Scribd
Upload
12 views6 pages

Lecture 7

The document discusses the equations governing turbulent flow, particularly the momentum equations for incompressible flow in the x, y, and z directions, known as the RANS equations. It highlights the significance of turbulent stresses, the different regions in turbulent flow, and the laws governing velocity profiles in wall and overlap layers. Experimental evidence is provided to support the theoretical models, including the logarithmic velocity law and velocity-defect law in pipe flow.

Uploaded by

rohit940468
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views6 pages

Lecture 7

The document discusses the equations governing turbulent flow, particularly the momentum equations for incompressible flow in the x, y, and z directions, known as the RANS equations. It highlights the significance of turbulent stresses, the different regions in turbulent flow, and the laws governing velocity profiles in wall and overlap layers. Experimental evidence is provided to support the theoretical models, including the logarithmic velocity law and velocity-defect law in pipe flow.

Uploaded by

rohit940468
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

Equations for Turbulent Flow

´ Momentum equation for the incompressible flow in x-direction:


1 " 𝜕 𝑢( + 𝑢# 𝜕 𝑢( + 𝑢# $ 𝜕 𝑢( + 𝑢# 𝑣̅ + 𝑣 # 𝜕 𝑢( + 𝑢# 𝑤0 + 𝑤# 𝜕 𝑝̅ + 𝑝#
# $𝜌 + + + − 𝜌𝑔% +
𝑇 ! 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
$
𝜕 𝑢( + 𝑢 # $
𝜕 𝑢( + 𝑢 # $
𝜕 𝑢( + 𝑢 #
−𝜇 + + % 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝜕𝑥 $ 𝜕𝑦 $ 𝜕𝑧 $
𝜕 𝑢# 𝜕 𝑢# 𝜕 𝑢# 𝜕 𝑢# 𝜕 𝑝̅ 𝜕 𝜕 𝑢# 𝜕 𝜕 𝑢# 𝜕 𝜕 𝑢#
𝜌 + 𝑢# + 𝑣̅ +𝑤
+ = 𝜌𝑔! − + 𝜇 − 𝜌𝑢 " # + 𝜇 − 𝜌𝑢 " 𝑣 " + 𝜇 − 𝜌𝑢 " 𝑤 "
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
´ Similarly, in y and z directions:
𝜕 𝑣̅ 𝜕 𝑣̅ 𝜕 𝑣̅ 𝜕 𝑣̅ 𝜕 𝑝̅ 𝜕 𝜕 𝑣̅ 𝜕 𝜕 𝑣̅ 𝜕 𝜕 𝑣̅
𝜌 + 𝑢# + 𝑣̅ +𝑤+ = 𝜌𝑔$ − + 𝜇 − 𝜌𝑢 " 𝑣 " + 𝜇 − 𝜌𝑣 " # + 𝜇 − 𝜌𝑣 " 𝑤 "
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑤
+ 𝜕𝑤+ 𝜕𝑤+ 𝜕𝑤+ 𝜕 𝑝̅ 𝜕 𝜕𝑤
+ 𝜕 𝜕𝑤 + 𝜕 𝜕𝑤 +
𝜌 + 𝑢# + 𝑣̅ +𝑤
+ = 𝜌𝑔% − + 𝜇 − 𝜌𝑢 " 𝑤 " + 𝜇 − 𝜌𝑣 " 𝑤 " + 𝜇 − 𝜌𝑤 " #
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
These are commonly known as the RANS equations!
We will not solve them but explore the extra terms to obtain expressions for shear stress and friction loss!
Equations for Turbulent Flow
´ Let us consider the equations in x-direction:
𝐷 𝑢# 𝜕 𝑝̅ 𝜕 𝜕 𝑢# 𝜕 𝜕 𝑢# 𝜕 𝜕 𝑢#
𝜌 = 𝜌𝑔! − + 𝜇 − 𝜌𝑢 " # + 𝜇 − 𝜌𝑢 " 𝑣 " + 𝜇 − 𝜌𝑢 " 𝑤 "
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
´ The correlation terms are turbulent stresses
´ They have the same dimensions as the Newtonian stress terms (laminar)
´ They occur as a linear addition to the laminar stress terms
´ Turbulent stresses are unknown and must be obtained through experiments (model studies)

´ For pipe flow, only 1-D equation (say x) is relevant. We have three extra terms: 𝜌𝑢! " , 𝜌𝑢! 𝑣 ! ,
𝜌𝑢! 𝑤 !
´ For pipes and ducts, stress in only one direction is significant (normal to the wall):
𝐷𝑢& 𝜕 𝑝̅ 𝜕𝜏
𝜌 = 𝜌𝑔# − +
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝑢&
𝜏=𝜇 − 𝜌𝑢! 𝑣 ! = 𝜏$%& + 𝜏'()*
𝜕𝑦
Let us explore the magnitude of these two stresses through experimental evidences!
Equations for Turbulent Flow
´ Stress components in turbulent flow:
𝜕 𝑢#
𝜏=𝜇 − 𝜌𝑢 " 𝑣 " = 𝜏&'( + 𝜏)*+,
𝜕𝑦
´ Three regions in turbulent flow:
´ Wall layer: viscous shear dominate
´ Outer layer: turbulent shear dominate
´ Overlap layer: both types of shear to be
considered
´ Let’s denote: ´ Dimensional analysis for wall layer:
´ average velocity 𝑢# = 𝑢 𝑢 = 𝑓 𝜇, 𝜏& , 𝜌, 𝑦
´ wall shear stress 𝜏- ´ Alternatively:
´ at the edge of boundary layer and outer 𝑢 = 𝑓 𝜇, 𝑢∗, 𝜌, 𝑦
layer 𝑦 = 𝛿, 𝑢 = 𝑈 ∔ 𝑢 𝜌𝑦𝑢∗
𝑢 = ∗=𝑔
/! 2 ⁄# 𝑢 𝜇
´ Friction velocity: 𝑢 ∗ =
0
Law of the wall (Prandtl , 1930)
Equations for Turbulent Flow
´ Dimensional analysis for outer layer:
𝑈−𝑢 +(',) = 𝜑 𝛿, 𝜏- , 𝜌, 𝑦
𝑈−𝑢 𝑦
= 𝜙
𝑢∗ 𝛿
Velocity defect law (von Karman, 1933)
´ These two laws are different, but they must combine to provide a smooth solution in
the overlap layer!
´ Possible for the following velocity in the overlap layer:
𝑢 1 𝜌𝑦𝑢∗
= ln +𝐵
𝑢∗ 𝜅 𝜇
where 𝜅 and 𝐵 are dimensionless constants, 𝜅 = von Karman constant = 0.41, 𝐵 ≈ 5.0
Law of logarighmic overlap layer(Millikan, 1937)
´ Denote the dimensionless velocity and distance as:
∔
𝑢 ∔
𝜌𝑦𝑢∗
𝑢 = ∗ 𝑦 =
𝑢 𝜇
Experimental Evidences
´ Law of the wall
𝑢∔ = 𝑔 𝑦 ∔
´ Logarithmic overlap layer:
1
𝑢∔ = ln 𝑦 ∔ + 𝐵
𝜅
´ Outer layer velocity-defect law:
𝑈−𝑢 𝑦
= 𝜙
𝑢∗ 𝛿
´ Plot 𝑢∔ vs. ln(𝑦 ∔): what’s expected?
´ curved wall region
´ straight line overlap region
´ curved outer region

Copyright © 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). All rights reserved.


Turbulent flow in pipes
´ Logarithmic velocity law:
𝑢 1 𝜌𝑦𝑢∗ 𝑢 𝑟 1 𝜌 𝑅 − 𝑟 𝑢∗
= ln +𝐵 ⟹ ≈ ln +𝐵
𝑢∗ 𝜅 𝜇 𝑢∗ 𝜅 𝜇
´ Average velocity:
𝑄 1 ) 1 𝜌 𝑅 − 𝑟 𝑢∗ 1 ∗ 2 𝜌𝑅𝑢∗ 3
(
𝑉= = # 𝑢 ∗ ln + 𝐵 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟 = 𝑢 ln + 2𝐵 −
𝐴 𝜋𝑅$ ! 𝜅 𝜇 2 𝜅 𝜇 𝜅

´ Using 𝜅 = = 0.41, 𝐵 = 5.0


𝑉( 𝜌𝑅𝑢∗
≈ 2.44 ln + 1.34
𝑢∗ 𝜇
´ We have:
+⁄$ +⁄$
𝑉( 𝜌𝑉 $ 8
= =
𝑢∗ 𝜏& 𝑓
What’s the maximum velocity?

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy