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Engineering Graphics
MODULE 1 QUESTION SHEET
(Conics, Curves & Scales)
1. Draw an ellipse by general method, given distance of focus from directrix 50 mm and eccentricity 2/3.
Also draw normal and tangent on the curve at a point 50 mm from the focus.
2. Draw a parabola by general method, given distance of focus from directrix 50 mm. Also draw normal
and tangent on the curve at a point 50 mm from the focus.
3. Draw Hyperbola by general method given the distance of focus from directrix 50 mm and eccentricity 3/2.
Also draw normal and tangent on the curve at a point 50 mm from the focus.
4. Point P is 40 mm and 30 mm from horizontal and vertical axis, respectively. Draw Hyperbola through it.
5. A sample of gas is expanded in a cylinder from 10 unit pressure to 1 unit pressure Expansion follows
law PV=Constant. If initial volume being 1 unit, draw the curve of expansion. Also Name the curve.

CYCLOID
1. A circle of 50mm diameter rolls along a straight line without slipping. Draw the curve traced out by a
point P on the circumference, for one complete revolution of the circle. Name the curve. Draw a tangent
and normal to the curve at point 40mm on it from the base line.
2. A circle of 50mm diameter rolls on a horizontal line for a half revolution and then on a vertical line for
another half revolution. Draw the curve traced out by a point P on the circumference of the circle.
3. A coin of 35mm diameter rolls over dining table without slipping. A point on the circumference of the coin
is in contact with the table surface in the beginning and after one complete revolution. Draw the curve
traced by the point. Draw a tangent and a normal at any point on the curve.
EPICYCLOID
1. A motorcycle wheel has 0.5meter diameter. Draw the locus of a point on its circumference for one
complete revolution of the wheel when it passes over segmental arched culvert of radius 1.5meters at a
speed of 25 kilometres per hour. Assume any suitable scale.
 2. A circle of 50mm diameter rolls on the circumference of another circle of 175mm diameter and outside
it. Trace the locus of a point on the circumference of rolling circle for one complete revolution. Name the
curve. Draw a tangent and a normal to the curve at a point 125 mm from the directing circle.

HYPOCYCLOID
1. Construct a hypocycloid, rolling circle 50mm diameter and directing circle 175mm diameter. Draw a
tangent to it at a point 50mm from the centre of the directing circle.
2. Show by a drawing that when the diameter of the directing circle is twice that of the generating circle,
the hypocycloid is a straight line. Take diameter of the generating circle equal to 50mm.
3. A circus man rides a motorbike inside a globe of 6 meters diameter. The motorbike has the wheel of 1
meter diameter. Draw the locus of the point on the circumference of the motorbike wheel for one
complete revolution. Adopt suitable scale.
INVOLUTE
1. Draw an involute of an equilateral triangle of side equal to 20mm.
2. Draw an involute of a regular pentagon of each side equal to 20mm.
3. Draw an involute of a regular hexagon of each side equal to 20mm.
4. Draw an involute of a circle of 35mm diameter Draw also a normal and a tangent to it at a point 75mm
away from the centre of circle.
5. Draw an involute of a circle of 40mm diameter. Also, draw a normal and a tangent to it at a point 100mm
from the Centre of the circle.
6. An inelastic string 145mm long has its one end attached to the circumference of a circular disc of 40mm
diameter. Draw the curve traced cut by the other and of the string, when it is completely wound around
the disc, keeping the string always tight.

SCALES
PLAIN SCALE

1. Construct a scale of R.F. 1:4 to show cm and long enough to measure up to 5 decimetres,
show the distance 3 decimetre and 7 centimetres on the scale.

2. Draw the scale of R.F. 1:60 to show meters and decimetres and long enough to measure up
to 6 meters. Show the distance 3 meter and 7 decimetres on the scale.

3. Construct a scale of 1.5 inches = 1 foot to show inches and long enough to measure up to 4
feet. Show the distance 2 feet and 10 inches on the scale.

4. Construct a scale of R.F. 1:60 to read yard and feet, and long enough to measure up to 5
yards. Show the distance 3 yards and 1 foot on the scale.

5. Construct a scale of R.F. 1/84480 to show miles and furlongs and long enough to measure
up to 6 miles. Show the distance 4 miles and 3 furlongs on the scale.
6. A room of 1728 m3 volume is shown by a cube of 216 cm3 volume find R.F. and construct a
scale to measure up to 50 meters. Mark a distance of 22 meters on the scale.

7. The distance between Baroda and Surat is 130 km. A train covers this distance in 2.5 hrs.
Construct a scale to measure time up to a single minute. R.F. of the scale is 1/260000. Find
the distance covered by the train in 45 minutes.

8. The distance between Ludhiana and Ambala cantt railway station is 120 km. A train covers
this distance in 4 hrs. Construct a scale to measure time up to a single minute R.F. of the
scale is 1/200000. Indicate on the scale the distance covered by the train in 38 minutes.

9. The distance between Delhi and Saharanpur is 180 km. A passenger train covers this distance
in 6 hrs. Construct a scale to measure time up to a single minute R.F. of the scale is 1/200000.
Indicate on the scale distance covered by the train in 34 minutes.

10. A rectangular plot of 16 sq.km in area is represented on a certain map by a similar rectangle
of area 1 sq.cm. Draw a scale to show units of 10 km and single km. and long enough to
read up to 60 km. Find the R.f. of the scale also show a distance of 53 km on the scale.

11. A rectangular plot of 25 sq.km. In area is represented on a certain map by a similar rectangle
of area 1 sq.cm. Draw a scale to show km and long enough to measure up to 80 km.
12. A container of 1000-cu m. volumes are represented by a block of 125-cu. cm volumes. Find
the R.F. and construct a scale measure up to 30m. Measure distance of 19m on the scale?

13. A car is moving at speed of 60 km/hr on a scale 1cm represent 1/3rd of km. show the distance
travelled by the car in 3 min. and 30 seconds what is the R.f. of the scale??

14. A car is running at a constant speed of 80-km/hr construct a plain scale long enough to read
up to 70 km. Choose a suitable R.F. Which limit the length of scale between 17 cm. to 19 cm.
Also show on the scale time taken to cover distance of 60 km.

DIAGONAL SCALE

1. Construct a diagonal scale of 1:50 to show meters, decimetres, and centimetres and long enough to
measure up to 6 m. also show on the scale a distance 4m, 5 dm and 4 cm.

2. A rectangular plot of land area 0.45 hectare is represented by a rectangle of area 5 sq.cm. Calculate
the R.F. of the scale of the map. Also draw a scale to read up to a single meter and the scale should
be long enough to measure up to 400 m.

3. The area of the field is 50000 sq.m. the length and breadth of the field on the map is 10 cm and 8
cm respectively. Construct a diagonal scale to read up to a meter and mark the length of 235 meter
on the scale. What is the R.f. the scale?

4. A distance of 1 cm on a machine part has to be represented by a line of 3 cm on the drawing. Draw

a diagonal scale showing divisions of 0.01 cm and capable measuring up to 5 cm. Mark 3.74 cm and
2.03 cm on the scale.
5. A 3.2 cm long line represents a length of 4 meters. Extend this line to measure length up to 25 meters
and show on it unit of meter and 5 meters. Show the length of 17 meters on the scale.

6. On a map, the distance between two points is 14cm. The real distance between them is 20 km. Draw
a diagonal scale of this map to read kilometres and hectometres, and to measure up to 25km. Show
17.6 km. on the scale.

SCALE OF CHORDS

1. Construct a scale of chords showing 5° divisions and with it add set-off angles 25°, 40°, 55°
and 130°.

2. Draw triangle that has sides 8 cm, 9 cm, and 10 cm long respectively and measure its angle
with the help of scale of chords.

3. Draw an angle 45° and 135° with the help of scale of chords.

VERNIER SCALE

1. Draw a Vernier scale of R.F. = 1/25, to read centimetres up to 4 meters and on it, show
lengths 2.39 m and 0.91 m.
2. Draw a Full-Size vernier scale of inches and show on it, lengths, 3.67”, 1.54” and 0.48”.
UNITS, IMPORTANT FORMULAES & TRICKS FOR SCALES

To learn scale three things must be necessary

There are ...................
1. UNITS
2. R.F. (Representative Fraction / Factor)
3. L (Length of Scale)
(1) UNITS :-
1.1 LINEAR MEASUREMENT
1. 10 Millimetres (mm) = 1 centimetre (cm)
2. 10 Centimetres (cm) = 1 decimetre (dm)
3. 10 decimetres (dm) = 1 metre (m)
4. 10 metres (m) = 1 decametre (dam)
5. 10 decametres (dam) = 1 hectometre (hm)
6. 10 hectometres (hm) = 1 kilometre (km)
1.2 SQUARE MEASUREMENT
1. 100 square millimetres (mm2) = 1 Square centimetre (cm2)
2. 100 square centimetres (cm2) = 1 square decimetre (dm2)
3. 100 square decimetres (dm2) = 1 square metre (m2)
4. 100 square meters (m2) = 1 are
5. 100 are = 1 hectare
6. 100 hectare = 1 square km

*1 hectare = 104 square metre)

1.3 M.K.S. / F.P.S.

1. 25 millimetres (mm) = 1 inch
2. 12 inch = 1 foot
3. 3 feet = 1 yard
4. 220 yard = 1 furlong
5. 8 furlong = 1 mile
6. 1 mile = 1.6 kilometres
1 mile = 8x220x3x12x25x10-6
= 1.6 Km
1.4 Special Units
1. 1 Chain = 22 Yards
= 0.0125 miles
2. 1 Verst = 1.067 km
(2) REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION (R.F.)
It is the ratio of length of drawing to the actual length of object.

RF = length of drawing
Actual length of object

Trick RF = Small unit (for reducing scale) | R.F. = Big unit (for enlarging scale)
Big Unit | Small unit

(3) LENGTH OF THE SCALE (L)

“It is the product of R.F. and maximum length required to be measured.”
L=R.F.x maximum length8 required to be measured
* Remember Length of scale is always in mm
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