Exercise 8
What is power dissipated for resistor R1? Given that R1 = 2kΩ and Vs =10 V.

𝐼t 𝐼1 𝐼2
The end