Training Course & Workshop

in

Process Piping in
Accordance with
ASME B31.3
B31.3
Design, Construction, and
Mechanical Integrity
 Introduction to
Process Piping in Accordance with
ASME B31.3
Design, Construction, and Mechanical Integrity

i
 Workshop Objectives
The aim of this workshop is to provide the participants with an overview of the area of Piping
Technology with an emphasis on process piping. The workshop covers design, fabrication,
examination and testing requirements of ASME B31.3. It covers Code requirements from design
through start-up of new piping systems, as well as standards for inspection and repair of piping
systems that have been in service, as provided in API 570, Piping Inspection Code.

This workshop provides a foundation of knowledge necessary for those responsible for assuring
the mechanical integrity of existing piping systems, as well as those responsible for designing
and constructing new piping systems.

Who Should Attend

Engineers, senior designers, maintenance, quality assurance, inspection and manufacturing
personnel who work with process piping (e.g., in the chemical, petroleum, plastic processing,
pulp and paper fields) will find it a time-saving means to broaden and update their knowledge of
piping.

Workshop Contents
The workshop will review the basic requirements of the ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping
with emphasis on B31.3, Process Piping. General topics in the workshop include Code
organization and intent, pressure design, design for sustained loads including support design,
flexibility analysis, equipment loads, flanges, expansion joints, supports and restraints,
materials, fabrication, examination, testing, and, for existing piping systems, mechanical
integrity. Applications of these concepts, including simple hand analysis methods and computer-
based analysis methods, will be demonstrated. Included will be comparisons between ASME
B31.3 and ASME B31.1, Power Piping. Inspection and maintenance (mechanical integrity) of
existing piping systems will be covered, as provided in API 570, Piping Inspection Code.

Each session will be conducted in a lecture/discussion/problem solving format designed to

provide intensive instruction and guidance on understanding Code requirements. The
instructors will be available following each day’s session to provide participants with further
opportunity for discussion and consideration of specific problems.

ABOUT THE INSTRUCTOR

Don Frikken is an internationally recognized authority in piping design. Now employed by Becht
Engineering, Don had been with Solutia, Inc. and Monsanto Company for 34 years; working on
a wide range of activities including piping and mechanical design, project engineering, and
engineering standards. However, Don’s principal specialty is piping design, including design of
complex piping systems, piping flexibility analysis, selection of piping components including
valves, development of piping standards and specifications, and developing and teaching
numerous piping seminars and workshops.

He is an ASME Fellow and has been active on various ASME standards committees. He is past
Chair of the ASME B31.3 Process Piping Code committee, Chair of the B31 Standards
Committee, which oversees all B31 Piping Code committees, member of the B16 Standards
Committee, member of the Board on Pressure Technology Codes and Standards, member of
the Codes and Standards Board of Directors, which oversees the development and

ii
maintenance of six hundred ASME codes and standards, and recently completed a three year
term as an ASME Senior Vice President.

Don has received a number of awards, and recently was awarded the ASME Melvin R. Green
Codes and Standards Medal, which recognizes outstanding contributions to the development of
documents used in ASME programs of technical codification, standardization and certification.
Don graduated with a B.S.M.E. from Kansas State University and has a master’s degree in civil
engineering from the University of Missouri-Rolla.

B31.3 Workshop Outline

Section Title Topics Covered
1 Introduction ¾ General Definitions
¾ Piping Development Process
¾ Piping System Standards
¾ B31.3 Scope
¾ Organization of the Code
¾ Fluid Service Definitions
2 Metallic Pipe & ¾ Piping System Failure
Fitting Selection ¾ Bases for Selection
¾ Listed versus Unlisted Piping Components
¾ Fluid Service Requirements
¾ Pipe
¾ Fittings
¾ Branch Connections
¾ Flanges
¾ Gaskets
¾ Bolting
¾ Flanged Joints
3 Materials ¾ Strength of Materials
¾ Bases for Design Stresses
¾ B31.3 Material Requirements
ƒ Listed and Unlisted Materials
ƒ Temperature Limits
ƒ Toughness Requirements
ƒ Deterioration in Service
4 Pressure Design ¾ Design Pressure & Temperature
(metallic) ¾ Quality Factors
¾ Weld Joint Strength Factor
¾ Pressure Design of Components
ƒ Four Methods
ƒ Straight Pipe
ƒ Fittings
ƒ Fabricated Branch Connections
ƒ Flanges and Blanks
ƒ Other Components
¾ Piping Material Specifications

iii
Section Title Topics Covered
5 Valve Selection ¾ Code Requirements
¾ Selection by Valve Type
ƒ Gate
ƒ Globe
ƒ Check
ƒ Butterfly
ƒ Ball
ƒ Plug
6 Introduction to ¾ What are we trying to achieve?
Flexibility Analysis ¾ Flexibility Analysis Example
7 Layout and Support ¾ General Considerations
¾ Support Spacing
¾ Support Locations
¾ Support Elements
8 Flexibility ¾ General Considerations
¾ Friction
¾ Stress Intensification
¾ Thermal Expansion
¾ Spring Hangers
¾ The Displacement Load Analysis
9 Reactions ¾ General Considerations
¾ Fabricated Equipment
¾ Rotating Equipment
¾ Supports
¾ Cold Spring
10 Flexibility Analysis ¾ When to Perform a Detailed Analysis
¾ Considerations
11 Designing with ¾ Types of Expansion Joints
Expansion Joints ¾ Pressure Thrust
¾ Installation of Expansion Joints
¾ Metal Bellows Expansion Joints
12 Fabrication and ¾ Welder/Brazer Qualification
Installation ¾ Welding Processes
¾ Weld Preparation
¾ Typical Welds
¾ Preheating & Heat Treatment
¾ Typical Owner Added Requirements
¾ Installation
¾ Flange Joints
13 Inspection, ¾ Inspection
Examination and ¾ Examination
Testing ƒ Methods
ƒ Requirements
ƒ Acceptance Criteria
¾ Leak Testing
ƒ Methods
ƒ Requirements

iv
Section Title Topics Covered
15 Nonmetallic Piping ¾ General
Systems ¾ Design, Fabrication and Installation for
o Thermoplastics
o Reinforced thermosetting resins
o Reinforced concrete
o Vitrified clay
o Borosilicate glass
o Piping lined with nonmetals
¾ Limitations
16 Category M Fluid ¾ General
Service ¾ B31.3 Requirements
o Design
o Fabrication
o Examination
o Testing
¾ Typical Owner Added Requirements
17 High Pressure ¾ General
Piping ¾ Materials
¾ Pressure Design
¾ Limitations
¾ Fabrication
¾ Examination
¾ Testing
18 In-service Piping - ¾ API 570 Piping Inspection Code
Inspection, Repair, ¾ Responsibilities
Alteration and ¾ What to Inspect
Rerating ¾ Types of Inspection
¾ Inspection Practices
¾ Frequency and Extent of Inspection
¾ Remaining Life Calculation
¾ Repairs and Alterations
¾ Rerating
19 What’s Different in ¾ Scope
B31.1 ¾ Organization of the Code
¾ Fluid Service Requirements
¾ Bases for Allowable Stresses
¾ Material Requirements
¾ Pressure Design Requirements
¾ Valve Requirements
¾ Fabrication and Installation
¾ Inspection, Examination and Testing

v
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 1. Introduction

ASME B31.3 Process Piping

Charles Becht IV, PhD, PE

Don Frikken, PE
Instructors

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 1

Scope of B31.3 Course

This course covers piping as typically
used in process plants.
Not covered:
ƒ Pipelines
ƒ Plumbing
ƒ Nuclear plant piping

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 2

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 1. Introduction

Topics Covered
1. Introduction
2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
3. Materials
4. Pressure Design
5. Valve Selection
6. Flexibility Analysis
7. Layout and Support
8. Flexibility
9. Support and Equipment Load Limits
10. Flexibility Analysis Methods
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 3

More Topics Covered

11. Designing with Expansion Joints
12. Fabrication and Installation
13. Inspection, Examination and Testing
14. Category M Fluid Service
15. Nonmetallic Piping Systems
16. High Pressure Piping
17. Inspection, Repair, Alteration and Rerating
18. What’s Different in B31.1

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 4

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 1. Introduction

1. Introduction
¾General Definitions
¾Piping Development Process
¾Piping System Standards
¾B31.3 Scope
¾Organization of the Code
¾Fluid Service Definitions

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 5

Definitions: (300.2)
piping: assemblies of piping components
used…[for] fluid flows. Piping also includes
pipe supporting elements, but does not
include support structures…or equipment…

piping system: interconnected piping

subject to the same design conditions

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 6

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 1. Introduction

More Definitions:

piping components: mechanical

elements suitable for joining or assembly
into pressure-tight fluid-containing piping
systems…pipe, tubing, fittings, flanges,
gaskets, bolting, valves and devices such
as expansion joints, flexible joints,
pressure hoses, traps, strainers, inline
portions of instruments and separators.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 7

& More Definitions:

design pressure: the pressure at the
most severe condition of internal or external
pressure and temperature expected during
service

design temperature: the temperature at

which, under the coincident pressure, the
greatest thickness or highest component
rating is required

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 8

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 1. Introduction

Piping Development Process

1. Establish applicable system standard(s)
2. Establish design conditions
3. Make overall piping material decisions
ƒ Pressure Class
ƒ Reliability
ƒ Materials of construction
4. Fine tune piping material decisions
ƒ Materials
ƒ Determine wall thicknesses
ƒ Valves
5. Establish preliminary piping system layout & support
configuration
6. Perform flexibility analysis
7. Finalize layout and bill of materials
8. Fabricate and install
9. Examine and test
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 9

Piping System Standards

Provide a set of requirements for obtaining a
safe, reliable and economical installation.

Are frequently called Codes; for example,

B31 piping system standards are called
Codes.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 10

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 1. Introduction

ASME Piping System Standards

B31.1 Power Piping
B31.3 Process Piping
B31.4 Liquid Transportation Pipelines
B31.5 Refrigeration Piping
B31.8 Gas Transportation Pipelines
B31.9 Building Services Piping
B31.11 Slurry Transportation Pipelines

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 11

More ASME Piping System

Standards
BPE-1 Bioprocessing Equipment
PVHO-1 Pressure Vessels for Human
Occupancy
HPS High Pressure Systems
B&PV Code, Section III for Nuclear Power
Plants

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 12

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 1. Introduction

Other Piping System Standards

NFPA 13 – Installation of Sprinkler Systems
NFPA 24 – Installation of Private Mains
NFPA 50 – Bulk Oxygen Systems
NFPA 54 – National Fuel Gas Code
CGA – Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia (K61.1)
Chlorine Institute #6 – Piping Systems for
Chlorine

See the longer list, pages 2-3 in the supplement.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 13

B31.3 Scope
Rules for the Process Piping Code
Section B31.3 have been developed
considering piping typically found in
petroleum refineries; chemical,
pharmaceutical, textile, paper
semiconductor, and cryogenic plants;
and related processing plants and
terminals. (300.1)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 14

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 1. Introduction

B31.3 Scope
This Code prescribes requirements for
ƒ materials and components
ƒ design
ƒ fabrication
ƒ assembly
ƒ erection
ƒ examination
ƒ inspection
ƒ testing
of piping [300.1.1(a)]
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 15

B31.3 Scope
This Code applies for all fluids, including:
(1)raw, intermediate, and finished
chemicals;
(2)petroleum products;
(3)gas, steam, air, and water;
(4)fluidized solids;
(5)refrigerants; and
(6)cryogenic fluids.
[300.1.1(b)]

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 16

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 1. Introduction

B31.3 Scope
Exclusions: (300.1.3)
¾ Piping systems designed for
ƒ pressure >0 and <15 psig (105 kPa)
ƒ nonflammable
ƒ nontoxic
ƒ not damaging to human tissue, and
ƒ temperature -20 to 366ºF (-29 to 186ºC)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 17

B31.3 Scope
More Exclusions: (300.1.3)
¾ boilers and piping required to conform
to B31.1
¾ tubes and manifolds of fired heaters
¾ pressure equipment such as pressure
vessels and pumps, including internal
piping

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 18

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 1. Introduction

B31.3 Scope
Intent of the Code [300(c)]
1) …set forth engineering requirements
deemed necessary for safe design and
construction…
2) …not intended to apply to…piping that
has been placed in service.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 19

B31.3 Scope
More Intent of the Code [300(c)]
3) …requirements…, while considered
necessary and adequate for safe
design, generally employ a simplified
approach… A designer capable of
applying a more rigorous analysis shall
have the latitude to do so…the
approach must be…accepted by the
owner…

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 20

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 1. Introduction

B31.3 Scope
More Intent of the Code [300(c)]
4) …Piping elements neither specifically
approved nor specifically
prohibited…may be used provided
they are qualified…
5) The engineering design shall specify
any unusual requirements…

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 21

B31.3 Scope
More Intent of the Code [300(c)]
6) Compatibility of materials with the
service and hazards from instability of
contained fluids are not within the
scope of this Code.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 22

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 1. Introduction

B31.3 Scope
Responsibilities [300(b)]
(1) Owner. …for compliance with this Code,
and for establishing the requirements for
design, construction, examination,
inspection, and testing which will govern
the entire fluid handling or process
installation of which the piping is a part.
The owner is also responsible for
designating piping in certain fluid services
and for determining if a specific Quality
System is to be employed…

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 23

B31.3 Scope
Responsibilities [300(b)]
(2) Designer. The designer is responsible to
the owner for assurance that the
engineering design of piping complies with
the requirements of this Code and with
any additional requirements established
by the owner.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 24

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 1. Introduction

B31.3 Scope
Responsibilities [300(b)]
(3) Manufacturer, Fabricator, and Erector.
The manufacturer, fabricator, and erector
of piping are responsible for providing
materials, components, and workmanship
in compliance with the requirements of
this Code and of the engineering design.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 25

B31.3 Scope
Responsibilities [300(b)]
(4) Owner's Inspector. The owner's Inspector
(see para. 340) is responsible to the
owner for ensuring that the requirements
of this Code for inspection, examination,
and testing are met. If a Quality System is
specified by the owner to be employed,
the owner's inspector is responsible for
verifying that it is implemented.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 26

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 1. Introduction

Organization of the Code

“Base Code” Chapters:
I Scope and Definitions
II Design
III Materials
IV Standards for Piping Components
V Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection
VI Inspection, Examination and Testing

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 27

Organization of the Code

VII Nonmetallic Piping and Piping Lined with
Nonmetals (A)
VIII Piping for Category M Fluid Service (M) &
(MA)
IX High Pressure Piping (K)

These chapters follow the same format as

the “base Code”, and refer to the base
Code requirements whenever applicable.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 28

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 1. Introduction

Organization of the Code

Appendices
A – Allowable Stresses & Quality Factors – Metals
B – Stresses and Allowable Pressures – Nonmetals
C – Physical Properties of Piping Materials
D – Flexibility & Stress Intensification Factors
E – Reference Standards
F – Precautionary Considerations
G – Safeguarding
H – Sample Calculations
J – Nomenclatures

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 29

Organization of the Code

More Appendices
K – Allowable Stresses for High Pressure Piping
L – Aluminum Alloy Pipe Flanges
M – Guide to Classifying Fluid Services
Q – Quality System Program
V – Allowable Variations in Elevated Temperature Service
X – Metallic Bellows Expansion Joints
Z – Preparation of Technical Inquiries

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 30

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 1. Introduction

B31.3 Fluid Service Definitions

¾ Fluid Service
¾ Category D
¾ Category M
¾ High Pressure
¾ Normal

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 31

B31.3 Fluid Service Definitions

Fluid Service: a general term concerning
the application of a piping system, considering
the combination of fluid properties, operating
conditions and other factors which establish
the basis for design…

¾What fluid properties are important?

¾What operating conditions are important?
¾What other factors are important?

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 32

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 1. Introduction

B31.3 Fluid Service Definitions

Category D: The fluid handled is
nonflammable, nontoxic and not damaging
to human tissue. The design pressure does
not exceed 150 psig (1035 kPa). The design
temperature is greater than -20°F (-29°C)
and does not exceed 366 °F (186°C).

Often characterized as “utility”

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 33

B31.3 Fluid Service Definitions

Category M: A fluid service in which the
potential for personnel exposure is judged to
be significant and in which a single exposure
to a very small quantity of a toxic fluid,
caused by leakage, can produce serious
irreversible harm to persons upon breathing
or on bodily contact, even when prompt
restorative measures are taken.

Often characterized as “lethal”

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 34

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 1. Introduction

B31.3 Fluid Service Definitions

High Pressure: A service for which the
owner specifies the use of Chapter IX [of
B31.3] for piping design and construction…
considered to be in excess of Class 2500
(PN 420).
Characterized as “high pressure”

Normal: Everything else.

Often characterized as “process”

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 35

B31.3 Definitions
Severe Cyclic Conditions: Conditions
applying to specific piping components or
joints in which SE … exceeds 0.8 SA, and
the equivalent number of cycles exceeds
7000; or conditions which the designer
determines will produce and equivalent
effect.
Flammable: A fluid which under ambient
or expected operating conditions is a vapor
or produces a vapor that can be ignited and
continue to burn in air.
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 36
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 1. Introduction

Fluid Service Selection

Workshop: What B31.3 fluid service definition is
most nearly applicable for the following services:
Steam condensate 650 psig (45 bar) Steam
Chlorine Heat transfer oil
Sulfuric acid Styrene monomer
Gasoline Lime-water slurry

See Supplement page 7 for details.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Introduction - 37

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

ASME B31.3 Process Piping

Charles Becht IV, PhD, PE

Don Frikken, PE
Instructors

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 1

Piping Development Process

1. Establish applicable system standard(s)
2. Establish design conditions
3. Make overall piping material decisions
ƒ Pressure Class
ƒ Reliability
ƒ Materials of construction
4. Fine tune piping material decisions
ƒ Materials
ƒ Determine wall thicknesses
ƒ Valves
5. Establish preliminary piping system layout & support
configuration
6. Perform flexibility analysis
7. Finalize layout and bill of materials
8. Fabricate and install
9. Examine and test
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 2
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

¾ Piping System Failure
¾ Bases for Selection
¾ Listed versus Unlisted Piping Components
¾ Fluid Service Requirements
¾ Pipe
¾ Fittings
¾ Branch Connections
¾ Flanges
¾ Gaskets
¾ Bolting
¾ Flanged Joints
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 3

The Material in This Section is

Addressed by B31.3 in:
Chapter II - Design
Chapter IV - Standards for Piping
Components
Appendix G - Safeguarding

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 4

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Piping System Failure

How can you recognize a failure in a
piping system?

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 5

Bases for Selection

¾ Pressure Class
¾ Reliability
ƒ Robustness
ƒ Fire Resistance
ƒ Blow-out Resistance
ƒ Tendencies to leak
¾ Material of Construction
ƒ Corrosion Resistance
ƒ Material Toughness
¾ Cost
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 6
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Pressure Class
Ratings for above ground metallic systems
are generally governed by their joints.
Frequently these are flanged joints
manufactured in accordance with ASME
B16.1 (iron flanges) and ASME B16.5 (other
metallic flanges).
Ratings for flanges (and some other piping
components) are designated by pressure
class.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 7

Flange P-T Ratings– Gray Iron (psi)

(Class Rated in accordance with ASME B16.1)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 8

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Flange P-T Ratings– Gray Iron (bar)

(Class Rated in accordance with ASME B16.1)
40
Class 125,
NPS 1-12

30 Class 125,
Pressure (barg)

NPS 14-24
Class 125,
20 NPS 30-48
Class 250,
NPS 1-12
10 Class 250,
NPS 14-24
Class 250,
0 NPS 30-48
0 50 100 150 200
Temperature (C)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 9

Flange P-T Ratings – Carbon Steel (psi)

(Class Rated in accordance with ASME B16.5)
7000

6000

5000 Class 150

Pressure (psig)

Class 300
4000
Class 600
Class 900
3000
Class 1500
Class 2500
2000

1000

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Temperature (F)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 10

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Flange P-T Ratings – Carbon Steel (bar)

(Class Rated in accordance with ASME B16.5)
450

400

350
Pressure (barg)

300 Class 150

Class 300
250
Class 600
200 Class 900
150 Class 1500
Class 2500
100

50

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature (C)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 11

Flange P-T Ratings – Carbon Steel (bar)

(PN Rated in accordance with EN 1092-1)

100

80 PN 2.5
PN 6
Pressure (bar)

PN 10
60
PN 16
PN 25
40
PN 40
PN 63
20 PN 100

0
0 100 200 300 400
Temperature (C)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 12

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Flange P-T Ratings – Carbon Steel (bar)

(K Rated in accordance with JIS B2220)

60

50
Pressure (bar)

40 5K
10K
30 16K
20K
20
30K
10

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature (C)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 13

Cl 300 Flange Ratings – Several Materials (psi)

(Class Rated in accordance with ASME B16.5, B16.24 and B31.3)
800

700 Carbon Steel

(B16.5)

600
316
Pressure (psig)

Stainless
500 Steel (B16.5)

Nickel Alloy
400 400 (B16.5)

300 Copper Alloy

B61 (B16.24)
200
6061-T6
100 Aluminum
(B31.3)

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Temperature (F)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 14

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Cl 300 Flange Ratings – Several Materials (bar)

(Class Rated in accordance with ASME B16.5, B16.24 and B31.3)
60.0

Carbon Steel
50.0
(B16.5)

316
Pressure (barg)

40.0 Stainless
Steel (B16.5)
Nickel Alloy
30.0 400 (B16.5)

Coper Alloy
20.0
B61 (B16.24)

10.0 Aluminum
Alloy 6061-
T6 (B31.3)
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Temperature (C)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 15

Reliability
¾ Robustness
¾ Fire Resistance
¾ Blow-out Resistance
¾ Tendencies to Leak

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 16

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Robustness
Able to withstand exposure to loads such as:
ƒ Being stepped on
ƒ Dropped tool
ƒ Dropped tool box
ƒ Forklift traffic
ƒ Truck traffic
ƒ Crane booms

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 17

Fire
Resistance

Usual Definition: Components able to maintain

piping system integrity if subjected to
approximately 1200ºF (650ºC) for 30 minutes.
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 18
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Fire Resistance
Fire resistant components are used
¾ where there is a sufficient probability of a
fire, and
¾ where there is a significant consequence
as a result of piping system failure such as
ƒ adding fuel to the fire
ƒ exposure of fire fighters to danger due to
leaking fluids
Being able to continue operation after a fire is
usually not a consideration.
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 19

Blow-out Resistance
Gaskets and seals able to withstand high pressure
without failing by extrusion or fracture. A short-term
leak could be resealed by tightening the bolting. The
intent is to avoid large leaks
¾ when a flanged joint is not tightened properly
¾ when the piping system is subjected to pressures
much higher than design
¾ when large bending moments are applied to the
flanged joint

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 20

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Blow-out Resistance

Failure by Extrusion Failure by Fracture

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 21

Tendencies to Leak
Some joints are more leak prone than others.
These are usually a strong function of the
construction and maintenance practices at a
particular site. Examples:
ƒ Threaded joints
ƒ Unions
ƒ Elastomeric seals such as o-rings

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 22

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Corrosion Resistance
¾ Where corrosion is more or less uniform, extra
pipe wall material can be provided in the form of a
“corrosion allowance”.
¾ Where material degradation is localized, either
preventive measures must be used or a more
resistant material must be provided. Examples of
localized material problems:
- Erosion - Intergranular
- Stress-Corrosion Cracking - Microbiological
- Hydrogen Embrittlement

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 23

Material Toughness
¾ Measured by energy necessary to suddenly
propagate a crack to failure
¾ Mostly of concern for carbon steels
¾ Generally decreases as temperature decreases
¾ Factors affecting fracture toughness include:
ƒ Chemical composition or alloying elements
ƒ Heat treatment
ƒ Grain size

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 24

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Example of Brittle Fracture

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 25

Example of Ductile Deformation

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 26

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Cost
CPVC, Sch 80
Carbon Steel, Sch 40
Stainless Steel, 304, Sch 10S
Stainless Steel, 316, Sch 10S
Aluminum, 6061 T6, Sch 40
Fiberglass - Vinyl Ester
Polypropylene Lined Steel
Fluoropolymer Lined Steel
Alloy 20, Sch 10S
Alloy 400, Sch 10S
Alloy C276, Sch 10
Zirconium, Sch 10
0 2 4 6 8 10
Relative Installed Cost - NPS 4 Complex System

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 27

Piping Component Standards

Provide consistent dimensions and ratings
so that components will fit together and can
be used interchangeably
ƒ Listed Components: Those listed by
standard number in Table 326.1 and
Appendix A
ƒ Unlisted Components: Those not so
listed.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 28

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Some Listed Components - ASME

B16.1 – Cast Iron Pipe Flanges
B16.3 – Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings
B16.5 – Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
B16.9 – Wrought Steel Buttweld Fittings
B16.11 – Forged Fittings, Socket Welding & Threaded
B16.20 – Metallic Gaskets
B16.22 – Wrought Copper Solder Joint Fittings
B16.34 – Valves Flanged, Threaded and Welded
See page 8 of the supplement.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 29

Some Listed Components - Other

MSS SP-80 Bronze Valves
MSS SP-97 Branch Outlet Fittings
API 602 Compact Steel Gate Valves
API 608 Metal Ball Valves
ASTM A53 Steel Pipe
ASTM A312 Stainless Steel Pipe
AWWA C110 Ductile & Gray Iron Fittings
AWWA C151 Ductile Iron Pipe
See the pages 9 - 11 in the supplement.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 30

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Listed Components
Can be used within their pressure-
temperature ratings and any additional
limitations described in the Code.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 31

Some Unlisted Components

ASME B16.33 – Manually Operated Metallic Gas
Valves or Use in Gas Piping Systems
ASME B16.50 – Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy
Braze-Joint Pressure Fittings
MSS SP-68 – High Pressure-Offset Seat Butterfly
Valves
MSS SP-108 – Resilient-Seated Cast Iron-Eccentric
Plug Valves
API 6D – Pipeline Valves (Gate, Plug, Ball, and
Check)
AWWA C153 – Ductile-Iron Compact Fittings for
Water Service
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 32
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Unlisted Components [302.2.3, 326.2.1]

Can be used within Code limitations if they:
¾ have dimensions that “conform to those of
comparable listed components insofar as
practicable”
¾ “provide strength and performance equivalent to
standard components”, and
¾ satisfy one of the following:
ƒ “composition, mechanical properties, method of
manufacture, and quality control are comparable to
listed components”; and have pressure-temperature
ratings that conform with para. 304, or
ƒ are “qualified for pressure design as required by
para. 304.7.2.”

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 33

Fluid Service Requirements

¾ Specific requirements for components and
joints are described in paras. 305-318.
¾ Some components are permitted for certain
fluid services only when safeguarded.
¾ “Safeguarding is the provision of protective
measures to minimize the risk of accidental
damage to the piping or to minimize the
harmful consequences of possible piping
failure.” Para. G300

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 34

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Fluid Service Requirements

Safeguarding examples:
¾ Brazed or soldered copper water tube is
not inherently fire resistant, but may be
protected against fire exposure by
insulation or by water sprays.
¾ Thermoplastic piping is not inherently blow-
out resistant and is sensitive to abuse, but
may be protected from both hazards by
routing the piping in a secondary
containment.
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 35

Piping Components
¾ Pipe
¾ Fittings
¾ Branch Connections
¾ Flanges
¾ Gaskets
¾ Bolting
¾ Flanged Joints

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 36

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Pipe
“Pipe includes components designated as
‘tube’ or ‘tubing’ in the material specification,
when intended for pressure service.” Para. 305

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 37

Pipe - seamless

Strand Caster Billet Heating Rotary Piercing Mill

Elongator Reheat Pug Rolling Mill

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 38

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Pipe - seamless

Reheat Sizing Mill Finishing

NDT Facing & Beveling Hydrotesting

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 39

Pipe – ERW

Coil Feed First Forming Fin Pass

Welding NDT Seam Normalizer

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 40

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Pipe - ERW

Sizing Mill Flying Cut-Off Hydrotesting

Straightening NDT Facing & Beveling

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 41

Weld Joint Quality Factor Ej

Type of Weld Factor (Table 302.2.4)
None (seamless) 1.00
Electric Resistance Weld 0.85
Furnace Butt Weld 0.60
Single Fusion Weld 0.80 to 1.00*
Double Fusion Weld 0.85 to 1.00*
API 5L SAW, GMAW 0.95

*Depending on level of examination

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 42
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Pipe Fluid Service Requirements

¾ Some specifications, including all furnace
butt welded, are limited to Category D
Fluid Service
¾ Some specifications may be used only in
Category D Fluid Service unless
safeguarded
¾ Only pipe listed in para. 305.2.3 may be
used for Severe Cyclic Conditions

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 43

Fittings
Fittings are selected primarily by the way
they are joined to the pipe.
¾ Threading
¾ Socket Welding
¾ Buttwelding
¾ OD Tubing (Compression fitting, Flare)
¾ Water Tubing (Solder, Braze)
¾ Others

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 44

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Fittings: Threaded
¾ Common materials
ƒGray iron
(ASME B16.4)
ƒMalleable iron
(ASME B16.3)
ƒSteel (ASME B16.11)

¾ Size usually limited to ~NPS 2

ƒPotential injury for installers
ƒAbility to get a good seal
¾ Generally not used where leaks
cannot be tolerated
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 45

Threaded Joint Fluid Service

Requirements
¾ Straight threaded coupling mating to taper
thread permitted only for Category D

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 46

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Threaded Joint Fluid Service

Requirements
¾ NPS 1-1/2 and smaller tapered joints must be
Sch 80 for notch sensitive material in Normal
Service
¾ May be used for Severe Cyclic Conditions
only if:
ƒ For taper threads must be, non-moment
bearing such as for a thermowell
ƒ For straight threads with seating surface,
must be safeguarded
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 47

Fittings: Socket Welding

¾Common materials
(ASME B16.11)
ƒ Carbon Steel
ƒ Stainless Steel
¾Size usually limited to ~NPS 1-1/2
¾Not used in services where
ƒ Corrosion is accelerated in crevices
ƒ Severe erosion may occur

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 48

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Fittings: Buttwelding
¾ Common materials
(ASME B16.9)
ƒ Carbon Steel
ƒ Stainless Steel
ƒ Nickel alloys
¾ Used in most piping systems
~NPS 2 and larger
¾ Use generally not restricted
¾ Welding is difficult in small sizes,
especially for thin wall
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 49

Fittings: OD Tubing
¾ Common materials
ƒ Copper
ƒ Steel
ƒ Nickel alloys
¾ Compression Fittings
¾ Flared Fittings (ASME B16.26)
¾ Generally not used in most severe
services because of leak potential
ƒ Must be safeguarded for Severe Cyclic Service

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 50

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Fittings: Water Tube

¾ Common material: copper
¾ Solder joint (ASME B16.18 &
B16.22)
¾ Braze joint (ASME B16.50)
¾ Not fire resistant

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 51

Solder & Brazed Joint Fluid Service

Requirements
¾ Solder joints are permitted only for Category
D Fluid Service
¾ Brazed joints are :
ƒ permitted for Normal Fluid Service
ƒ permitted for fluids that are flammable, toxic or
damaging to human tissue if safeguarded
ƒ prohibited for Severe Cyclic Conditions

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 52

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Fittings: Grooved
Fittings that use grooves in pipe –
elastomeric seal required

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 53

Fittings: Compression for Pipe

Pressfit by Victaullic
(B16.51 draft for copper)

Lokring
(metal-to-metal seal)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 54

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Miter Bend Fluid Service

Requirements
¾ A bend with α greater
than 45º may be used
only in Category D
Fluid Service
¾ For Severe Cyclic
Conditions, α must be
less than or equal to
22.5º.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 55

Branches
¾Generally many choices NPS 3
and larger
¾Choices include:
ƒ Tee
ƒ Unreinforced Fabricated Tee
ƒ Reinforced Fabricated Tee
ƒ Branch Connection Fitting

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 56

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Branches

Tee

Unreinforced Fabricated Tee

(Capable of less than full pressure)

Reinforced Fabricated Tee

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 57

Fabricated Branches
Unreinforced Reinforced

Stub in

Stub on

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 58

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Branches - Branch Connection Fittings

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 59

Branches
Basis for selection:
¾ Cost: depends on material, sizes &
fabricator
¾ Resistance to external moment
¾ Ability to examine fabrication
See table on page 19 in the supplement.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 60

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Flanges (ASME B16.5)

Flange types designated by joining method

Threaded Socket welding Welding Neck

(buttweld)
These flanges have the same advantages and
restrictions as fittings with the same joining
method. (Note that welding neck flanges are required
for Severe Cyclic Conditions.)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 61

Flanges (ASME B16.5)

Other types of flanges - Slip-on
¾Has no crevice if installed with two welds
¾Easier to get good alignment
¾Unable to seat metal gaskets as well as WN
& LJ

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 62

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Slip-on Flange Fluid Service

Requirements
¾ Required to be double welded for:
ƒ Severe erosion, crevice corrosion or cyclic
loading
ƒ Flammable, toxic, or damaging to human
tissue
ƒ Under Severe Cyclic Conditions
ƒ At temperatures below -101ºC (-150ºF)
¾ Should be avoided where many large
temperature cycles are expected

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 63

Flanges (ASME B16.5)

Other types of flanges - Lapped joint
¾ Flange can be made from cheaper material
¾ Easier to fabricate and install than WN

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 64

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Flanges Facings (ASME B16.5)

Raised – normal choice

Flat
• Standard for gray iron flanges
• More gasket has to be compressed, so only
“softer” gaskets can be used
• Less likely to break flange when bolting
(applicable to brittle materials like gray iron)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 65

Gaskets
Important Gasket Characteristics
¾ Resists deterioration in normal service
ƒ Chemical resistance
ƒ Temperature resistance
¾ Low enough leak rate
¾ Blowout resistance
¾ Fire resistance

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 66

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Gaskets – Rubber
Chemical OK for
Resistant most
Approximate 200ºF
Max. Temp. (95ºC)
Leak Best
Performance
Blowout No
Resistant
Fire No (Thermoseal)
Resistant
Bolt Strength Low
Needed

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 67

Gaskets – Reinforced Rubber

Chemical OK for
Resistant most
Approximate 325ºF
Max. Temp. (160ºC)
Leak Fair
Performance
Blowout No
Resistant
Fire No (Garlock)
Resistant
Bolt Strength Low
Needed

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 68

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Gaskets – Fluoropolymer
Chemical OK for
Resistant almost all
Approximate 350ºF
Max. Temp. (180ºC)
Leak Good (Gore) (Teadit)
Performance
Blowout No
Resistant
Fire No
Resistant
Bolt Strength Low
Needed
(Garlock)
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 69

Gaskets – Flexible Graphite

Chemical OK for almost Natural
Resistant all Graphite
Approximate 900 or 625ºF Flake

Max. Temp. (480 or 330ºC)

Leak Good Thermally
Decomposed
Performance
(Worms)
Blowout Not without
Resistant heavier insert
Fire Yes Worms
Resistant Compressed
Into Foils
Bolt Strength Medium
Needed
(SGL Carbon Group)
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 70
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Gaskets – Flexible Graphite

Foil Inserted
• Insert is usually 0.002”
(0.05 mm) type 316
stainless steel
• Adhesive bonded
(Teadit)
Tang Inserted
• Insert is usually 0.004”
(0.10 mm) type 316
stainless steel
• Mechanically bonded
(Teadit)
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 71

Gaskets – Flexible Graphite

Corrugated Insert
• Insert is usually 0.018”
(0.46 mm) type 316
stainless steel
• Adhesive bonded
• Blowout resistant
• Lower hand cutting
potential
• Lower sealing stress
(Garlock) • Cannot be cut from
sheet
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 72
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Gaskets – Flexible Graphite

Flexible
graphite tends
to stick to
flanges, but
special coatings
can help.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 73

Gaskets – Spiral Wound

Chemical Both metal winding
Resistant & filler must be OK

Approximate 1500ºF (820ºC)

Max. Temp.
Leak Good
Performance
Blowout Yes
(Garlock)
Resistant
Fire Resistant Depends on
Filler
Bolt Strength High
Needed (Flexitallic)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 74

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Gaskets – Spiral Wound (NE Seal)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 75

Gaskets – Spiral Wound

Winding Material Ring Edge Color Code
304 SS Yellow
316L SS Green
Nickel 200 Red
Alloy C276 Beige
Alloy 400 Orange

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 76

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Gaskets – Spiral Wound

Filler Material Ring Stripe Fire Maximum
Color Code Resistant Temp ºF/ ºC
Asbestos None Yes 1500 / 820
Flexible Gray Yes 900 / 480
Graphite
Mica Graphite Pink No 325 / 160
PTFE White No 350 / 180
Vermiculite No standard Yes 1500 / 820

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 77

Gaskets – Spiral Wound

Internal buckling is a concern to some, especially

in higher pressure classes and larger sizes.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 78

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Gaskets - Kammprofile
Chemical Both metal &
Resistant sealing material
must be OK
Approximate 1500ºF (820ºC)
Max. Temp.
Leak Good
Performance
Blowout Yes
Resistant
Fire Resistant Depends on
(Garlock)
sealing material
Bolt Strength Medium
Needed
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 79

Gaskets – Ring Joint

Chemical Metal must
Resistant be OK
Approximate 1500ºF
Max. Temp. (820ºC) Oval
Leak Very Good
Performance
Blowout Yes
Resistant
Fire Resistant Yes
Octagonal
Bolt Strength High
Needed (NE Seal)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 80

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Bolting
¾ Has to be strong
enough to seat the
gasket
¾ Consider need to be
corrosion resistant to
process fluid
¾ Studs versus bolts

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 81

1st and 2nd degree burns…

after being sprayed with hot water. The bonnet of

the valve had separated from the valve body due
to corroded bonnet bolts.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 82

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Bolting Fluid Service Requirements

¾ Low strength bolting [SMYS not greater than
207 MPa (30 ksi)] may not be used with
ƒ Pressure classes higher than 300
ƒ Metal gaskets
¾ Carbon steel bolting may not be used with
ƒ Pressure classes higher than 300
ƒ Temperatures outside -29ºC to 204ºC (-20ºF to
400ºF) range
¾ Galvanized carbon steel bolting must be to
heavy hex dimensions
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 83

More Bolting Fluid Service

Requirements
¾ Low strength bolting shall be used for
weaker and more brittle flanged joints
unless
ƒ Both flanges are flat faced and a full face
gasket is used, or
ƒ A careful bolt-up procedure is used
¾ Low strength bolting may not be used for
Severe Cyclic Conditions

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 84

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Flanged Joints
“A flanged joint is composed of three
separate and independent, although
interrelated components: the flanges, the
gasket, and the bolting, which are
assembled by yet another influence, the
assembler. Proper controls must be
exercised in the selection and application for
all these elements to attain a joint which has
acceptable leak tightness.” [B16.5]

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 85

Flanged Joints
Flange A Flange B Fire Blow-out Facing Gaskets Bolting
Resist? Resist? Strength
Class 125 Class 125 No No
gray iron gray iron

Class 125 Class 150 No No

gray iron carbon stl

Class 150 Class 150 Yes Yes

carbon stl carbon stl

Class 150 Class 150 No Yes

stainless stainless

Class 150 Class 125 Yes No

carbon stl gray iron

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 86

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

Pipe & Fitting Selection

Workshop: What basic piping system
characteristics would you provide for the following
services:
Steam condensate 650 psig (45 bar) Steam
Chlorine Heat transfer oil
Sulfuric acid Styrene monomer
Gasoline Lime-water slurry

See Supplement page 7 for details.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection - 87

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

ASME B31.3 Process Piping

Charles Becht IV, PhD, PE

Don Frikken, PE
Instructors

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 1

Piping Development Process

1. Establish applicable system standard(s)
2. Establish design conditions
3. Make overall piping material decisions
ƒ Pressure Class
ƒ Reliability
ƒ Materials of construction
4. Fine tune piping material decisions
ƒ Materials
ƒ Determine wall thicknesses
ƒ Valves
5. Establish preliminary piping system layout & support
configuration
6. Perform flexibility analysis
7. Finalize layout and bill of materials
8. Fabricate and install
9. Examine and test
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 2
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

3. Materials
¾Strength of Materials
¾Bases for Design Stresses
¾B31.3 Material Requirements
ƒ Listed and Unlisted Materials
ƒ Temperature Limits
ƒ Toughness Requirements
ƒ Deterioration in Service

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 3

The Material in This Section is

Addressed by B31.3 in:
Chapter II - Design
Chapter III - Materials
Appendix A - Allowable Stresses & Quality
Factors – Metals
Appendix F - Precautionary Considerations

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 4

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Strength of Materials
¾Stress
¾Strain
¾Stress-Strain Diagram
ƒ Elastic Modulus
ƒ Yield Strength
ƒ Ultimate Strength
¾Creep
¾Fatigue
¾Brittle versus Ductile Behavior

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 5

Strength of Materials
Stress (S): force (F) divided by area (A)
over which force acts, pounds force/inch2
(psi), Pascals (Newtons/meter2)
Strain (ε): change in length (ΔL) divided
by the original length (L)

ΔL
L
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 6
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Strength of Materials
Stress
ST = Tensile Strength

SY = Yield Strength

E = Elastic Modulus = Stress/Strain

Typical Carbon Steel Strain

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 7

Strength of Materials
Stress

ST = Tensile Strength

SY = Yield Strength
Proportional Limit

0.2% offset

Typical Stainless Steel Strain

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 8
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Strength of Materials
Creep: progressive permanent
deformation of material subjected to
constant stress, AKA time dependent
behavior. Creep is of concern for
ƒ Carbon steels above ~700ºF (~370ºC)
ƒ Stainless steels above ~950ºF (~510ºC)
ƒ Aluminum alloys above ~300ºF (~150ºC)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 9

Strength of Materials
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Strain

Rupture
Creep Rate (strain/unit time)

Typical Creep Curve

Time
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 10
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Strength of Materials

Minimum Stress to Rupture, 316 SS

Fig I-14.6B, ASME B&PV Code, Section III, Division 1 - NH

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 11

Strength of Materials
Fatigue failure: a failure which results from a
repetitive load lower than that required to cause
failure on a single application
Stress

Number of Cycles
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 12
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Strength of Materials
Brittle failure:

Ductile deformation:

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 13

Strength of Materials
Brittle failure:
Stress

Toughness

Strain
Ductile failure:
Stress

Toughness

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Strain Materials - 14

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Strength of Materials
Measuring Toughness W
using a Charpy impact H1 -H2 Pendulum
test H1

H2

Charpy Impact Test

Cv = W(H1 - H2)
= Energy Absorbed
Specimens tested at 40, 100 and 212ºF
(4, 38 and 100ºC)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 15

Strength of Materials

Ductile to Brittle Transition for a Carbon Steel

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 16

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Bases for Design Stresses

Most Materials – (materials other than gray
iron, malleable iron and bolting) below the
creep range, the lowest of (302.3.2)
ƒ 1/3 of specified minimum tensile strength (ST)
ƒ 1/3 of tensile strength at temperature
ƒ 2/3 of specified minimum yield strength (SY)
ƒ 2/3 of yield strength at temperature; except
for austenitic stainless steels and nickel
alloys with similar behavior, 90% of yield
strength at temperature
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 17

Bases for Design Stresses

Most Materials – additional bases in the
creep range, the lowest of (302.3.2)
ƒ 100% of the average stress for a creep rate
of 0.01% per 1000 hours
ƒ 67% of the average stress for rupture at the
end of 100,000 hours
ƒ 80% of the minimum stress for rupture at the
end of 100,000 hours

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 18

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Bases for Design Stresses

ASTM A106 Grade B Carbon Steel (US Customary Units)

25.00

20.00
Stress, ksi

15.00 2/3 of Yield

1/3 of Tensile
10.00 Allowable

5.00

0.00
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Temperature, F

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 19

Bases for Design Stresses

ASTM A106 Grade B Carbon Steel (Metric Units)

180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
Stress, MPa

100.0 2/3 Yield

80.0 1/3 Tensile
Allowable
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature, C

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 20

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Bases for Design Stresses

Additional Notes
ƒ For structural grade materials, design
stresses are 0.92 times the value determined
for most materials (302.3.2)
ƒ Stress values above 2/3 SY are not
recommended for flanged joints and other
components in which slight deformation can
cause leakage or malfunction (302.3.2)
ƒ Design stresses for temperatures below the
minimum are the same as at the minimum

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 21

B31.3 Material Requirements

¾Listed and Unlisted Materials
¾Temperature Limits
¾Impact Test Methods & Acceptance
¾Toughness Requirements
¾Deterioration in Service

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 22

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Listed and Unlisted Materials

¾ Listed Material: a material that conforms
to a specification in Appendix A or to a
standard in Table 326.1 – may be used
(323.1.1)
¾ Unlisted Material: a material that is not
so listed – may be used under certain
conditions (323.1.2)
¾ Unknown Material: may not be used
(323.1.3)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 23

Listed and Unlisted Materials

An unlisted material may be used if (323.1.2)
¾ It conforms to a published specification
covering chemistry, mechanical properties,
method of manufacture, heat treatment, and
quality control
¾ Otherwise meets the requirements of the
Code
¾ Allowable stresses are determined in
accordance with Code bases, and
¾ Qualified for service…all temperatures (323.2.3)
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 24
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Temperature Limits
Listed materials may be used above the
maximum described in the Code if (323.2.1)
ƒ There is no prohibition in the Code
ƒ The designer verifies serviceability of the
material, considering the quality of mechanical
property data used to determine allowable
stresses and resistance of the material to
deleterious effects in the planned fluid service
(323.2.4)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 25

Temperature Limits
Listed materials may be used within the
temperature range described in the Code if
(323.2.2)
ƒ The base metal, weld deposits and heat
affected zone (HAZ) are qualified in
accordance with Column A of Table 323.2.2.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 26

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Table 323.2.2
Requirements for Low Temperature Toughness Tests

ment.
s upple
e
0 of th
p age 2
See
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 27

Temperature Limits
Listed materials may be used below the
minimum described in the Code if (323.2.2)
ƒ There is no prohibition in the Code
ƒ The base metal, weld deposits and heat
affected zone (HAZ) are qualified in
accordance with Column B of Table 323.2.2.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 28

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Carbon Steel Lower Temperature Limits

¾ Most carbon steels have a letter
designation in the column for minimum
temperature in Appendix A
¾ See page 25 of the supplement
¾ For those that do, the minimum
temperature is defined by Figure 323.2.2A

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 29

Figure 323.2.2A
Minimum Temperatures without Impact Testing for Carbon Steel

ent.
plem
up
f thes
22 o
g e
pa
See

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 30

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Carbon Steel Lower Temperature Limits

¾ Impact testing is not required down to
-55ºF (-48ºC) if stress ratio does not
exceed the value defined by Figure
323.2.2B
¾ Impact testing is not required down to
-155ºF (-104ºC) if stress ratio does not
exceed 0.3

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 31

Fig.323.2.2B
Reduction in Minimum Design Temperature w/o Impact Testing

See page 23 of the supplement.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 32

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Carbon Steel Lower Temperature Limits

Fig.323.2.2B provides a further basis for use
of carbon steel without impact testing. If
used:
ƒ Hydrotesting is required
ƒ Safeguarding is required for components with
wall thicknesses greater than ½ in. (13 mm)

Stress Ratio is the largest of

ƒ Nominal pressure stress / S
ƒ Pressure / pressure rating
ƒ Combined longitudinal stress / S

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 33

Carbon Steel Lower Temperature Limits

NPS Nominal Stress
650 psig (45 bar) steam
WT Ratio
superheated to 735°F in (mm)
(390°C). Relief pressure is
1 0.178 0.71
725 psig (50 bar). Pipe
(4.52)
material is ASTM A53 Gr B
seamless. 4 0.237 0.74
(6.02)
What options are available
12 0.500 0.86
to deal with expected
ambient temperatures (12.70)
down to -30°F (-34°C)? 30 1.000 0.97
(25.40)
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 34
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Deterioration in Service
¾ Selection of material to resist deterioration
in service is not within the scope of the
Code. (323.5)
¾ Recommendations for material selection
are presented in Appendix F.
ƒ General considerations
ƒ Specific material considerations

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 35

Deterioration in Service
¾ General considerations
ƒ Fire resistance
ƒ Possibility of brittle fracture
ƒ Susceptibility to crevice corrosion
ƒ Possibility of galvanic corrosion
ƒ Chilling effect of the loss of pressure
ƒ Compatibility of materials such as
• Packing
• Gaskets
• Thread sealants
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 36
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials

Deterioration in Service
¾ Specific material considerations
ƒ Carbon and low alloy steel
ƒ High alloy steel
ƒ Nickel and nickel alloys
ƒ Aluminum and aluminum alloys
ƒ Copper and copper alloys
ƒ And more…

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 37

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 4. Pressure Design of Metals

ASME B31.3 Process Piping

Charles Becht IV, PhD, PE

Don Frikken, PE
Instructors

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 1

Piping Development Process

1. Establish applicable system standard(s)
2. Establish design conditions
3. Make overall piping material decisions
ƒ Pressure Class
ƒ Reliability
ƒ Materials of construction
4. Fine tune piping material decisions
ƒ Materials
ƒ Determine wall thicknesses
ƒ Valves
5. Establish preliminary piping system layout & support
configuration
6. Perform flexibility analysis
7. Finalize layout and bill of materials
8. Fabricate and install
9. Examine and test
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 2
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 4. Pressure Design of Metals

4. Pressure Design of Metals

¾ Design Pressure & Temperature
¾ Quality Factors
¾ Weld Joint Strength Factor
¾ Pressure Design of Components
ƒ Four Methods
ƒ Straight Pipe
ƒ Fittings
ƒ Fabricated Branch Connections
ƒ Flanges and Blanks
ƒ Other Components
¾ Piping Material Specifications

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 3

The Material in This Section is

Addressed by B31.3 in:
Chapter II - Design
Appendix V - Allowable Variations in
Elevated Temperature Service

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 4

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 4. Pressure Design of Metals

Design Pressure & Temperature

design pressure: the pressure at the
most severe condition of internal or external
pressure and temperature expected during
service (301.2)
ƒ The most severe condition is that which
results in the greatest required component
thickness and the highest component rating.
ƒ The inside pipe in jacketed piping shall be
designed for the most severe combination of
conditions expected during service.
ƒ Short-term variations may be considered
separately. (302.2.4)
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 5

Design Pressure & Temperature

design pressure:
ƒ Provisions shall be made to safely contain or
relieve any pressure to which the piping may
be subjected.
ƒ Sources of pressure to be considered include
• Ambient influences
• Pressure oscillations
• Improper operation
• Decomposition of fluids
• Static head
• Failure of control devices
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 6
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 4. Pressure Design of Metals

Design Pressure & Temperature

design temperature: the temperature at
which, under the coincident pressure, the
greatest thickness or highest component
rating is required (301.3). For insulated piping:
ƒ May be taken as fluid temperature
ƒ May be based on calculated average wall
temperature, or
ƒ May be based on measurements or tests
ƒ Consider heat tracing and other sources of
heat

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 7

Design Pressure & Temperature

design temperature: Uninsulated piping
ƒ fluid temperatures below 150ºF (65ºC): Shall be
taken as fluid temperature, unless solar radiation
or other effects make the temperature higher
ƒ fluid temperatures 150ºF (65ºC) and above:
• May be taken as fluid temperature
• May be based on calculated average wall
temperature, or
• Presumptive reductions described in para.
301.3.3 may be used

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 8

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 4. Pressure Design of Metals

Design Pressure & Temperature

design minimum temperature: the
lowest component temperature expected in
service
ƒ May be taken as fluid temperature
ƒ May be based on calculated average wall
temperature, or
ƒ May be based on measurements or tests

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 9

Design Pressure & Temperature

allowance for pressure and temperature
variation: The Code allows the design
pressure to be set below the most severe
coincident pressure and temperature under
certain conditions:
ƒ No cast iron or other non-ductile components
ƒ Nominal pressure stresses don’t exceed yield
strength at temperature
ƒ Longitudinal stresses are within the allowable

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 10

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 4. Pressure Design of Metals

Design Pressure & Temperature

allowance for pressure and temperature
variation: more conditions:
ƒ The number of excursions beyond design does
not exceed 1000
ƒ The increased pressure does not exceed the
test pressure
ƒ With the owners permission can exceed
allowable by 33% for no more than 10 hr/event
and no more than 100 hr/year
ƒ With the owners permission can exceed
allowable by 20% for no more than 50 hr/event
and nor more than 500 hr/year

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 11

Design Pressure & Temperature

allowance for pressure and temperature
variation: more conditions:
ƒ Without the owners permission, can exceed
allowable by 20% for no more than 50 hr/event
and nor more than 500 hr/year for self-limiting
events such as pressure relieving
ƒ Effects of the variations must be evaluated, e.g.
by rules described in Appendix V
ƒ Differential pressure on valve closures should
not exceed maximum established by valve
manufacturer
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 12
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 4. Pressure Design of Metals

Design Pressure & Temperature

Workshop Problem 1: Styrene monomer at
ambient temperature.
Pressure switch shuts off
positive displacement
pump at 630 psi (43 bar)
PSH

Determine design pressure, design

temperature and relief valve set pressure.
See Page 24 of the supplement.
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 13

Design Pressure & Temperature

Workshop Problem 2: If the line in problem 1
is steam cleaned with 50 psi (3.5 bar) steam
superheated to 735°F (390°C)
ƒ What should the design pressure be?
ƒ What should the design temperature be?
ƒ What should the relief valve setting be?

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 14

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 4. Pressure Design of Metals

Quality Factors
Casting quality factor Ec (302.3.3)
¾ Used for cast components not having ratings
¾ Ec = 1.00 for gray and malleable iron
¾ Ec = varies from 0.80 to 1.00 depending on the
level of examination
¾ Table A-1A lists Ec for specific products
Weld joint quality factor Ej (302.3.4)
¾ Table 322.3.4 lists factors used for pipe
¾ Some factors may be increased when additional
examination is performed
¾ Table A-1B lists Ej for specific products

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 15

Weld Joint Quality Factor Ej

Type of Weld Factor (Table 302.2.4)
None (seamless) 1.00
Electric Resistance Weld 0.85
Furnace Butt Weld 0.60
Single Fusion Weld 0.80 to 1.00*
Double Fusion Weld 0.85 to 1.00*
API 5L SAW, GMAW 0.95

*Depending on level of examination

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 16
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 4. Pressure Design of Metals

Weld Joint Strength Factor

Weld joint strength reduction factor W (302.3.5)
¾ Used to account for the long-term (creep) strength
of welds that may be lower than the base material
¾ In the absence of more applicable data, W shall be
ƒ 1.00 for all materials 950ºF (510ºC) and below
ƒ 0.50 for all materials at 1500ºF (815ºC)
ƒ Linearly interpolated for intermediate
temperatures
¾W values are based on testing of selected
low alloys, stainless steels, and nickel alloys
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 17

Pressure Design of Components

¾ Four Methods for Pressure Design
¾ Straight Pipe
¾ Fittings
ƒ Pipe Bends
ƒ Miter Bends
ƒ Reducers
¾ Fabricated Branch Connections
¾ Flanges and Blanks
¾ Other Components
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 18
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 4. Pressure Design of Metals

Four Methods for Pressure Design

¾ Calculations in accordance with Code
formula
¾ Ratings given in a component standard
¾ Ratings same as straight seamless pipe
¾ Qualification by calculation plus
experience, analysis or test

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 19

Straight Pipe
Total thickness required is the sum of
1. Pressure design thickness
2. Manufacturing tolerance (usually 12.5% of the
nominal wall thickness)
3. Corrosion (or erosion) allowance
4. Mechanical allowances, e.g. threading

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 20

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 4. Pressure Design of Metals

Straight Pipe
Threading allowance – nominal thread
depth described in ASME B1.20.1
NPS Depth (in.) Depth (mm)
½&¾ 0.057 1.45

1 thru 2 0.069 1.77

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 21

Straight Pipe
t = PD / [2 (SEW + PY)]
Where:
t = pressure design thickness
P = design pressure
D = outside diameter of pipe
S = stress value for material from Appendix A
E = quality factor
W = weld joint strength reduction factor
Y = coefficient (function of material and temperature),
usually 0.4

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 22

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 4. Pressure Design of Metals

Coefficient Y
≤900ºF 950ºF 1000ºF 1050ºF 1100ºF ≥1150ºF
≤482ºC 510ºC 538ºC 566ºC 593ºC ≥ 621ºC

Ferritic
0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Steels
Austenitic
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7
Steels
Other
Ductile 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Metals

Cast Iron 0.0 --- --- --- --- ---

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 23

Straight Pipe Wall Thickness

Workshop: What is the required nominal pipe wall
thickness for the following case:
Styrene monomer service
ASTM A53 Gr B ERW carbon steel pipe
Design pressure and temperature from Problems 1
and 2, page 24 of the supplement.
S = 20,000 psi (138 MPa) - verify
Corrosion allowance = 1/8” (3.2 mm)
Socket welding thru NPS 1½
Buttwelding NPS 2 and larger
See Supplement starting on page 31.
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 24
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 4. Pressure Design of Metals

Pipe Wall Thicknesses

Also for
Carbon Carbon Stainless
Steel Steel Steel
STD WT Sch 10 Sch 5S
XS WT Sch 20 Sch 10S
XXS WT Sch 30 Sch 40S
Sch 40 Sch 80S
Sch 60
Sch 80
Sch 160
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 25

Pipe Wall Thickness

¾ STD WT and Sch 40 are the same NPS 1/8
through 10
¾ STD WT is 3/8” (9.52 mm) NPS 12 and larger
¾ XS WT and Sch 80 are the same NPS 1/8
through 8
¾ XS WT is 1/2” (12.70 mm) NPS 8 and larger
¾ Sch 40S is the same as STD WT
¾ Sch 80S is the same as XS WT

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 26

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 4. Pressure Design of Metals

Fittings
¾Listed Fittings – Can be used within their
pressure-temperature ratings
¾Unlisted Fittings – Must have pressure-
temperature ratings that conform with
para. 304
ƒ Rules for specific geometries in paras. 304.2
through 304.6
ƒ Rules for other geometries in para. 304.7

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 27

Fittings - Listed Fitting Example

1600
1400
Pressure Rating (psi)

1200
1000
800 Class 150
600
Class 300 up
400
to NPS 2
200
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature (F)

B16.3 – Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings

(US Customary Units)
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 28
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 4. Pressure Design of Metals

Fittings - Listed Fitting Example

Pressure Rating (bar) 100.0

80.0
Class 150
60.0

Class 300 up
40.0
to NPS 2
20.0

0.0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Temperature (C)

B16.3 – Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings

(Metric Units)
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 29

Fittings - Listed Fitting Example

B16.9 – Wrought Steel Buttweld Fittings
The allowable pressure ratings for fittings
designed in accordance with this standard
may be calculated as for straight seamless
pipe of equivalent material…in accordance
with the rules established in the applicable
sections of ASME B31…Pipe size, wall
thickness…and material identity on the
fittings are in lieu of pressure rating
markings.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 30

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 4. Pressure Design of Metals

Fittings - Listed Fitting Example

B16.11 – Forged Fittings, Socket Welding &
Threaded
Design temperature and other service
conditions shall be limited as provided by
the applicable piping code or regulation
for the material of construction of the
fittings. Within these limits the maximum
allowable pressure of a fitting shall be that
computed for straight seamless pipe of
equivalent material…

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 31

Fittings - Listed Fitting Example

B16.11 – Forged Fittings, Socket Welding &
Threaded The schedule of pipe corresponding to
each Class of fitting for rating purposes is shown…
Class Thd/SW Sch No. Wall
2000 Thd 80 XS
3000 Thd 160 ---
6000 Thd --- XXS
3000 SW 80 XS
6000 SW 160 ---
9000 SW --- XXS

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 32

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 4. Pressure Design of Metals

Pipe Bends
t = PD / [2 (SEW/I + PY)]
Where:
I = [4(R1/D) – 1] / [4(R1/D) – 2]
at the intrados
I = [4(R1/D) + 1] / [4(R1/D) + 2]
at the extrados
I = 1.0 at the side
centerline
R1 = Bend radius

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 33

Miter Bends
Pm = [SEW(T-c)/r2] * GF
Where:
r2 = mean radius of pipe
GF = factor based on the
miter angle (α) and
bend radius

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 34

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 4. Pressure Design of Metals

Reducers
May be designed in accordance with rules in
ASME B&PV Code, Section VIII, Division 1
for conical or toriconical sections.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 35

Fabricated Branch Connections

Typical Welded Branch Connections [Fig.328.5.4]

Unreinforced Reinforced

Lateral (angular branch)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 36
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 4. Pressure Design of Metals

Fabricated Branch Connections

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 37

Flanges and Blanks

¾Listed Flanges & Blanks – Can be used
within their pressure-temperature ratings
¾Unlisted Flanges & Blanks – Must have
pressure-temperature ratings that conform
with
ƒ Rules for specific geometries in paras. 304.5
ƒ Rules for other geometries in para. 304.7

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 38

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 4. Pressure Design of Metals

Flanges and Blanks

Listed Flange Example: B16.5 – Pipe Flanges
and Flanged Fittings
7000

6000

5000 Class 150

Pressure (psig)

Class 300
4000
Class 600
Class 900
3000
Class 1500
Class 2500
2000

1000

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Temperature (F)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 39

Flanges and Blanks

Listed Blank Example:
B16.48 – Steel Line Blanks
ƒ Ratings the same as
for flanges of
corresponding material
ƒ Blank thicknesses were
determined in
accordance with B31.3
rules

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 40

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 4. Pressure Design of Metals

Flanges and Blanks

Unlisted Flanges & Banks:
ƒ Flanges may be designed in accordance
with ASME B&PV Code, Section VIII,
Division 1, Appendix 2 with B31.3 allowable
stresses
ƒ Blanks may be designed in accordance
with para. 304.5.3

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 41

Other Components [304.7.2]

Components for which there are no specific
rules require:
ƒ Calculations consistent with the design criteria
of B31.3, and
ƒ Substantiation of the calculations by
• Extensive successful experience
• Experimental stress analysis
• Proof test, or
• Finite element stress analysis
ƒ Documentation available for owner’s approval
ƒ Interpolation between sizes & thicknesses
allowed
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 42
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 4. Pressure Design of Metals

Piping Material Specifications

Descriptions of components in a piping
material specification should include as
applicable:
ƒ Generic description of the component
ƒ Material specification, usually ASTM (include
material grade)
ƒ Rating or wall thickness
ƒ Product specification, usually B16 or MSS
ƒ Ends (buttweld, socket weld, threaded)
ƒ Type and facing for flanges

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Design of Metals - 43

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 5. Valve Selection

ASME B31.3 Process Piping

Charles Becht IV, PhD, PE

Don Frikken, PE
Instructors

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 1

Piping Development Process

1. Establish applicable system standard(s)
2. Establish design conditions
3. Make overall piping material decisions
ƒ Pressure Class
ƒ Reliability
ƒ Materials of construction
4. Fine tune piping material decisions
ƒ Materials
ƒ Determine wall thicknesses
ƒ Valves
5. Establish preliminary piping system layout & support
configuration
6. Perform flexibility analysis
7. Finalize layout and bill of materials
8. Fabricate and install
9. Examine and test
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 2
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 5. Valve Selection

5. Valve Selection
¾Code Requirements
¾Selection by Valve Type
ƒ Gate
ƒ Globe
ƒ Check
ƒ Butterfly
ƒ Ball
ƒ Plug

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 3

The Material in This Section is

Addressed by B31.3 in:
Chapter IV - Standards for Piping
Components

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 4

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 5. Valve Selection

Code Requirements
Listed Valves
¾ Can be used within their pressure-
temperature ratings and any additional
limitations described in the Code
¾ Except that bolted bonnets secured by
fewer than 4 bolts or a U-bolt may only be
used in Category D Fluid Service.
[307]

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 5

Code Requirements
Unlisted Valves can be used within Code limitations
if they:
ƒ have dimensions that “conform to those of
comparable listed components insofar as
practicable”
ƒ “provide strength and performance equivalent to
standard components”, and
ƒ satisfy one of the following:
• pressure-temperature ratings established by the method
described in Annex F of ASME B16.34, or
• are qualified for pressure design as required by para.
304.7.2.
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 6
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 5. Valve Selection

Selection by Valve Type

¾ Gate
¾ Globe
¾ Check
¾ Butterfly
¾ Ball
¾ Plug

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 7

Gate
Valve
From
API 603

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 8

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 5. Valve Selection

Gate Bolted

Valve
Welded
Bonnets

From
Bonney Screwed
Stockham
Milwaukee
Union

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 9

Gate
Valve
Bonnets

Pressure Seal Body to Bonnet Joint

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 10

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 5. Valve Selection

Gate
Valve
Stems

From
Stockham
Outside Screw Inside Screw
and Yoke (OS&Y) Non-rising Stem
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 11

Gate Valve Attributes

¾ On-off applications (Not considered suitable
for throttling)
¾ Works as well with flow from either direction
¾ Suitable for use in wide range of conditions
¾ Can be made fire resistant and blow-out
resistant
¾ Available in any size
¾ Blocked-in volume when the valve is closed
¾ Almost always leaks through the seat

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 12

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 5. Valve Selection

Globe
Valve

From
Vogt

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 13

Globe Valve

Angle Globe Y-Pattern Globe

(Vogt) (Vogt)
Straight-pattern Globe
with Pressure-seal
Bonnet (Ramondi)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 14

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 5. Valve Selection

Needle
Instrument
Valve
MSS-SP-105

From Vogt
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 15

Globe Valve Attributes

¾ Suitable for on-off applications and throttling
¾ Works best with flow from one direction
¾ Suitable for use in wide range of conditions
¾ Can be made fire resistant and blow-out
resistant
¾ Available in sizes up to about NPS 14
¾ No blocked-in volume when the valve is closed
¾ Almost always leaks through the seat, but less
than a gate valve

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 16

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 5. Valve Selection

Check Valve
Swing
(Ramondi)

Tilting Disk
(ORBINOX)

Lift
(Vogt)

Centerline
Guided
Disk
(Durabla)
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 17

Dual-Plate Wafer Check Valves

Lug Body Wafer (API 594)

Wafer & Lug Bodies (Mueller)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 18
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 5. Valve Selection

Check Valve Attributes

¾ Works only with flow from one direction
¾ Suitable for use in wide range of conditions
¾ Can be made fire resistant and blow-out
resistant
¾ Available in any size
¾ No blocked-in volume when the valve is
closed
¾ Almost always leaks through the seat, but
much more than a gate valve

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 19

Check Valve Attributes

¾ Check valves check about 95% of the time
¾ Check valves can close suddenly when the flow is
reversed, causing severe water hammer

Valve Type Slam Characteristics

Swing Severe (improved with weight or spring)
Lift Severe (improved with spring return)
Wafer Good
Tilting Disk Excellent
C/L Disk Excellent

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 20

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 5. Valve Selection

Butterfly
Valve –
Low
Pressure
From
API 609

Category A

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 21

Butterfly Valve – Low Pressure

Lug Body
Wafer Body, PTFE Lined (Contromatics)
(Durco)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 22

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 5. Valve Selection

Butterfly Valve – Low Pressure

¾ Suitable for on-off applications and throttling
¾ Works as well with flow from either direction
¾ Suitable for use up to ~200°F (95°C), 150 psig
(10 bar)
¾ Cannot be made fire resistant or blow-out
resistant
¾ Generally available NPS 3 and larger
¾ No blocked-in volume when the valve is closed
¾ Usually does not leak through the seat
¾ Can be PTFE Lined

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 23

Butterfly Valve – High Pressure

From API 609 - Category B Double offset

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 24

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 5. Valve Selection

Butterfly Valve – High Pressure

Valve Seats Double offset

PTFE Seat
(Xomox)

Fire
Resistant
Seat
(Contromatics)

Fire
Resistant
Seat
(Xomox)
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 25

Butterfly Valve – High Pressure

¾ Suitable for on-off applications and throttling
¾ Generally works as well with flow from either
direction
¾ Suitable for use in wide range of conditions,
but PTFE seats limited to ~400°F (200°C)
¾ Can be made fire resistant and blow-out
resistant
¾ Generally available NPS 3 and larger
¾ No blocked-in volume when the valve is
closed
¾ Usually does not leak through the seat
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 26
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 5. Valve Selection

Ball
Valve
From
API 608

Floating
Ball,
End
Entry

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 27

Ball
Valve
From
API 608

Trunnion
Mounted,
Two
Piece
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 28
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 5. Valve Selection

Ball Valve

End Entry Two Piece

Oval Handle Lever Handle
(Contromatics) (Contromatics)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 29

Ball Valve

Top Entry Three Piece (Swing-out)

(Contromatics)
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 30
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 5. Valve Selection

Ball Valve

Two Piece, Fully Lined (Xomox)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 31

Ball Valve Attributes

¾ On-off applications (not considered suitable
for throttling)
¾ Works as well with flow from either direction
¾ Suitable for use in wide range of conditions,
but PTFE seats limited to ~400 °F (200°C)
¾ Can be made fire resistant and blow-out
resistant
¾ Available in any size
¾ Blocked-in volume when the valve is closed
¾ Usually does not leak through the seat

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 32

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 5. Valve Selection

Plug Valve
From API 599

Lubricated

Sleeve Lined

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 33

Plug
Valve
Fully Lined

(Durco) API 599

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 34

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 5. Valve Selection

Plug Valve Attributes

¾ On-off applications and non-severe throttling
¾ Works as well with flow from either direction
¾ Suitable for use in wide range of conditions,
but PTFE seats limited to ~400 °F (200°C)
¾ Can be made fire resistant (only lubricated
type) and blow-out resistant
¾ Generally available up to ~NPS 12
¾ Blocked-in volume when the valve is closed
¾ Usually does not leak through the seat

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 35

Valve Selection Workshop

What valve attributes and block, throttle and check
valve types would you select for the following
services:
ƒ Steam condensate
ƒ Dry chlorine liquid
ƒ Sulfuric acid
ƒ Gasoline
ƒ 650 psig (45 bar) Steam
ƒ Heat transfer oil
ƒ Styrene monomer
ƒ Lime/water slurry

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Valve Selection - 36

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 6. Flexibility Analysis

ASME B31.3 Process Piping

Charles Becht IV, PhD, PE

Don Frikken, PE
Instructors

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility Analysis - 1

Piping Development Process

1. Establish applicable system standard(s)
2. Establish design conditions
3. Make overall piping material decisions
ƒ Pressure Class
ƒ Reliability
ƒ Materials of construction
4. Fine tune piping material decisions
ƒ Materials
ƒ Determine wall thicknesses
ƒ Valves
5. Establish preliminary piping system layout & support
configuration
6. Perform flexibility analysis
7. Finalize layout and bill of materials
8. Fabricate and install
9. Examine and test
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility Analysis - 2
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 6. Flexibility Analysis

6. Flexibility Analysis
¾ What are we trying to achieve?
¾ Flexibility Analysis Example

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility Analysis - 3

The Material in This Section is

Addressed by B31.3 in:
Chapter II - Design

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility Analysis - 4

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 6. Flexibility Analysis

What are we trying to achieve?

1. Provide adequate support;

2. Provide sufficient flexibility; and

3. Prevent the piping from exerting

excessive reactions

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility Analysis - 5

What are we trying to achieve?

1. Provide adequate support to resist loads
such as pressure, weight, earthquake
and wind

January 17 1994 Northridge Earthquake

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility Analysis - 6
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 6. Flexibility Analysis

What are we trying to achieve?

2. Provide sufficient flexibility to safely
accommodate changes in length resulting
from temperature variations

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility Analysis - 7

What are we trying to achieve?

3. Provide sufficient support and flexibility to
prevent the piping from exerting
excessive reactions on equipment and
restraints

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility Analysis - 8

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 6. Flexibility Analysis

What are we trying to achieve?

And we do that in order to
ƒ make the piping look well supported to the
facility engineers and operators
ƒ prevent collapse of the piping
ƒ prevent leaks due to fatigue cracks
ƒ prevent joint leakage caused by excessive
forces , and
ƒ prevent failure or malfunction of attached
equipment caused by excessive reactions

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility Analysis - 9

Flexibility Analysis Example

A two step analysis is shown.
1. Weight and Pressure Loads – verify
proper support and check reactions

2. Thermal Expansion Load – verify

adequate flexibility and check
reactions

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility Analysis - 10

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 6. Flexibility Analysis

Proposed System
NPS 4
Carbon Steel
Ambient to 600°F (315°C)
SG contents = 1.0

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility Analysis - 11

Sustained Load Analysis

Check Deflections

Deflected 0.4” (10 mm) Marginal:

> 0.3” (8 mm)
Normal
Maximum

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility Analysis - 12

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 6. Flexibility Analysis

Sustained Load Analysis

Check Reactions 60% = 5%

1020#
(4500 N)

Reactions
Poorly
Distributed
5% 30%
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility Analysis - 13

Sustained Load Analysis

Check Stresses

Max. is 66% of allowable

Stresses
OK

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility Analysis - 14

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 6. Flexibility Analysis

Displacement Load Analysis

Revised System (Added Support)
60 to 35% 5 to 5%
Max. Displacement –
0.4 to 0.1” (10 to 2 mm)

Max. Stress –
66% to 34% of allowable
Displacements
Stresses &
Reactions
All OK
5 to 10% 30 to 20% 0 to 30%

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility Analysis - 15

Displacement Load Analysis

0.4” (10 mm)

Deflections
Check Deflections OK

0.9” (23 mm)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility Analysis - 16

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 6. Flexibility Analysis

Displacement Load Analysis

Check Reactions
40% 5%

Reactions
High, Poorly
Distributed
0% 10% 45% =
1240# (5520 N)
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility Analysis - 17

Displacement Load Analysis

Check Stresses

Max. is 79% of allowable Stresses

OK

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility Analysis - 18

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 6. Flexibility Analysis

Displacement Load Analysis

Revised System (Added Spring
Support)
40 to 0% 5 to 5%
Max. Displacement –
100% =
0.9 to 1.5” (23 to 38 mm) 1240# (5520 N)

Max. Stress –
79% to 48% of allowable Displacements
Stresses &
Reactions
All OK
0 to 0% 10 to 0% 45 to 5%

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility Analysis - 19

Flexibility Analysis
Is the process of calculating the strains, and
resultant stresses and forces in a piping
system to determine if the system
¾ has adequate support
¾ has sufficient flexibility to safely
accommodate changes in length
resulting from temperature variations
¾ exerts sufficiently low reaction forces at
restraints and equipment

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility Analysis - 20

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 7. Layout and Support

ASME B31.3 Process Piping

Charles Becht IV, PhD, PE

Don Frikken, PE
Instructors

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 1

Piping Development Process

1. Establish applicable system standard(s)
2. Establish design conditions
3. Make overall piping material decisions
ƒ Pressure Class
ƒ Reliability
ƒ Materials of construction
4. Fine tune piping material decisions
ƒ Materials
ƒ Determine wall thicknesses
ƒ Valves
5. Establish preliminary piping system layout & support
configuration
6. Perform flexibility analysis
7. Finalize layout and bill of materials
8. Fabricate and install
9. Examine and test
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 2
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 7. Layout and Support

7. Layout and Support

¾ General Considerations
¾ Support Spacing
¾ Support Locations
¾ Support Elements

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 3

The Material in This Section is

Addressed by B31.3 in:
Chapter II - Design

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 4

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 7. Layout and Support

General Considerations
¾ Access for operation (valves)
¾ Access for maintenance of in-line devices
ƒ instrumentation
ƒ Traps
ƒ strainers, etc.
¾ Avoiding interference with other activities
ƒ Removing heat exchanger bundles
ƒ Clearance for pump maintenance, etc.
¾ Appearance
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 5

General Considerations
¾ Drainage (slope) requirements
¾ Pressure drop
¾ Cost of piping, including maximizing use
of existing supports
¾ Avoiding interference with other piping
ƒ Clearance for application of insulation
ƒ Clearance for piping displacement, etc.
¾ Provisions for future additions

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 6

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 7. Layout and Support

Support Spacing
Loads to consider
¾ Dead Weight
ƒ Pipe
ƒ Insulation
ƒ Valves, specialty
items and
instruments
¾ Live loads
ƒ Pipe contents
ƒ Ice, snow
ƒ People

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 7

Support Spacing
Two principal sources:

1. Recognized codes & standards

ƒ ASME B31.1
ƒ MSS SP-69: Pipe Hangers and Supports –
Selection and Application

2. Owner or designer calculated values

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 8

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 7. Layout and Support

Support Spacing
MSS SP-69 Typical Calculated
NPS ft m ft m
1 7 2.1 14 4.3
2 10 3.0 20 6.1
4 14 4.3 26 7.9
6 17 5.2 30 9.1
8 19 5.8 32 9.8
10 22 6.1 34 10.4
12 23 7.0 36 11.0
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 9

Support Spacing
Usually based on simplifying assumptions
¾ Combination of pipe material and wall
thickness used in the facility that gives the
shortest spans
¾ Contents specific gravity, usually 1.0
¾ Typical insulation thickness and density
¾ Person walking on pipe for larger sizes

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 10

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 7. Layout and Support

Support Spacing
Two Models Frequently Used

w w

L L

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 11

Support Spacing
H
w

SL = stresses caused by bending

moment and pressure
= M/Z + PD/4t
= (wL2 + 2HL) / (8Z) + PD/4t

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 12

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 7. Layout and Support

Support Spacing
SL = (wL2 + 2HL) / (8Z) + PD/4t
Where
D =
pipe outside diameter
H =
concentrated load (people)
L =
trial length for support spacing
M =
bending moment
P =
design pressure
t =
pipe wall thickness nominal wall thickness less
mechanical, corrosion and erosion allowances
w = uniform load due to pipe, contents & insulation
Z = pipe section modulus

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 13

Support Spacing
Some designers limit support spacing using an
arbitrary deflection criterion. 0.5 in. (12 mm) is
frequently used.
H
w

L
Δmax = (5wL4 / 384EI) + (HL3 / 48EI)
Where
E = pipe material elastic modulus
I = pipe moment of inertia

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 14

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 7. Layout and Support

Support Spacing
¾ This calculation method is only applicable
to straight pipe with more-or-less
uniformly spaced supports.
¾ Using the simply supported beam model
versus the fixed beam supported model
adds some conservatism to the
calculation.
¾ Other models that can be used are shown
on succeeding slides.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 15

Support Spacing
Assuming simply supported ends

Concentrated H M = HL/4
load Δmax = HL3/48EI
L

w M = wL2/8
Uniform load Δmax =
L 5wL4/384EI

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 16

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 7. Layout and Support

Support Spacing
Assuming Fixed ends

H M = HL/8
Concentrated
Δmax =
load HL3/192EI
L

w M = wL2/12
Uniform load Δmax =
L wL4/384EI

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 17

Support Locations
Supports must be located such that SL ≤ Sh.
Following these rules of thumb will help:
ƒ Piping running up the side of vessels should
be supported from the vessel, generally near
the top of the run.
ƒ Locate concentrated loads (e.g. valves) near
supports.
ƒ Use rigid supports (i.e. not spring supports) at
safety valves.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 18

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 7. Layout and Support

Support Locations
Following these rules of thumb will help
when doing the flexibility analysis:
ƒ As much as possible, attach supports to
straight pipe rather than elbows or other
fittings.
ƒ Provide space for adding loops to piping near
load sensitive equipment, e.g. in pump suction
lines.
ƒ Consider the need to add friction reducing
slides between the piping and support steel.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 19

Support Locations
Following these rules of thumb will help
operation and maintenance:
ƒ Attach supports to pipe, not valves, flanges or
instruments.
ƒ Provide supports near instruments, and other
devices that are likely to be removed for
maintenance.
ƒ Support piping such that spools to be removed
for equipment maintenance can be removed
without adding temporary supports.
ƒ Minimize the use of spring hangers.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 20

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 7. Layout and Support

Support Elements
Support elements are classified by the degree of restraint
provided to the piping
Only provides vertical
Simple
restraint
Support
Restrains lateral movement
Guide (and sometimes vertical
movement as well)
Restrains axial movement
Longitudinal
Pipe Restraint
(and sometimes vertical
movement as well)
Restrains movement in all
Anchor directions (welded to
support steel)
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 21

Simple Support

(from Piping Technology & Products)

(from Anvil International)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 22

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 7. Layout and Support

Simple Support

(from Piping Technology & Products) (from Anvil International)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 23

Guide

(from Anvil International)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 24

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 7. Layout and Support

Spring Hangers

(from Anvil International) Constant Type

Variable Type

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 25

Special Purpose Supports

(from Anvil International) Sway strut – used to

prevent horizontal
movement.

Hydraulic snubber – used

to prevent sudden
horizontal movement but
allow slowly applied
displacement.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 26

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 7. Layout and Support

Support Element Selection

Resting pipe directly on structural
steel should be avoided when:
ƒ Carbon steel pipe is in a wet
environment and failure by
corrosion is not tolerable
ƒ Stainless steel pipe would be in
contact with galvanized steel and
failure by liquid metal
embrittlement during a fire is not
tolerable

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 27

Support Element Selection

Support elements on outdoor insulated
piping should penetrate the insulation on the
bottom of the pipe.

(from Anvil International)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 28

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 7. Layout and Support

Support Element Selection

Some solutions:

Support outside
Use pipe shoes
the insulation
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 29

Support Element Selection

In aggressive external
corrosion environments,
support should be via
structural steel under
the pipe rather than
hanger rods with
multiple threaded
connections that may
fail in a few years.
(from Anvil International)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Layout and Support - 30

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

ASME B31.3 Process Piping

Charles Becht IV, PhD, PE

Don Frikken, PE
Instructors

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 1

Piping Development Process

1. Establish applicable system standard(s)
2. Establish design conditions
3. Make overall piping material decisions
ƒ Pressure Class
ƒ Reliability
ƒ Materials of construction
4. Fine tune piping material decisions
ƒ Materials
ƒ Determine wall thicknesses
ƒ Valves
5. Establish preliminary piping system layout & support
configuration
6. Perform flexibility analysis
7. Finalize layout and bill of materials
8. Fabricate and install
9. Examine and test
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 2
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

8. Flexibility
¾ General Considerations
¾ Friction
¾ Stress Intensification
¾ Thermal Expansion
¾ Spring Hangers
¾ The Displacement Load Analysis

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 3

The Material in This Section is

Addressed by B31.3 in:
Chapter II - Design
Appendix D - Flexibility & Stress
Intensification Factors

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 4

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

General Considerations
¾ Main purpose is to provide sufficient flexibility to
safely accommodate changes in length
resulting from temperature variations, avoiding
failure caused by
ƒ Fatigue
ƒ Creep-fatigue
ƒ Ratchet
¾ Another purpose is to keep movement of piping
within a manageable range
ƒ Avoiding interference with other stuff
ƒ Supports designed to handle displacements

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 5

General Considerations
¾ Loads are actions that cause one end of a pipe
segment to move relative to the other end and
actions that have an equivalent effect
ƒ Thermal expansion of attached equipment
ƒ Temperature changes in the piping
¾ Peak stresses are accounted for using stress
intensification factors
¾ Acceptance criterion is based on the stress
range

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 6

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

Friction
¾ Displacement causes piping to move over
sliding supports
¾ Friction forces are in one direction when
the pipe is heating and in the opposite
direction when cooling
¾ The coefficient of friction used for steel on
steel ranges from 0.3 to 0.5. N

F = μN F

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 7

Friction
¾ The coefficient of friction can
be reduced to 0.1 by using
PTFE or graphite impregnated
plates

¾ Using roller supports can

further reduce the coefficient of
friction to 0.02

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 8

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

Friction Workshop
Calculate the east-west reactions at the anchors
caused by friction.
ƒ Assume steel on steel
ƒ Line is NPS 6, std WT steel, uninsulated and full of water

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 9

Stress Intensification
¾ Stress intensification factors (SIF’s) are
used to account for higher stresses that
may exist at discontinuities in the piping at
fittings and joints
¾ The calculated stresses at a fitting or joint
are taken as the stress calculated for a
perfect circular cylinder times the SIF
¾ SIF’s are given in Appendix D of B31.3

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 10

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

Stress Intensification
¾ SIF’s are based on Markl testing of piping
components
ƒ Primarily A106 Gr B pipe, with some types
316 and 347 stainless steel
ƒ NPS 4 Sch 40
ƒ Fully reversed bending
ƒ Displacement controlled tests
¾ Markl started with a fatigue curve
generated by fatigue tests on pipe with
circumferential welds

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 11

Stress Intensification
Pipe with Circumferential Welds
1,000,000

Average
Fatigue
100,000
Stress Range

Failure

Design
10,000 Fatigue
Curve (1/2
Average)

1,000
1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000
Number of Cycles

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 12

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

Stress Intensification
¾ Components such as tees and elbows
were similarly fatigue tested
¾ The SIF for a component is the ratio of
the nominal stress in the circumferentially
welded pipe divided by the nominal stress
in the component at failure for the same
number of cycles
¾ Even though the component may have
thicker walls, the evaluation is based on
the dimensions of the pipe

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 13

Stress Intensification
NPS 4 STD WT Fittings
100,000
Buttwelded
Pipe
Elbow = 1.1
Stress Range

Tee = 1.5
Elbow
10,000

Tee

1,000
1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000
Number of Cycles

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 14

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

Thermal Expansion
Thermal Expansion of metals can be
calculated by
ΔL = α ΔT L
Where:
α = Coefficient of thermal expansion
L = Length of piping
ΔL = Change in length of piping
ΔT = Change in temperature, usually
temperature range

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 15

Thermal Expansion
Thermal Expansion of metals can also be
calculated by
ΔL = Exp L
Where:
Exp = Total thermal expansion, in/100 ft
(mm/m)
L = Length of piping, 100 ft (m)
ΔL = Change in length of piping, in (mm)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 16

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

Thermal Expansion
What is the change in length of a carbon
steel line that has
ƒ An original length of 60 ft (18.3 m)
ƒ Has a minimum expected temperature of
-29ºF (-34ºC), and
ƒ Has a maximum expected temperature of
300ºF (150ºC)

See pages 41-44 of the supplement.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 17

Spring Hangers
Spring hangers are used
to provide support for
piping while allowing
vertical movement of the
piping caused by
displacement loads.

Variable Type

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 18

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

Spring Hangers

Force Displacement

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 19

Spring Hangers
Selection Process
¾ Calculate weight to be supported
¾ Calculate movement of the line at the support
location
¾ Select hanger size based on the load
¾ Decide allowable load variation
ƒ Usually less than 25%
ƒ Less if needed to meet stress or reaction
requirements
¾ Select hanger from manufacturer’s table

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 20

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

Spring Hanger Workshop

Select a spring hanger that will minimize the
weight reaction on the pump.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 21

Spring Hangers

Variable Spring Hanger Installation (Anvil International)

[Note that springs are always in compression.]
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 22
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

Spring Hangers
Constant type spring hangers are used when the
load variation on a variable type spring hanger
would be too high.

Constant Type

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 23

Spring Hangers

Constant Support Hanger Installation (Anvil International)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 24

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

The Displacement Load Analysis

¾ Temperature Range
¾ Displacement Stress Calculation
¾ Calculation Methods

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 25

Temperature Range
¾ B31.3 requires that we consider “…the
algebraic difference between strains in
the extreme displacement condition and
the original (as-installed) condition (or any
anticipated condition with a greater
differential effect)…”(319.2.3(b))
¾ The minimum and maximum
temperatures used don’t necessarily
correspond to the design temperature and
the design minimum temperature

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 26

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

Temperature Range
design temperature: the temperature at
which, under the coincident pressure, the
greatest thickness or highest component
rating is required (301.3).

design minimum temperature: the lowest

component temperature expected in
service (301.3.1)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 27

Temperature Range
¾ Minimum temperature may be due to
ƒ Normal operation
ƒ Excursion operation
ƒ Expected winter temperature
¾ Maximum temperature may be due to
ƒ Normal operation
ƒ Excursion operation
ƒ Piping exposed to hot summer sun [120ºF,
50ºC]
ƒ Empty piping exposed to heat tracing
ƒ Steam cleaning
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 28
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

Temperature Range Examples

¾ Outdoor cooling tower water line:
ƒ Minimum water temperature is 45ºF (7ºC)
ƒ Maximum water temperature is 90ºF (32ºC)
ƒ The piping is installed during February,
which has an average daily temperature of
53ºF (12ºC)
ƒ Minimum average daily temperature is 30ºF
(-1ºC)
ƒ Temperature range is _______ to ________

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 29

Temperature Range Examples

¾ Outdoor compressed air piping
ƒ Minimum compressed air temperature is
ambient
ƒ Maximum compressed air temperature is
150ºF (65ºC)
ƒ The piping is installed during July, which has
an average daily temperature of 64ºF (18ºC)
ƒ Minimum average daily temperature is -30ºF
(-35ºC)
ƒ Temperature range is _______ to ________
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 30
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

Temperature Range Examples

¾ Outdoor steam traced water line:
ƒ Minimum water temperature is 40ºF (4ºC)
ƒ Maximum water temperature is 60ºF (16ºC)
ƒ The piping is installed during September,
which has an average daily temperature of
76ºF (24ºC)
ƒ Minimum average daily temperature is 30ºF
(-1ºC)
ƒ Calculated maximum temperature for no flow
condition with steam tracing on is 280ºF
(140ºC)
ƒ Temperature range is _______ to ________
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 31

Displacement Stress Calculation

L

σ = E·ΔL / L
ΔL = α·ΔT·L
σ = E· α·ΔT

1. What is σ for carbon steel and ΔT = 330ºF (185ºC)?

E for carbon steel = 29E6 psi (200 GPa)
2. What is σ for stainless steel under the same condition?
E for stainless steel = 28.3E6 psi (195 GPa)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 32

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

Calculation Methods
The Code describes four acceptable
methods to demonstrate adequate flexibility
1. Formal analysis
2. Duplicate of a successful system
3. System that can be judged adequate by
comparison
4. Empirical equation for piping that meets
certain requirements

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 33

Calculation Methods
The empirical equation is:
Dy/(L – U)2 ≤ 30SA/Ea (in/ft)2
Dy/(L – U)2 ≤ 208,000SA/Ea (mm/m)2
Where:
D =Pipe outside diameter (in) (mm)
L =Developed length of piping between anchors (ft) (m)
U =Distance between anchors (ft) (m)
Y =Total displacement strain to be absorbed by the
piping (in) (mm)
SA = Allowable stress range
Ea = Elastic modulus at room temperature

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 34

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

Calculation Methods
L1

L2

U
L = L1 + L2
y = αUΔT

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 35

Calculation Methods
¾ The empirical equation can be used if the
piping system:
ƒ Is of uniform size
ƒ Has no more than two points of fixation
ƒ Has no intermediate restraints
¾ The equation is not applicable to systems
subject to severe cyclic conditions.
¾ The equation may not be accurate for
certain geometries.
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 36
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

Calculation Methods
The Code describes four acceptable
methods to demonstrate adequate flexibility
1. Formal analysis
2. Duplicate of a successful system
3. System that can be judged adequate by
comparison
4. Empirical equation for piping that meets
certain requirements

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 37

Calculation Methods
Formal analyses can be simple or complex.
The complex analyses are done using
computer programs such as
ƒ Autopipe, Siber Technology,
http://www.siber.co.uk/rebis/autopipe.shtml
ƒ CAEPIPE, SST Systems, Inc., http://www.sstusa.com/
ƒ Caesar, Coade, Inc., http://www.caesarii.com/
ƒ PipePak, Algor,
http://www.pipepak.com/products/Profes1504/default.asp
ƒ SIMFLEX, Peng Engineering, http://www.pipestress.com/
ƒ TRIFLEX, Nor-Par a.s, http://www.norpar.com/triflex.htm

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 38

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

Calculation Methods
The simple analyses are done using
equations, charts and graphs such as
described in
ƒ Design of Piping Systems, The M.W. Kellogg
Company, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., First Edition
1941
ƒ Piping Design and Engineering, Grinnell
Corporation, First Edition 1963
One of the simplest methods is the guided
cantilever method described in the Kellogg
book.
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 39

Guided Cantilever Method

δ = 48L2SA/EaD
Where δ = maximum permissible displacement
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 40
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

Guided Cantilever Method

See page 49 of the Supplement.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 41

Calculation Methods
The Code describes four acceptable
methods to demonstrate adequate flexibility
1. Formal analysis
2. Duplicate of a successful system
3. System that can be judged adequate by
comparison
4. Empirical equation for piping that meets
certain requirements

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 42

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

Calculation Methods
Judging by comparison
20’ (6 m)

NPS 6
If this line is OK,

13’ (4 m)
20’ (6 m)

NPS 4

13’ (4 m)
what can we say about this line,
which is in the same fluid service?

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 43

Calculation Methods
Judging by comparison
20’ (6 m)

NPS 6
If this line is OK,
13’ (4 m)

20’ (6 m)

NPS 6
13’ (4 m)

what can we say about this line,

which has the same pipe material
at a lower temperature range?

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 44

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 8. Flexibility

Calculation Methods
Judging by comparison
20’ (6 m)

NPS 6

13’ (4 m)
If this line is OK,

20’ (6 m)

NPS 6

16’ (5 m)
what can we say about this line,
which is in the same fluid service?

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 45

Calculation Methods
Judging by comparison
20’ (6 m)

NPS 6, carbon steel

If this line is OK,
13’ (4 m)

20’ (6 m)

NPS 6, stainless steel

13’ (4 m)

what can we say about this line,

which is in the same fluid service?

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Flexibility - 46

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 9. Reactions

ASME B31.3 Process Piping

Charles Becht IV, PhD, PE

Don Frikken, PE
Instructors

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 1

Piping Development Process

1. Establish applicable system standard(s)
2. Establish design conditions
3. Make overall piping material decisions
ƒ Pressure Class
ƒ Reliability
ƒ Materials of construction
4. Fine tune piping material decisions
ƒ Materials
ƒ Determine wall thicknesses
ƒ Valves
5. Establish preliminary piping system layout & support
configuration
6. Perform flexibility analysis
7. Finalize layout and bill of materials
8. Fabricate and install
9. Examine and test
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 2
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 9. Reactions

9. Reactions
¾ General Considerations
¾ Fabricated Equipment
¾ Rotating Equipment
¾ Supports
¾ Cold Spring

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 3

The Material in This Section is

Addressed by B31.3 in:
Chapter II - Design

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 4

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 9. Reactions

General Considerations
¾ Main purpose is to provide sufficient
support and flexibility to prevent the piping
from exerting excessive reactions on
equipment and restraints
¾ The calculation methods are different for
fabricated equipment than for rotating
equipment or supports
¾ Reaction limits are determined differently
for fabricated equipment than for rotating
equipment or supports

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 5

Fabricated Equipment
¾ Calculation Methods
¾ Reaction Limits
¾ Nozzle Flexibility

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 6

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 9. Reactions

Calculation Methods
¾ Usually the accuracy of a formal analysis
using a computer stress analysis program
is required
¾ Both sustained loads and displacement
loads are considered
¾ Failure modes for fabricated equipment
include:
ƒ Gross deformation or collapse
ƒ Fatigue

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 7

Calculation Methods
¾ In order to evaluate fatigue, the entire
range of loads must be considered, so the
temperature range for this calculation is
the same as for calculating the
displacement stress range

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 8

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 9. Reactions

Reaction Limits
Reaction limits for
nozzles are calculated
using
ƒ Welding Research
Council Bulletin 107
“Local Stresses in
…Shells due to
External Loadings”
ƒ Finite element analysis

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 9

Reaction Limits
¾ Allowable stresses values used in the
calculation are taken from the applicable Code,
and stress evaluation is usually done using the
stress evaluation criteria described in ASME
B&PV Code Section VIII, Division 2, Alternate
Rules for Pressure Vessels
¾ Advantages to doing these calculations yourself
ƒ Cycle time is reduced considerably
ƒ Easier to decide between reinforcing the
nozzle and lowering the reactions

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 10

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 9. Reactions

Rotating Equipment
¾ Calculation Methods
¾ Reaction Limits

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 11

Calculation Methods
¾ Usually the accuracy of a formal analysis using
a computer stress analysis program is required
¾ Failure modes for rotating equipment include:
ƒ Detrimental misalignment
ƒ Rubbing interference
¾ In order to evaluate failure modes, only the
magnitude of the loads during operation needs
to be considered, so the temperature range
from the installed condition to the operating
condition is used

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 12

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 9. Reactions

Temperature Range Examples

¾ Outdoor cooling tower water line:
ƒ Minimum water temperature is 45ºF (7ºC)
ƒ Maximum water temperature is 90ºF (32ºC)
ƒ The piping is installed during February,
which has an average daily temperature of
53ºF (12ºC)
ƒ Minimum average daily temperature is 30ºF
(-1ºC)
ƒ Temperature range is _______ to ________

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 13

Temperature Range Examples

¾ Outdoor compressed air piping
ƒ Minimum compressed air temperature is
ambient
ƒ Maximum compressed air temperature is
150ºF (65ºC)
ƒ The piping is installed during July, which has
an average daily temperature of 64ºF (18ºC)
ƒ Minimum average daily temperature is -30ºF
(-35ºC)
ƒ Temperature range is _______ to ________
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 14
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 9. Reactions

Temperature Range Examples

¾ Outdoor steam traced water line:
ƒ Minimum water temperature is 40ºF (4ºC)
ƒ Maximum water temperature is 60ºF (16ºC)
ƒ The piping is installed during September,
which has an average daily temperature of
76ºF (24ºC)
ƒ Minimum average daily temperature is 30ºF
(-1ºC)
ƒ Calculated maximum temperature for no flow
condition with steam tracing on is 280ºF
(140ºC)
ƒ Temperature range is _______ to ________
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 15

Reaction Limits
¾ Limits are specified by the equipment
manufacturers
¾ Manufacturers of certain types of
equipment are required to at least meet
the allowable reaction requirements in
applicable industry standards, so
¾ Many manufacturers refer the users to
these standards

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 16

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 9. Reactions

Reaction Limits
Equipment Industry Standard
Centrifugal Pumps ASME B73.1
API 610
Steam Turbines NEMA SM-23
API 611
API 612
Centrifugal Compressors API 617
Positive Displacement API 619
Compressors

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 17

Supports
¾ Calculation Methods
¾ Reaction limits

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 18

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 9. Reactions

Calculation Methods
¾ Usually the accuracy of a formal analysis using
a computer stress analysis program is required
¾ The failure modes of concern for supports is
collapse and excessive deformation
¾ The structural codes don’t recognize the
distinction between displacement and sustained
loads, so only the magnitude of the loading
extremes needs to be considered, so
¾ The temperature range from the installed
condition to the operating condition is used
¾ Some codes differentiate between “normal”
loads and “occasional” loads

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 19

Reaction Limits
Reaction limits are determined by either the
maximum stress or the stability limit of the
structure.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 20

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 9. Reactions

Cold Spring
Cold spring is the intentional deformation of piping
during assembly to produce a desired initial
displacement and stress. (319.2.4)
Cold springing:
ƒ Does not change the stress range
ƒ Does not change the reaction range
ƒ Is not helpful for reducing reaction ranges at fabricated
equipment
ƒ Can be helpful for reducing reactions rotating
equipment and supports
ƒ Can be used to control displacements
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 21

Cold Spring

Neutral Neutral

Cold Cold

Hot Hot

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 22

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 9. Reactions

Cold Spring
Because cold spring is difficult to achieve
accurately in practice, B31.3 permits only
partial credit in calculating reaction forces
ƒ For two anchor systems with no intermediate
restraints, B31.3 gives equations for estimating
reactions giving 2/3 credit for cold spring
(319.5.1)
ƒ For other systems, B31.3 requires that each
case be studied to estimate reactions (319.5.2)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 23

Cold Spring
Note that unintentional cold spring
(misalignment) has the same effect as
intentional cold spring.
ƒ The Code says “Any distortion of piping to
bring it into alignment for joint assembly which
introduces a detrimental strain in equipment or
piping components is prohibited.” (335.1.1)
ƒ Some owners are more restrictive than the
Code on misalignment.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Reactions - 24

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 10. Flexibility Analysis Methods

ASME B31.3 Process Piping

Charles Becht IV, PhD, PE

Don Frikken, PE
Instructors

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Detailed Flexibility Analysis - 1

Piping Development Process

1. Establish applicable system standard(s)
2. Establish design conditions
3. Make overall piping material decisions
ƒ Pressure Class
ƒ Reliability
ƒ Materials of construction
4. Fine tune piping material decisions
ƒ Materials
ƒ Determine wall thicknesses
ƒ Valves
5. Establish preliminary piping system layout & support
configuration
6. Perform flexibility analysis
7. Finalize layout and bill of materials
8. Fabricate and install
9. Examine and test
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Detailed Flexibility Analysis - 2
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 10. Flexibility Analysis Methods

10. Detailed Flexibility Analysis

¾ When to Perform a Detailed Analysis
¾ Considerations

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Detailed Flexibility Analysis - 3

The Material in This Section is

Addressed by B31.3 in:
Chapter II - Design

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Detailed Flexibility Analysis - 4

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 10. Flexibility Analysis Methods

When to Perform a Detailed Analysis

When the other methods the Code
describes don’t give satisfactory results.
1. Formal analysis
ƒ Simple
ƒ Detailed
2. Duplicate of a successful system
3. System that can be judged adequate by
comparison
4. Empirical equation for piping that meets
certain requirements
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Detailed Flexibility Analysis - 5

Considerations
¾ Temperatures and pressures during
ƒ start-up
ƒ normal operation
ƒ steam out/decoking
ƒ depressuring (autorefrigeration) Note that
ƒ shutdown (ambient effects) frequently
only the most
ƒ excursion operation severe
ƒ no-flow branch condition is
documented
ƒ regeneration at this stage
ƒ heat tracing of design.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Detailed Flexibility Analysis - 6

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 10. Flexibility Analysis Methods

Considerations
¾ Effects due to
ƒ expansion and contraction
ƒ differential settlement
ƒ relief valve reactions
ƒ weight
ƒ wind
ƒ seismic, and
ƒ other mechanical loadings
¾ The effect of frictional resistance to
thermal movement
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Detailed Flexibility Analysis - 7

Considerations
¾ External bending moments on flanges
¾ Forces due to unsteady operation, such
as
ƒ two phase flow
ƒ pulsating flow
ƒ water hammer
¾ Maximum sag deflections of, for example,
1/2 inch (13 mm)
¾ Thermal movement of equipment to which
the piping is attached
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Detailed Flexibility Analysis - 8
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 10. Flexibility Analysis Methods

Considerations
¾ Differential movement of support
structures during an earthquake
¾ Tank settlement
¾ Need for control in construction and
maintenance when gaps or other
“unusual” tactics are used
¾ Supports from which the pipe lifts off
when hot
¾ Records that need to be kept

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Detailed Flexibility Analysis - 9

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

ASME B31.3 Process Piping

Charles Becht IV, PhD, PE

Don Frikken, PE
Instructors

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Designing with Expansion Joints - 1

Piping Development Process

1. Establish applicable system standard(s)
2. Establish design conditions
3. Make overall piping material decisions
ƒ Pressure Class
ƒ Reliability
ƒ Materials of construction
4. Fine tune piping material decisions
ƒ Materials
ƒ Determine wall thicknesses
ƒ Valves
5. Establish preliminary piping system layout & support
configuration
6. Perform flexibility analysis
7. Finalize layout and bill of materials
8. Fabricate and install
9. Examine and test
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Designing with Expansion Joints - 2
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

11. Designing with Expansion Joints

¾ Types of Expansion Joints
¾ Pressure Thrust
¾ Installation of Expansion Joints
¾ Metal Bellows Expansion Joints

(Hanjo) (General Rubber) (Hyspan)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Designing with Expansion Joints - 3

The Material in This Section is

Addressed by B31.3 in:
Chapter II - Design
Appendix X - Metallic Bellows Expansion
Joints

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Designing with Expansion Joints - 4

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

Types of Expansion Joints

Ball Slip

Rubber Bellows Metal Bellows

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Designing with Expansion Joints - 5

Pressure Thrust

Expansion Joint Manufacturer’s Association (EJMA)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Designing with Expansion Joints - 6

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

Pressure Thrust

(EJMA)

Which types of expansion joints have this problem?

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Designing with Expansion Joints - 7

Pressure Thrust
For a bellows type expansion joint, the pressure
thrust force is the effective thrust area
recommended by the manufacturer times the
pressure. In the absence of this information:

F = P * π * d p2
4
Where
F = pressure thrust force
P = pressure
dp = mean diameter of bellows

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Designing with Expansion Joints - 8

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

Pressure Thrust
Net force on nozzle = PAn
Net force on vessel = 0

PAn PAn

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Designing with Expansion Joints - 9

Pressure Thrust
Net force on nozzle = F-PAn
Net force on vessel = F
Net force on anchor = F

PAn dp PAn

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Designing with Expansion Joints - 10

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

Pressure Thrust Workshop

What is the Rigid Support
apparent change
in the weight of a
vessel caused
by increasing the
pressure by 100
psi (700 kPa)?

See the
supplement,
page 52.
Weigh Cell (typ)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Designing with Expansion Joints - 11

Installation of Expansion Joints

Anchors must be designed for full pressure thrust

based on maximum operating pressure.
(EJMA)
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Designing with Expansion Joints - 12
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

Bellows Movement

Axial (EJMA) Rotation (EJMA)

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Bellows Movement

Lateral (EJMA)
Inefficient for bellows

Bellows are not intended to Efficient use of bellows for

take torsional displacement.
Lateral movement (EJMA)
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

Universal Expansion Joint

Piping Technology & Products

(PTP)
(PTP)

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Universal Expansion Joint

In-plane application
(EJMA)

3-dimensional application
(EJMA)

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

Hinged Expansion Joint

(EJMA) (Adsco) (Hae Jo Industrial)

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Hinged Expansion Joint

(EJMA)

(EJMA)
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

Gimbal Expansion Joint

(EJMA) (Adsco) (Hae Jo Industrial)

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Gimbal Expansion Joint

(EJMA)
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

Pressure Balanced Expansion Joint

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Pressure Balanced Expansion Joint

(EJMA) (Hae Jo Industrial)

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

Pressure Balanced Expansion Joint

(EJMA)

(EJMA)

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Bellows Expansion Joint Types

Pressure
Type Type Axial Lateral Rotation
Thrust

Single Yes Small Yes Yes

Universal
Yes Yes
(tied)

Hinged Yes

Gimbal Yes
Pressure
Balanced
Yes Small Yes
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

Metal Bellows Expansion Joints

¾ Bellows Shapes
¾ Failure Modes

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Bellows Shapes (EJMA)

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

Bellows Shapes (EJMA)

Unreinforced U
Toroidal

Reinforced U

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Metal Bellows Failure Modes

¾ In-plane squirm
¾ Column squirm In-plane
squirm
¾ Fatigue
(Design Factor = 2.6 on cycles)
¾ Creep-fatigue
¾ Burst, collapse, over Column
stretching squirm
(Design Factor = 3.0 on burst)
¾ Corrosion
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Designing with Expansion Joints - 28
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

Flixborough Disaster

¾ 1974 cyclohexane vapor cloud

explosion (UK)
¾ Killed 28, injured 89, damaged 1821
homes
¾ Caused by plant personnel’s failure to
recognize expansion joint pressure
thrust problem
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Designing with Expansion Joints - 29

Metal Bellows Fatigue

1000000
EJMA
Unreinforced
Total Stress Range

EJMA
Reinforced
B31.3
100000
Unreinforced
B31.3
Reinforced

10000
100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Number of Cycles

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Designing with Expansion Joints - 30

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 12. Fabrication and Installation

ASME B31.3 Process Piping

Charles Becht IV, PhD, PE

Don Frikken, PE
Instructors

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Fabrication and Installation - 1

Piping Development Process

1. Establish applicable system standard(s)
2. Establish design conditions
3. Make overall piping material decisions
ƒ Pressure Class
ƒ Reliability
ƒ Materials of construction
4. Fine tune piping material decisions
ƒ Materials
ƒ Determine wall thicknesses
ƒ Valves
5. Establish preliminary piping system layout & support
configuration
6. Perform flexibility analysis
7. Finalize layout and bill of materials
8. Fabricate and install
9. Examine and test
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Fabrication and Installation - 2
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 12. Fabrication and Installation

12. Fabrication and Installation

¾ Welder/Brazer Qualification
¾ Welding Processes
¾ Weld Preparation
¾ Typical Welds
¾ Preheating & Heat Treatment
¾ Typical Owner Added Requirements
¾ Installation
¾ Flange Joints

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The Material in This Section is

Addressed by B31.3 in:
Chapter V - Fabrication, Assembly, and
Erection

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 12. Fabrication and Installation

Welder Qualification
Welders are required to use an approved procedure
in accordance with B&PV Code Section IX
ƒ Prepare the welding procedure specification (WPS)
• Essential variables (P-no., thickness, PWHT, etc.)
• Nonessential variables (Groove design, position, technique, etc)
ƒ Procedure Qualification Test – to determine that weldment
is capable of having required properties
ƒ Test of procedure, not welder (normally done by good
welders)
ƒ Must pass tensile test and bend test
ƒ May be required to pass supplemental tests (e.g. impact)
ƒ The test record is documented as Procedure Qualification
Record (PQR), which is retained by the employer

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Welder Qualification
Welders are required to be qualified by test in
accordance with B&PV Code Section IX
ƒ Performance Qualifications Test – to determine that the
welder is capable of depositing sound weld metal
ƒ Additional essential variables, e.g. position, pipe diameter
ƒ The test record is documented as Welder Performance
Qualification (WPQ), which is retained by the employer
ƒ Need to weld with manual (or automatic) process
periodically, if not for 6 months, re-qualification required
(could be on production weld that is X Rayed)
ƒ Procedure and performance qualifications may be by
other than the employer under certain conditions if the
Inspector approves.
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Fabrication and Installation - 6
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 12. Fabrication and Installation

Brazer Qualification
Brazers are required to used an approved procedure
and be qualified by test, also in accordance with
B&PV Code Section IX
ƒ Prepare the brazing procedure specification (BPS)
ƒ The procedure test record is documented as Procedure
Qualification Record (PQR), which is retained by the
employer
ƒ The performance test record is documented as Brazer
Performance Qualification (BPQ), which is retained by the
employer
ƒ The owner may waive these qualifications for Category D
Fluid Service.

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Fabrication and Installation - 7

Welding Processes – Fusion Weld

Characteristics of the fusion weld joint

(Manufacturing Engineering and Technology: p820)
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 12. Fabrication and Installation

Welding Processes – Electric Arc

¾ Shielded Metal Arc Welding
(SMAW), a.k.a. stick
welding
¾ Gas Metal Arc Welding
(GMAW), a.k.a. MIG
¾ Flux Cored Arc Welding
(FCAW)
¾ Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
(GTAW), a.k.a. TIG
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Shielded Metal Arc Welding

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 12. Fabrication and Installation

Shielded Metal Arc Welding

¾ Suitable for windy, outdoor conditions
¾ Low cost equipment
¾ All position capabilities
¾ Good choice for on-site welding

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Gas Metal Arc Welding

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 12. Fabrication and Installation

Gas Metal Arc Welding

¾ Not suitable for windy, outdoor conditions
¾ Moderate cost equipment
¾ All position capabilities
¾ Fast welding speeds possible
¾ No slag to clean

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Flux Cored Arc Welding

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 12. Fabrication and Installation

Flux Cored Arc Welding

¾ Suitable for windy, outdoor conditions
¾ Same equipment as for GMAW
¾ Out of position capabilities
¾ High metal deposition rate

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Gas Tungsten Arc Welding

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 12. Fabrication and Installation

Gas Tungsten Arc Welding

¾ Not suitable for windy, outdoor conditions
¾ Moderate cost equipment
¾ All position capabilities
¾ Low metal deposition rate
¾ No slag to clean
¾ Highest quality, most precise welds

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Welding Processes
Skill Level
Process Materials
Required
SMAW Steel, Stainless Steel Moderate
Steel, Stainless Steel,
GMAW Low
Aluminum
FCAW Steel, Stainless Steel Moderate
Steel, Stainless Steel,
GTAW Aluminum, Titanium, High
Nickel Alloys
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 12. Fabrication and Installation

Welding Processes Accepted

Process Generally Accepted for
Most fluid services with GTAW root.
SMAW
Sometimes restricted to larger sizes.
Like SMAW, but approval of specific
GMAW
process may be required.
Like SMAW, but approval of specific
FCAW
process may be required.
GTAW Everything

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Fabrication and Installation - 19

Weld Preparation
¾ Surfaces to be
welded are required
to be clean
¾ End preparation
required to meet
WPS, ASME B16.25
is accepted practice

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 12. Fabrication and Installation

Weld Preparation
¾ Use of backing rings
is permitted
¾ Alignment is required
to be in accordance
with the WPS

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Fabrication and Installation - 21

Typical Welds

Slip-on Flange Socket Welding

Flange

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 12. Fabrication and Installation

Typical Welds

Socket Weld

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Typical Welds

Unreinforced Stubon Unreinforced Stubin

Reinforced Stubon Reinforced Stubin

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 12. Fabrication and Installation

Preheating
Preheating:
ƒ Prevents cracking caused by differential thermal expansion
in the area of the weld
ƒ Drives off moisture that could contribute to hydrogen in the
welds
ƒ Slows the cooling rate for the deposited weld metal
The Code:
ƒ Recommends preheat to 50ºF (10ºC) for most carbon
steels and stainless steels
ƒ Requires preheat to 300ºF (150ºC) or more for low alloy
steels
No welding is permitted if water is present in the weld
area or if there is excessive wind. See Table 330.1.1.

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Heat Treatment
Heat treatment
ƒ Relieves residual stresses caused by welding,
bending and forming
ƒ Facilitates diffusion of hydrogen out of the
weld
The Code requires heat treatment for:
ƒ Carbon steels thicker than ¾ in. (19 mm)
ƒ Most low alloy steels thicker than ½ in. (13
mm)
See Table 331.1.1.

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 12. Fabrication and Installation

Typical Owner Added Requirements

¾ Requirements on use of particular welding
processes
¾ Restrictions on the use of repairs
¾ Requirements for traceability
¾ Requirements for marking of piping
ƒ Stamping not permitted on certain materials
ƒ Inks containing low melting point metals not
permitted on certain materials
¾ Specific end preparation and alignment
requirements
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Typical Owner Added Requirements

(Continued)
¾ Requirements for socket welds
¾ Prohibition of the use of single welded
slip-on flanges
¾ Prohibition on the use of backing rings
¾ Requirements for fabricated branches
¾ Bolt hole orientation for flanges
¾ Dimensional tolerances
¾ Additional heat treatment requirements
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Fabrication and Installation - 28
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 12. Fabrication and Installation

Typical Owner Added Requirements

(Continued)
¾ Requirements for flow meter runs
¾ Cleaning requirements
¾ Shipping and storage requirements
¾ Requirements for records

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Fabrication and Installation - 29

Installation
Code Requirements
ƒ Detrimental distortion of piping to bring it into
alignment is prohibited
ƒ Examination of installation for errors prior to
cold spring is required.
ƒ Flange faces are required to be parallel to
design plane within ½% prior to bolt up.
ƒ Flanges are required to be properly tightened
ƒ No more than one gasket can be used
ƒ Bolts can be one thread short of a full nut
ƒ Thread sealant shall be suitable for the service

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 12. Fabrication and Installation

Installation
Code Requirements
ƒ Threaded joints to be seal welded shall be
made up without thread compound
ƒ Threaded joints that leak during testing may be
seal welded provided compound is removed
from exposed threads
ƒ Seal welds shall cover all exposed threads

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Fabrication and Installation - 31

Installation
Typical Owner Added Requirements
ƒ Maximum distance a bolt can extend through a nut
ƒ Requirements for connecting to in-service piping
ƒ Cleanliness requirements
ƒ Requirements for installation of isolation kits
ƒ Require threads to conform to ASME B1.20.1
ƒ Requirements for thread sealant(s)
ƒ Prohibition of the use of seal welds
ƒ Prohibit use of gasket compounds

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 12. Fabrication and Installation

Installation
Typical Owner Added Requirements (cont.)
ƒ Requirements for use of bolt lubricants
ƒ Requirements for use (or not) of washers
ƒ Requirements for flanged joint tightening
ƒ Requirements for valve orientations
ƒ Requirements for alignment by heating (rose
budding)
ƒ Requirements for bolting to rotating
equipment; e.g., in accordance with API 686

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Typical Owner Added Requirements (cont.)

ƒ Requirements for support, including prohibition
of supporting piping from other piping

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 12. Fabrication and Installation

Typical Owner
Added
Requirements
(cont.)
ƒ Clearance
from
obstructions
such as
support
steel

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Fabrication and Installation - 35

Flange Joints
Guidelines for installation are provided in
ASME PCC-1 – Guidelines for Pressure
Boundary Bolted Flange Joint Assembly.
Topics addressed include:
ƒ Qualification of assemblers
ƒ Gasket contact surfaces
• Correct facing finish
• Good condition
ƒ Flange alignment
ƒ Correct gasket type, size & placement

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 12. Fabrication and Installation

Flange Joints
More topics addressed:
ƒ Lubrication of bolting,
back facing
ƒ Numbering of bolts
ƒ Tighten bolting uniformly
in criss-cross pattern is
small steps
ƒ Target bolt stress is
typically 50 ksi (340 MPa)

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Flange Joints

Elastic Interaction
(WRC Bulletin 408)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Fabrication and Installation - 38

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 12. Fabrication and Installation

Flange Joints

NPS 16
Class 300 Flange

Bolt Tension after 1, 2 and 3 Passes

(WRC Bulletin 408)

BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Fabrication and Installation - 39

Flange Joints
ASME PCC-1 describes bolt-up procedure using
torque to gage bolt tension
ƒ Snug up bolting
ƒ Tighten to 20% of target torque using cross pattern
ƒ Tighten to 50 to 70% of target torque using cross
pattern
ƒ Tighten to 100% of target torque using cross pattern
ƒ Continue tightening to 100% target torque using
rotational pattern until no movement
ƒ Wait 4 hours or longer and repeat rotational pattern to
100% target torque until no movement

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 12. Fabrication and Installation

Flange Joint
Target torque for 50 ksi (345 MPa) bolt stress:
Bolt Size Non-Coated Bolts Coated Bolts
in-lb – N-m in-lb – N-m
1/2 60 80 45 60
5/8 120 160 90 120
3/4 210 280 160 220
7/8 350 470 250 340
1 500 680 400 540
1-1/8 750 1000 550 750
1-1/4 1050 1400 800 1100
1-3/8 1400 1900 1050 1400
1-1/2 1800 2450 1400 1900
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