Thầy Minh’s Education Studio

Reading

Practice Test 3
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The following text is from Mark Oshiro's 1

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2018 novel Anger Is a Gift. In the novel, Moss As used in the text, what does the word
and his friends are on a subway train in “specific” most nearly mean?
Northern California.
A) Imaginary
Lights from the outside world then filled the B) Correct
train car as it rose out of the ground and C) Energetic
climbed the elevated track. As long as Moss had
D) Particular
lived in West Oakland, he’d never tired of this
specific view, so he pointed toward the
windows. “Check it,” he said, and the Port of
Oakland began to pass by them.

The following text is adapted from John 2

Matheus’s 1925 short story “Fog.” As used in the text, what does the word
“supported" most nearly mean?
The fog extended its tentacles over city and
river, gradually obliterating traces of familiar A) Cherished
landscapes. At five-thirty the old Panhandle B) Defended
bridge, supported by massive sandstone pillars, C) Held up
stalwart, as when erected fifty years before to
D) Improved on
serve a generation now passed behind the
portals of life, had become a spectral outline
against the sky.

Although the government of the Soviet 3

Union attempted to ________ Georgi Which choice completes the text with the
Vladimov’s novel Faithful Ruslan, copies of the most logical and precise word or phrase?
book circulated in secret among readers in
several parts of the country. A) replicate
B) import
C) suppress
D) critique

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Although the clustering of information 4

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technology firms in Northern California is Which choice completes the text with the
often cited as typical of industrial most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line agglomeration, Giulia Faggio et al. use UK data
5 to show that the mix of factors driving the A) credible
phenomenon is ________ across industries: B) heterogeneous
while the potential for knowledge spillovers can C) imperative
prompt agglomeration, collocation among tube
D) decisive
manufacturers occurs for different reasons.

Today, the mobile application Instagram is 5

thought of exclusively as a photo- and video- Which choice completes the text with the
sharing program, but image-sharing was most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line originally ________ the app’s main purpose,
5 which was to allow users to indicate their A) subordinate to
locations to other users in real time. Only once B) duplicated in
it became clear how popular the secondary C) extracted by
feature of image-sharing was did the company
D) intrinsic to
shift to making that the app's centerpiece.

The Beirut Stock Exchange in Beirut, 6

Lebanon, connects companies operating in Which choice completes the text with the
Lebanon with potential investors. This is a most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line valuable service since the time and expense
5 necessary to find individual investors might A) distinctive
otherwise be ________ for these companies: B) misconstrued
many of the companies could not operate if they C) prohibitive
had to do everything necessary to find investors
D) beneficial
for themselves.

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A casual description of Scherezade Garcia’s 7

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2019 mural Blame It on the Bean: The Power of Which choice completes the text with the
Coffee can make the work seem ________—a most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line painting that is housed in a coffee shop and that
5 depicts three women drinking coffee may not A) incongruous
sound particularly ambitious—but in fact the B) shrewd
work is a complex, dynamic meditation on C) pretentious
gender and the legacy of colonialism that
demands serious attention. D) unassuming

Some robots such as Actroid (developed in 8

2003) and Auriga (developed in 2011) are Which choice completes the text with the
designed to resemble humans so that people most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line will find it easier to interact with them. To that
5 end. certain features such as bipedal A) mitigate
locomotion can help to ________ people’s B) constrict
feelings of comfort, but a robot that looks too C) repudiate
human can fall into the “uncanny valley,”
D) butrress
meaning that its appearance unintentionally
10 unsettles those who encounter it.

Manul cats are small, shy felines. They live 9

mostly alone in out-of-the-way parts of Asia, Which choice completes the text with the
such as on Mount Everest. These cats have been most logical and precise word or phrase?
difficult to research because their habitats are
so ________ large populations of humans. A) drawn to
B) full of
C) distant from
D) responsible for

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Some paleontologists thought that a sudden 10

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shift toward an arid climate on the Australian Which choice completes the text with the
continent may have brought about the rapid most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line extinction of several species of large kangaroos
5 around 200,000 years ago, However, new A) revise
evidence that the change in conditions B) interpret
occurred well before those species went extinct C) recollect
is forcing paleontologists to ________ that
D) introduce
hypothesis.

The following text is from Mark Twain's 11

1876 novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. As used in the text, what does the word
Tom, a child, has been told by his aunt to paint "surveyed" most nearly mean?
their house’s fence.
A) Had questions about
Tom appeared on the sidewalk with a bucket B) Was intrigued by
of whitewash and a long-handled brush. He C) Looked at
surveyed the fence, and all gladness left him and
D) Ordered
a deep melancholy settled down upon his spirit.
Thirty yards of board fence nine feet high.

The invention in 1958 of the integrated 12

circuit (or microchip) radically altered the Which choice completes the text with the
semiconductor industry. In fact, some historians most logical and precise word or phrase?
argue that it fundamentally ________ the
industry by enabling it to take advantage of mass A) obstructed
production methods for the first time. B) transformed
C) bypassed
D) overwhelmed

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Text corpora such as the Corpus of 13

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Contemporary American English are enormous Which choice completes the text with the
collections of electronically stored texts that can most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line be used for empirical testing of hypotheses
5 regarding how ________ a word is in spoken A) assertive
and written English. For instance, one might B) credible
have a guess about the incidence of the word
C) pervasive
“day," but only an analysis of a corpus can
prove that "day" is the fifth most commonly D) profound
10 used noun,

Excavating a pachycephalosaur fossil is a 14

________ process, since it can take weeks or Which choice completes the text with the
even months of hard, physically tiring work to most logical and precise word or phrase?
dear away the dirt and rock covering the
specimen. A) cheap
B) rapid
C) common
D) difficult

British painter Peter Edwards has a 15

________ painting portraits of notable figures Which choice completes the text with the
from a variety of different fields. These most logical and precise word or phrase?
characteristic works include his esteemed
portraits of writer Maud Suiter and soccer A) complaint about
player Bobby Charlton. B) question about
C) requirement for
D) reputation for

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Though it does not guarantee a book's 16

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commercial success, ________ can play a big Which choice completes the text with the
role in that success—a well-executed marketing most logical and precise word or phrase?
campaign helped to make Richard Bachman's
novel The Regulators the fifth-best-selling novel A) originality
of 1996. B) publicity
C) complexity
D) practicality

A unique dialect, or regional variety, of 17

Spanish is spoken in Puerto Rico. It contains Which choice completes the text with the
many words borrowed from the language of the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line Tainos, the Indigenous people of Puerto Rico.
5 African languages also made important A) traced
contributions to the Puerto Rican dialect. For B) announced
example, the way certain vowel sounds are C) offered
pronounced in it can be ________ to how they D) surrendered
are pronounced in Yoruba, a West African
10 language.

Though most hoaxes perpetrated as jokes by 18

mischievous users of Wikipedia, an online Which choice completes the text with the
encyclopedia that almost anyone can freely edit, most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line have quickly been detected and removed, a few
5 fictitious entries, such as those for the town of A) analyses
Stone Ridge, Maryland, and the 18th-century B) fabrications
forestry magnate Guillermo Garcia, persisted on C) enhancements
the site for many years before they were finally
D) revelations
recognized as ________ and deleted.

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In 2013 Oona M. Lonnstedt and colleagues 19

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published a study concluding that ocean Which choice best states the main topic of
acidification has a strong effect on the behavior the text?
Line of Pomacentrus amboinensis, a species of fish.
5 However, Lonnstedt and colleagues' study A) A possible shortcoming of a study
relied on a mean sample size of only about 28 involving Pomacentrus amboinensis
fish. In a 2022 review of various scientists' B) A discovery regarding the evolution of
conclusions about the impacts of ocean Pomacentrus amboinensis
acidification on fish behavior, Jeff C. Clements C) A change in fish behavior first reported
10 and colleagues caution that relying on such a in 2022
relatively small sample size can increase the
potential for biased analysis. Such analysis, in D) A newly identified cause of ocean
turn, can contribute to reports of exaggerated acidification
effects.

The Cygne is just one of approximately three 20

million known historical shipwrecks spread Which choice best describes the overall
throughout the world’s oceans, and their structure of the text?
Line impact on sea life and underwater ecosystems is
5 of great interest to researchers. Leila Hamdan A) It states the number of known
and colleagues were particularly curious about shipwrecks, describes the historical
the effects of wooden shipwrecks on seafloor significance of one of those shipwrecks,
microbial communities. The researchers and then comments on the various
studied two wooden shipwrecks in the Gulf of microbes found at the shipwreck site.
10 Mexico by placing pieces of pine and oak B) It introduces a study of microbial
between zero and 200 meters away from each communities near shipwrecks that has
shipwreck to collect samples of three kinds of received significant scholarly attention,
microbes: bacteria, archaea, and fungi. They summarizes the results of that study, and
found that across the three microbial then describes a research team’s reaction
15 communities, peak diversity and richness was to the study.
observed on pine and oak samples placed C) It names a famous historical shipwreck,
approximately 125 meters from the shipwrecks. describes the type of wood used to build
that ship, and then explains how that
wood type influences underwater
microbial communities.
D) It notes a general scientific interest in
shipwrecks' ecological effects, describes a
specific study related to that interest, and
then states one of the study’s findings.

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Community science, which involves 21

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professional scientists collaborating with Which choice best describes the overall
amateur science enthusiasts to study a topic, is structure of the text?
Line often an effective and engaging way to conduct
5 research. It can allow people to assist with A) It introduces the topic of a scientific
conservation efforts, spark youth interest in study, describes the study’s importance,
science, and increase the amount of data and then presents the study’s results.
researchers can collect. This approach was B) It argues for a new approach to scientific
essential to the success of a study by biologist research, comments on the public’s
10 Abbigail Merrill and colleagues of how butterfly opinion about the approach, and then
color relates to flower choice, which included describes how that approach was applied
findings from hundreds of students and in a certain study.
community members in northwestern Arkansas. C) It describes the development of a type of
scientific collaboration, shows how that
type of collaboration has been used in a
particular field of study, and then
suggests future collaborative projects.
D) It identifies a particular approach to
research, lists some benefits of that
approach, and then mentions a study in
which that approach was used.

In 2020, rap artist and professor A.D. Carson 22

published the first peer-reviewed rap album Which choice best states the main purpose of
about his experiences with Black masculinity the text?
Line called "I used to love to dream." Typically in
5 peer review, experts evaluate scholarly articles A) To compare the relative public impact of
prior to publication. For Carson's album, scholarly articles and albums
dubbed a “mixtap/e/ssay," peer review involved B) To describe how each step of the peer
both scholars and rap artists. In combining review process unfolds
elements of a mixtape album with scholarly C) To capture one scholar’s opinion of a
10 essays that connect Carson's lyrics to historical new rap album
and contemporary contexts for listeners both
inside and outside academia, Carson's album D) To explain why a certain rap album is
helped redefine how scholarship is created and particularly innovative
shared.

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Horizontal gene transfer involves the 23

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exchange of genetic material between Which choice best states the main idea of the
organisms not in a parent-offspring text?
Line relationship. It is common among prokaryotes
5 (single-celled organisms such as the bacteria A) A common perception of horizontal gene
Brevibacittus borstelensis and Afassilia transfer is inaccurate.
timonae). The process can have the effect of B) Horizontal gene transfer is more
increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics; as common than was initially thought.
such, an understanding of how to prevent C) The results of new research into
10 horizontal gene transfer might result in the horizontal gene transfer cast doubt on
mitigation of dangerous pathogens (organisms earlier findings.
that cause disease). D) The study of horizontal gene transfer
may yield findings with useful
applications.

Archaeologists have discovered a milestone 24

in Norway that may contain the earliest Which choice best states the main topic of
example of written words in Scandinavia. the text?
Line Carbon dating at the discovery site revealed that
5 the stone was likely carved between 1 and 250 A) A new method for dating rock samples
CE. Runologist Kristel Zilmer believes the stone B) A milestone found in Norway
will be helpful in learning more about the use of C) The research interests of Kristel Zilmer
runic alphabets in early Iron Age Scandinavia.
D) Battles of the Iron Age

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The following text is from Anne Spencer's 1922 25

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poem “Translation.”
Which choice best describes the function of
the reference to the “wooing kestrel” (a type
We trekked into a far country.
of bird) in the text as a whole?
My friend and I.
Our deeper content was never spoken, A) It emphasizes the speaker’s belief that her
Line But each knew all the other said. friend is not sharing his true feelings
5 He told me how calm his soul was laid with her.
By the lack of anvil and strife. B) It suggests that nature has secrets that
“The wooing kestrel," I said, “mutes his humans are fundamentally incapable of
mating-note discovering.
To please the harmony of this sweet silence."
C) It illustrates the assertion that peace is a
subjective state rather than an objective
one.
D) It presents the natural world as aligning
with the experience of the speaker and
her friend.

The 2021 novel My Heart Is a Chainsaw 26

confirmed that Stephen Graham Jones is one of
Which choice best describes the function of
the most talented writers of horror fiction the underlined sentence?
Line today. By featuring main characters who are
5 Blackfeet, like Jones himself, the novel also A) It predicts that non-Indigenous authors
helped to ensure that Indigenous people have a will include more Indigenous characters
place within the horror genre. But Jones is in their work.
hardly the only Indigenous voice in horror: Lisa B) It challenges the widely held view that
Tuller, a member of the Murri people of Stephen Graham Jones based My Heart
10 Australia, has also written in the genre. Her Is a Chainsaw on events in his own life.
acclaimed 2019 young adult novel Ghost Bird is
C) It highlights the significance of the
set in a Murri community in Queensland, portrayal of Indigenous people in My
Australia. Heart Is a Chainsaw.
D) It asks why so many readers who don’t
enjoy the horror genre have purchased
My Heart Is a Chainsaw.

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Horizontal gene transfer involves the 27

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exchange of genetic material between organisms Which choice best describes the function of
not in a parent-offspring relationship. It is the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
Line common among prokaryotes (single-celled
5 organisms, such as the bacteria Enterococcus A) It suggests that a commonly held belief
cecorum and Moraxella caviae). The process can regarding an organism is mistaken.
have the effect of increasing bacterial resistance B) It summarizes the history of research
to antibiotics; as such, an understanding of how into a biological phenomenon.
to prevent horizontal gene transfer might result C) It illustrates why one organism may pose
10 in the mitigation of dangerous pathogens more of a threat than another.
(organisms that cause disease).
D) It explains a practical benefit of
researching a particular biological
process.

The following text is from Lady Gregory’s 28

1904 play Spreading the News. Mrs. Tarpey, Which choice best describes the function of
Bartley, and Mrs. Fallon have been buying and the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
selling goods at the local fair.
A) It discusses an event that Mrs. Tarpey
MRS. TARPEY: Good morrow, Bartley believes is unlikely to occur.
Eallon: good morrow, Mrs. Tallon. Well, B) It presents a vivid image to emphasize a
Bartley, you'll find no cause for complaining to- claim that Bartley makes.
day: they are all saying it was a good fair. C) It mounts a counterargument to a claim
Line
that Bartley made about the fair.
5 BARTLEY: (Raising his voice.) It was not a
D) It describes a scene that Bartley
good fair, Mrs. Tarpey. It was a scattered sort of
witnessed at the fair.
a fair. If we didn’t expect more, we got less.
That’s the way with me always: whatever I have
to sell goes down and whatever I have to buy
10 goes up. If there’s ever any misfortune coming
to this world, it’s on myself it pitches, like a flock
of crows on seed potatoes.

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Why do ocelots purr but jaguars roar? 29

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Researchers hypothesize that this difference Which choice best describes the function of
between the two feline species may be partly due the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
Line to a U-shaped bone in their throats. This bone is
5 called the hyoid. Ocelots, which are much A) The sentence explains the unique nature
smaller than jaguars, have a rigid hyoid that of the researchers’ hypothesis.
rumbles when the cat's larynx vibrates, resulting B) The sentence identifies the location of a
in a purr. By contrast, jaguars have a somewhat bone in felines.
flexible hyoid, and the bone is attached to the C) The sentence introduces a term that is
10 skull with a stretchy ligament that ocelots lack. used in the discussion that follows.
These traits allow jaguars and most other
D) The sentence summarizes the debate
species of big cats to roar. The same traits may
presented in the text.
also prevent most big cats from purring.

Humans aren’t the only ones who use tools. 30

Other animals also find tools helpful. Octopuses Which choice best describes the function of
use two halves of a seasheil to provide protection the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
Line or a place to hide. And despite sometimes being
5 thought of as simple, many birds make clever A) It explains that humans use tools for
use of tools as well. Striated herons have been many different tasks.
observed using breadcrumbs and other lures to B) It argues that octopuses use tools more
attract fish to the water’s surface, making it often than other animals do.
easier for the herons to catch them. C) It provides one example of tool use in a
nonhuman animal.
D) It emphasizes that octopuses are smarter
than birds.

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President Richard Nixon is most famous for 31

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his participation in the 1970s Watergate Which choice best describes the function of
political scandal, a convoluted tale of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
Line criminality and eroded ethics involving a
5 constellation of associates such as Attorney A) It compares the achievements of two
General Richard Kleindienst and Republican historical figures.
Party official Robert Mardian. But Nixon's B) It offers information suggesting that a
legacy is complex: he has been praised for his particular perception of a historical figure
role in opening relations between the United is an oversimplification.
10 States and China, and he once made an attempt
C) It provides evidence supporting a claim
at reforming United States health care policy
about a historical figure and that figure’s
that is arguably a precursor to the Affordable
associates.
Care Act, which became law during the Barack
Obama administration. D) It explains why a historical figure’s
accomplishments are often disregarded
by historians.

Historians point to the rule of the Piast 32

dynasty as crucial to the formation of the Polish According to the text, what is a difference
state. However, some differentiate between between how historians view Lestek and how
Line members of the dynasty like Wladyslaw I they view Wladyslaw I Herman?
5 Herman, who ruled as duke from 1079 to 1102
CE, and less well-documented figures like A) Historians believe that the Gesta
Lestek, who is said to have ruled in the 9th and principum Polonorum provides more
10th centuries but whose historical actuality is evidence for Lestek’s existence than it
disputed. Lestek appears in the Gesta principum does for Wladyslaw I Herman's existence.
10 Polonorum, a chronicle of medieval Polish B) Historians agree that Wladyslaw I
history written between 1112 and 1118. Herman existed, but disagree about
However, the chronicle’s documentation of whether Lestek existed.
Lestek relies on oral tradition, unlike its records C) Historians agree that Lestek ruled Poland
of later rulers. much later than Wladyslaw I Herman.
D) Historians find the orally transmitted
stories affirming the existence of
Wladyslaw I Herman to be more
convincing than similar stories about
Lestek.

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Using the Stratospheric Observatory for 33

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Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), a team of According to the text, what was surprising
astronomers mapped out the magnetic field of about the researchers’ mapping of the
Line G47, one of the Milky Way’s galactic bones magnetic field of galactic bone G47?
5 (dense clouds of gas and dust that run through
the middle of the arm of a spiral galaxy). A) It implied that previous mappings of the
Surprisingly, the map revealed a magnetic field magnetic field were inaccurate.
with no clear pattern or direction. The B) It produced magnetic field measurements
researchers had expected the magnetic field to similar to those for other galactic bones.
10 be similar to the more uniform fields seen in C) It revealed a magnetic field that wasn’t
galactic bones in other arms of the Milky Way. uniform.
D) It showed a weaker magnetic field than
expected.

The following text is from Anthony 34

Trollope’s 1855 novel The Warden. The What does the text most strongly suggest
narrator is describing a rectory, the residence of about the rooms in the rectory?
a clergyperson.
A) They are meant to feel comfortable but
There was an air of heaviness about the are in reality uninviting.
rooms which might have been avoided without B) They have been furnished with the
any sacrifice of propriety; colours might have intention of maintaining a sense of
Line been better chosen and lights more perfectly appropriateness.
5 diffused; but perhaps in doing so the thorough C) They are decorated in a style that strikes
clerical aspect of the whole might have been the narrator as too extravagant.
somewhat marred; at any rate, it was not D) They have many decorations the narrator
without ample consideration that those thick, finds good looking, but they are not
dark, costly carpets were put down; those particularly practical.
10 embossed, but sombre (wallpapers) hung up;
those heavy curtains draped so as to half
exclude the light of the sun.

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In what is now Minnesota, the Shakopee 35

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Mdewakanton Sioux Community operates the The text best supports which conclusion
Hocokata Ti, a cultural center. Relying on about the cultural center operated by the
Line traditional knowledge to guide the design of Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa?
5 exhibits, this institution presents Dakota
history and culture to the tribe’s citizens. The A) Its exhibits are likely intended to
Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa, a tribe in reconcile Indigenous perspectives with
North Dakota, employs a similar strategy in its Euro-centric perspectives.
own cultural center. Both centers contrast with B) Its exhibits likely rely on the traditional
10 museums that aren’t Indigenous-led; when knowledge of multiple tribes.
displaying Indigenous artifacts, such museums C) Its ability to present history and culture
tend to anticipate mainly non-Indigenous to tribal citizens is limited by its physical
audiences and rely on Euro-centric strategies size.
for designing exhibits. D) Its exhibits are likely designed for the
benefit of audiences consisting mainly of
tribal citizens.

The following text is adapted from Lady 36

Gregory's 1904 play Spreading the News. Jack Based on the text, what does Jack most likely
Smith and Bartley Tallon have encountered believe about Bartley?
each other at the local fair.
A) Bartley will be able to help Jack with
JACK: It isn’t to the fair I came myself, but cutting the hay.
up to the Five Acre Meadow I’m going, where I B) Bartley is concerned that Jack hasn't
have a contract for the hay. We'll get a share of prepared for the weather.
it into tramps [drying stacks] to-day. C) Bartley is a poor judge of the weather.
Line
5 BARTLEY: You will not get it into tramps D) Bartley will find fault with any situation.
to-day. The rain will be down on it by evening,
and on myself too. It's seldom I ever started on
a journey but the rain would come down on
me before I'd find any place of shelter,

10 JACK: If it didn’t itself, Bartley, it is my

belief you would carry a leaky pail on your
head in place of a hat, that way you’d not be
without some cause of complaining.

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Text 1 37

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Based on the texts, the author of Text 1 and
In separate studies. Marine Ternandez and the author of Text 2 would most likely give
colleagues and Hualiang Zhang and colleagues the same answer to which question?
examined whether plants transfer nutrients to
Line one another using a common mycorrhizal A) Is there an available barrier material that
5 network (CMN)—a lattice of fungal strands in can block roots and liquids while
the soil. Ternandez and colleagues excluded all allowing fungal strands through?
pathways other than the CMN by using B) Did Zhang and colleagues’ study
barriers to keep the plants’ root systems effectively exclude any nutrient pathway
separate while allowing mycorrhizal strands other than a CMN?
10 through—a crucial step Zhang and colleagues’ C) Are the barriers used in Ternandez and
study did not take. colleagues’ study sufficient to ensure that
nutrient transfer could only occur via a
Text 2 CMN?
Ternandez and colleagues took the D) Do plants that transfer nutrients through
necessary precaution of separating the plants’ a root-to-root pathway also transmit
root systems (thereby excluding root-to-root nutrients via a CMN?
15 transmission). However, any barrier used must
allow the thread-like hyphae of a CMN to pass
through, and this permeability would also
allow liquids through. Thus, the researchers’
experimental design cannot ensure that any
20 nutrient transfer observed can be attributed to
a CMN and not to some other pathway.

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Text 1 38

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Based on the texts, how would the author of
Attempts to automate classification of music Text 1 most likely respond to the claim about
into genres have not been very successful. It is the potential benefits of Costa and colleagues'
also unclear whether categorizing music by research in Text 2?
Line genre is useful, since genre categories are
5 ambiguous, subjective, and simplistic. As Jin Ha A) By suggesting that future research may
Lee and Anh Thu Nguyen argue in their study provide substantial advancements in the
of the South Korean band BTS, relationships field of automated genre classification
between pieces of music may be best B) By asserting that genre classifications
understood with concepts other than genre. may not be the most helpful way to think
about music
Text 2 C) By arguing that some genres are more
easily recognized by classification systems
10 Forro is a genre of music originally from than others
Brazil that shares some harmonic and rhythmic
D) By emphasizing that humans do not
similarities with the bolero genre. Automated
necessarily enjoy every recording in a
genre classification systems typically struggle to
genre they claim to prefer
draw distinctions in situations like this, but
15 Vandre Costa and colleagues solved that
problem by converting sound to images and
having computers compare features of those
images. Their approach could improve genre
classification, which could have many benefits
20 for users.

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Uncle Vanya: Scenes from Country Life in 39

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Four Acts is an 1898 play by Anton Chekhov, Which quotation from a translation of Uncle
originally written in Russian. In the play, Vanya most effectively illustrates the claim?
Line Professor Serebrakoff and his wife Helena have
5 come to stay at their country estate, which A) Vanya says to Professor Serebrakoff, "For
Vanya manages with the help of Sonia, the twenty-five years I have managed [the
professor’s daughter from a previous marriage. country estate), and have sent you the
Chekhov depicts Vanya’s opinion of Professor returns from it like the most honest of
Serebrakoff as having changed significantly, as servants, and you have never given me
10 is evident when ________ one single word of thanks for my work,
not one—neither in my youth nor now.”
B) Professor Serebrakoff says to Helena, “It
is funny that everybody listens to [Vanya]
and his old idiot of a mother, but the
moment I open my lips you all begin to
feel ill-treated.”
C) Vanya says to Professor Serebrakoff.
“This place [the country estate] could
never have been bought had I not
renounced my inheritance in favor of my
sister [the professor’s late wife], whom I
deeply loved—and what is more, I
worked for ten years like an ox, and paid
off the debt.”
D) Vanya says to himself, “I was proud of
[Professor Serebrakoff] and of his
learning: I received all his words and
writings as inspired and now? Now he has
retired, and what is the total of his life? A
blank! He is absolutely unknown, and his
fame has burst like a soap-bubble. I have
been deceived; I see that now, basely
deceived.”

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 1 1
Scholars cite Mr. President, the 1946 novel by 40

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Guatemalan author Miguel Angel Asturias, as a Which quotation from a literary scholar
foundational text of magical realism, the Latin would most directly support the claim in the
Line American style of fiction in which antirealistic underlined portion of the text?
5 plot devices—often borrowed from the spiritual
and narrative traditions of Indigenous and A) “Like many works in the Latin American
colonial societies in the Americas—are magical realist tradition, Primeval and
deployed in an otherwise realistic mode of Other Times is indebted to antirealistic
representation typical of the modern novel. This elements in the folklore of Poland.”
10 style has exerted a decisive influence on authors B) “The logic of the realistic plot of Primeval
around the world, including Olga Tokarczuk, and Other Times is repeatedly and
whose 1996 novel Primeval and Other Times productively disrupted by the presence of
resembles classic magical realist novels in its imagery and situations drawn from Polish
juxtaposition of literary realism with folklore— folklore."
15 namely, that of Poland. C) “While Primeval and Other Times
alternates between realistic and
antirealistic modes of representation,
details suggesting the influence of Polish
folklore nevertheless occur throughout
the novel.”
D) “Although Polish folklore clearly informs
the style and occasionally antirealistic
plot of Primeval and Other Times, the
novel also shows the inarguable influence
of the magical realist tradition of Latin
America.”

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 1 1
The Age of Innocence is a 1920 novel by Edith 41

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Wharton set in the 1870s in the northeastern Which quotation from The Age of Innocence
United States. In the novel, Newland Archer best illustrates the claim?
Line and May Welland have just been married. They
5 are spending a summer with May’s relatives in A) “The Newport Archery Club alurays held
Newport. Rhode Island. May is puzzled by its August meeting at the Beauforts."
Newland’s lack of enthusiasm for Newport: B) "[May] represented peace, stability,
________ comradeship, and the steadying sense of
an unescapable duty."
C) "May herself could not understand
[Newland's] obscure reluctance to fall in
with so reasonable and pleasant a way of
spending the summer"
D) “[Newland] had the feeling of
unexplained excitement with which, on
half-holidays at school, he used to start off
into the unknown."

Life Among the Paiutes is an 1882 42

autobiographical narrative by Sarah Which quotation from Life Among the Paiutes
Winnemucca Hopkins. In the work, most effectively illustrates the claim?
Line Winnemucca creates suspense by emphasizing
5 her physical response to an event, writing A) "Oh, how my heart jumped when I heard a
________ noise close by. It was a horse running
towards us. We had to lie down close to
the ground. It came close to us and
stopped. Oh, how my heart beat! I thought
whoever it was would hear my heart beat.”
B) "Oh, how happy everybody was! One
could hear laughter everywhere, and songs
were sung by happy women and children."
C) “Late in that fall, there came news that my
grandfather was on his way home. Then
my father took a great many of his men
and went to meet his father, and there
came back a runner, saying, that all our
people must come together."
D) "That same fall, after my grandfather came
home, he told my father to take charge of
his people and hold the tribe, as he was
going back to California with as many of
his people as he could get to go with him.”

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A student is writing an essay on the subject of 43
cultured meat, which is grown in a laboratory Which quotation from a publication by a
and is intended to help reduce the number of researcher would most effectively support the
Line livestock harvested for food. The student wishes student’s claim?
5 to make the case that people have mixed feelings
about cultured meat that may be a barrier to its A) “Many consumers who were surveyed
worldwide adoption. believed that cultured meat would be
good for the environment if widely
available, but few of those same
consumers were willing to try eating
cultured meat themselves."
B) “Consumers tend to believe that using
less packaging when selling meat
products in stores would have a
significant effect on the environment."
C) "Advocates of lab-grown meat claim that
it’s safer than conventional meat because
the means of its production can be tightly
controlled."
D) "The flavor of meat from livestock differs
across species (from pig to chicken to
cow), and is also influenced by farming
conditions and the breeds and genders of
animals.”

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 1 1

It is common for freshwater lakes near or 44

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above a latitude of 45° north of the equator, like Which choice best describes data in the table
Lake Stechlin in Germany, to accumulate that support the researcher’s claim?
Line surface ice in winter. The amount and duration
5 of ice depends on many factors, including local A) Nackten is at a higher latitude than Lake
weather conditions as well as the lake’s depth, Kegonsa and typically had fewer days of
volume, and surface area, but a climate ice per winter than Lake Kegonsa did.
researcher claims that the higher a lake’s B) Spirit Lake had 102 days of ice in the
latitude, the more days per winter it will winter of 1980-81 and 126 days of ice in
typically have measurable amounts of surface the winter of 2005-06.
ice. C) Nackten had 177 days of ice in the winter
of 1980-81 and 134 days of ice in the
winter of 2005-06.
D) Nackten is at a higher latitude than Lake
Kegonsa and typically had more days of
ice per winter than Lake Kegonsa did.

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 1 1

The Osage Nation, the Seminole Nation, and 45

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the more than thirty other tribes in Oklahoma Which choice most effectively uses data
operate numerous businesses and generate from the table to complete the comparison?
Line billions of dollars in revenue. An economics
5 student is researching the tribes’ collective A) below all three of the other industries
activity as a single industry. The student wants listed in the table.
to compare the ________ B) below wholesale trade but above both
construction and administration/waste.
C) above all three of the other industries
listed in the table.
D) above either administration/waste or
construction and nearly equal to
wholesale trade.

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 1 1

Jia Hu and colleagues hypothesized that

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46
workplace leaders who reflect on lessons learned Which choice best describes data in the graph
from past mistakes are likely to exhibit more that support the researchers' conclusion?
Line humility than leaders who don’t engage in such
5 reflection. To test this, the team placed 301 A) The managers who reflected on a past
managers in one of three groups. Participants in mistake that resulted in learning
two experimental groups were asked to reflect exhibited more humility on average than
on a mistake, one group focusing on a mistake the managers in the other two groups did.
that resulted in learning and the other group B) None of the three groups' average
10 focusing on a mistake that didn't result in humility scores exceeded 3.5.
learning. Participants in a control group were C) The managers in the control group
asked to reflect on their daily routine. All the exhibited only slightly less humility on
participants then described how they would average than the managers in the two
respond to a workplace scenario. After experimental groups did.
15 evaluating the responses for evidence of
D) All three groups exhibited less humility
humility, the researchers concluded that their on average than the researchers expected.
hypothesis was correct.

CO NTI N U E
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A telescope allows us to see very faint objects 47

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mostly due to the large size of the opening that Which choice best describes data from the
light passes through, known as the aperture. table that support the amateur astronomer’s
Line Like the pupil in the human eye, the larger the claim?
5 diameter of a telescope's aperture, the fainter
the objects we can detect with it. An amateur A) Only Sk -69° 249 A can be seen from
astronomer claims that she likely could see Earth using a telescope with a 60 mm
most, but not all, of the stars in the table while aperture.
using a telescope with a 160-millimeter (mm) B) Only Sk -69° 249 A has a mass below 145
10 aperture. solar masses.
C) Only HSH95-46 requires a telescope with
a minimum aperture greater than 160
mm to be visible from Earth.
D) Only VFTS 482 is further than 163,000
light-years from Earth.

CO NTI N U E
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A report from an international organization

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48
that monitors the numbers of women serving as Which choice most effectively uses data from
judges or magistrates on various nations' highest the graph to complete the example?
Line courts, such as the Supreme Court of Justice in
5 Mexico and the Supreme Court in the A) in 2010, Peru had 3 women on its high
Philippines, found that the overall trend is courts, the Philippines had 3, and Mexico
toward more women serving on the high courts had 3.
in 2010 than in 1980. For example, none of the B) the increase in the number of women on
countries in the graph had more than 2 women the high courts from 1980 to 2010 in Peru
10 in these positions in 1980, but ________ was greater than that in either the
Philippines or Mexico.
C) neither Peru nor the Philippines saw a
reduction in the women on their high
courts in arty of the years shown on the
graph, but Mexico did after 1990.
D) Mexico had 2 women on its high courts
in 1980 and 3 in 2010.

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 1 1

The Girl Scouts of America is a youth 49

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organization that had just over 1 million Which choice most effectively uses data from
members in 2021. A student is writing an essay the table to complete the statement?
Line on the history of the organization and wishes to
5 determine the number of members from 14 to A) 185
17 years old who were in the Girl Scouts in B) 727
1995, According to the table, the number (in C) 45
thousands) is ________
D) 52

For centuries, people in Ireland and 50

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Northern Ireland have been finding deposits of Which choice most effectively uses data from
valuable objects, called hoards, that earlier the table to complete the statement?
Line people buried. These discoveries have persisted
5 into the 2000s; for example, ________ A) the Broighter Hoard, Coggalbeg Hoard,
and Carrick-on-Suir Hoard have all been
found since 1896.
B) the Carrick-on-Suir Hoard was found in
2013.
C) the Carrick-on-Suir Hoard was found
after the Broighter Hoard.
D) the Broighter Hoard and Coggalbeg
Hoard were both found after 2000.

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 1 1

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Nora Ephron’s 1983 novel Heartburn is 51
regularly described as autobiographical. That Which choice most logically completes the
characterization is apt—there are many text?
Line parallels between the experiences of the novel's
5 narrator, Rachel Samstat, and those of Ephron A) overemphasizing the extent to which
—but it should not be taken to mean that all the Ephron took inspiration from earlier
people and events depicted in Heartburn are writers.
based on actual people and events. The novel is B) positing unsupportable connections
largely pure invention, and readers who neglect between Heartburn and Ephron’s life.
10 this fact and instead try to identify more and
C) misrepresenting Heartburn as being more
more real-life analogues thus risk ________
widely read than it actually is.
D) minimizing the fact that Ephron drew on
real-world material when writing
Heartburn.

The bird species Saltator grossus (the slate- 52

colored grosbeak), which weighs about 45 Vhich finding, if true, would most directly
grams, and Microbates collaris (the collared support Martinez and colleagues’ hypothesis?
Line gnatwren), which weighs about 10 grams, share
5 territory in Trench Guiana with Thamnomanes A) When Martinez and colleagues played T.
caesius (the cinereous antshrike), which emits a caesius alarm calls, only bird species
loud alarm call when it detects predators. larger than S. grossus displayed predator-
Biologist Ari Martinez and colleagues, who avoidance behavior.
studied the ecological community these species B) M. collaris displayed predator-avoidance
10 share, hypothesized that since there is an inverse behavior when Martinez and colleagues
relationship between body size and vulnerability played T. caesius alarm calls as well as
to predation, there will also be an inverse when the researchers played control
relationship between body size and sensitivity to sounds of random noise.
predator warning signals from neighboring C) Many bird species smaller than S. grossus
15 species. displayed predator-avoidance behavior in
response to T. caesius alarm calls played
by Martinez and colleagues, but none
smaller than M. collaris did.
D) M. collaris displayed predator-avoidance
behavior in response to T. caesius alarm
calls played by Martinez and colleagues,
whereas S. grossus did not.
 1 1
The Bronze Age in Britain lasted from around 53

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2500 BCE to approximately 700 BCE. Which choice most logically completes the
Collections of metal items (called hoards) from text?
Line all periods of the Bronze Age have been found in
5 Britain, including the Arreton Down hoard of A) both the Arreton Down hoard and the
artifacts from the 17th century BCE, unearthed Hollingbourne hoard, only the latter
around 1735, and the much later Hollingbourne included evidence of more refined sword
hoard of artifacts from the 10th century BCE, production.
unearthed around 2003. Sometime in the Middle B) hoards discovered before 2003, no such
10 Bronze Age (approximately from the 14th evidence was found in hoards that were
century BCE to the 10th century BCE), discovered later.
metalsmiths in Britain began to develop swords C) the Arreton Down hoard, no intact swords
for the first lime. This fact helps explain why, were found among the items in the hoard.
whereas evidence of sword production was
D) the Hollingbourne hoard, no such
15 found in ________
evidence was found in the Arreton Down
hoard.

Mongolia, which, according to international 54

indices, has relatively strong democratic Which choice most logically completes the
institutions and low intranational income text?
Line inequality, experienced an inflation rate of
5 4.30% in 2017, whereas Cameroon, which shows A) it would be a mistake to treat the relative
the opposite pattern on such indices, had an inflation rates of Mongolia and Cameroon
inflation rate of only 0.64% that year. Such as indicative of an inherent shortcoming in
comparisons have engendered speculation that democratic institutions with regard to
by diluting control over the economy, control over inflation.
10 democratic institutions inhibit states' ability to B) speculations about the relative inability of
counteract inflationary pressures. To test this democratic institutions to counteract
possibility systematically, Raj Desai et al. inflation are based on measures that tend to
examined democratic strength, intranational exaggerate the levels of inflation in strongly
inequality, and inflation in more than 100 democratic countries such as Mongolia.
15 countries, finding that democratic strength, if C) the factors that contributed to Mongolia’s
associated with low inequality, restrains elevated inflation rate relative to
inflationary pressures, suggesting that ________ Cameroon's have less to do with the
countries’ political institutions than with the
countries' levels of income inequality.
D) the difference between Mongolia and
Cameroon with regard to democratic
institution strength may have been greater
in 2017 than was represented by
international indices.

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 1 1
The great blue heron and the small dark 55

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heron are long-legged birds that live in Which choice most logically completes the
wetlands, like the Everglades in Florida. Laura text?
Line D'Acunto and colleagues wanted to know how
5 these birds choose an area in which to live. A) attract small dark herons to the area than
They looked at features of the birds' habitats, they are to attract great blue herons to the
such as the geographic location of the area and area.
how deep the water is during the birds’ B) extend the average lifespan of great blue
breeding season. They found that great blue herons already in the area than they are to
10 herons prefer areas with deep water during attract a greater number of those birds to
breeding season, but that was not true for small the area.
dark herons. The researchers concluded that C) attract birds that don’t typically live in
water management strategies that increase the wetlands to the area than they are to attract
depth of water in potential wetland bird great blue herons or small dark herons to
15 habitats during breeding season are therefore the area.
less likely to ________ D) decrease the area’s appeal to both great blue
herons and small dark herons than they are
to increase the appeal to both.

Evan MacLean and colleagues evaluated 56

behavioral and genetic data from over 14.000 Which choice most logically completes the
dogs, representing more than 100 breeds, and text?
Line found that certain similarities in behavior
5 between breeds correspond to genetic A) their similarities with respect to that
similarities between those breeds, suggesting a behavior could result from a shared aspect
genetic basis for breed differences in behavior. of their genetics.
This was the case for both dog rivalry and B) individual French bulldogs likely display
energy but was especially pronounced for higher levels of chasing than individual
10 chasing, which can be seen when a dog pursues bullmastiffs.
small animals like birds or squirrels. A different
C) French bulldogs and bullmastiffs show a
study found that the French bulldog and the
greater tendency toward chasing than
bullmaatifl breeds exhibit similar chasing most other dog breeds do.
behavior, suggesting that ________
D) the two breeds will likely become less
genetically similar over time.

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 1 1
Buried collections of Bronze Age metal 57

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items (called boards) have been found all over Which choice most logically completes the
Britain. For hoards discovered since the 1960s, text?
Line such as the 1965 discovery of the Waldersiade
5 hoard, advancements like inexpensive metal A) include gold jewelry.
detectors, ground-penetrating radar, and aerial B) result from artifacts being unearthed
surveys have made it much easier for searchers accidentally.
to locate hoards before putting the first shovel C) include rare items from the 10th
in the ground. Hoards found before the 1960s, century BCE.
10 however, such as the discovery of the
D) occur before the ground was disturbed.
Auchnacree hoard around 1921, were not
aided by such technologies and thus were
much more likely to ________

The state of Wisconsin has classified the 58

walnut twig beetle as an invasive species that Which choice most logically completes the
could harm some of the state's native species. text?
Line But researchers Alejandro Camacho and Jason
5 Mclachlan have pointed out that “invasive" and A) the state was previously home to some
“native” are labels that describe temporary walnut twig beetles but they were
circumstances. Changes in Earth’s climate may outcompeted by invading species.
force animals from their current ranges. Climate B) it’s useful at present for the state to
changes may also create good habitats in areas distinguish between invasive and native
10 where a species couldn’t live previously. In the species in some instances but not in the
case of Wisconsin, these observations suggest case of the walnut twig beetle.
that ________ C) even if Earth 's climate doesn't change in
the way scientists predict, the walnut twig
beetle will likely establish itself in the
state.
D) the state’s designation of the walnut twig
beetle as invasive may be appropriate now
but not in the future.

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 1 1

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In May of 1986, the Philippines liberalized its 59
stock market, meaning that it began allowing Which choice most logically completes the
foreign individuals and businesses to invest text?
Line money in Filipino companies. This was part of a
5 wave of stock market liberalizations around the A) companies in Malaysia experienced a
world—Malaysia in 1987, Morocco in 1988, and greater increase in investment following
so on. The standard view among economists at liberalization than did companies in the
the time was that liberalization would make it Philippines.
easier for companies to raise money from B) economists who held the standard view
10 investors. Economist Peter Blair Henry of liberalization failed to anticipate some
examined the economies of 11 countries that serious negative effects of liberalization.
were part of the liberalization wave and found C) companies did not benefit from
that, on average, companies based in those liberalization until at least three years
countries received significant increases in after liberalization occurred.
15 investment in the three years following D) empirical evidence was consistent with
liberalization, suggesting that ________ the scholarly consensus about the
consequences of liberalization.

The following text is from Nathaniel 60

Hawthorne’s 1830 short story “Sir William Which choice best states the main idea of
Phips.” the text?

Few of the personages of past times (except A) Historians and biographers should write
such as have gained renown in fireside legends about little-known people as well as
as well as in written history) are anything but famous people.
Line mere names to their successors. They seldom B) The lives of historical figures are usually
5 stand up in our Imaginations like men. The documented as a collection of facts,
knowledge, communicated by the historian and rather than as a representation of their
biographer, is analogous to that which we personalities.
acquire of a country by the map—minute, C) Historians should record fictional stories
perhaps, and accurate, and available for all told about famous figures as well as
10 necessary purposes, but cold and naked, and stories that are strictly truthful.
wholly destitute of the mimic charm produced D) Paintings may be more beautiful than
by landscape painting. maps, but maps are more useful than
paintings.

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Extra Vocab
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Ms. Turner was an ______ opponent, one 1

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who never swerved from her purpose and Which choice completes the text with the
would never compromise or yield. most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) inexorable
B) ambivalent
C) eloquent
D) impassive

The beauty of Mount McKinley is usually 2

cloaked: clouds ______ the summit nine days Which choice completes the text with the
out of ten. most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) elevate
B) entangle
C) shroud
D) attain

By allowing one printer to be used by 3

several computers, this device ______ the need Which choice completes the text with the
for many separate printers. most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) accelerates
B) predetermines
C) substantiates
D) precludes

In an attempt to malign and misrepresent 4

their opponents, some candidates resort to Which choice completes the text with the
______. most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) arbitration
B) calumny
C) tenacity
D) solicitude

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 1 1
Castillo's poetry has generated only 5

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
enthusiastic response: praise from the general Which choice completes the text with the
public and ______ from the major critics. most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) condemnation
B) sarcasm
C) plaudits
D) irony

Leslie thoroughly ______ the text to avoid 6

any lawsuits that might arise because of the Which choice completes the text with the
new obscenity law. most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) condensed
B) delineated
C) exterminated
D) expurgated

The skepticism of some ancient 7

philosophers ______ and helps to elucidate Which choice completes the text with the
varieties of nihilism that appeared in the early most logical and precise word or phrase?
nineteenth century.
A) suppresses
B) disseminates
C) confounds
D) foreshadows

In 1991 salsa ______ ketchup as the best- 8

selling condiment in the United States, Which choice completes the text with the
outselling ketchup by $40 million in retail most logical and precise word or phrase?
stores.
A) supplanted
B) augmented
C) brandished
D) evaded

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 1 1
The Earth's oceans sustain a _____ of 9

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marine creatures, an abundance that makes Which choice completes the text with the
the seas teem with life and activity. most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) profusion
B) configuration
C) symmetry
D) dimension

The gentle flow of the speaker’s words 10

became increasingly balanced and rhythmic; Which choice completes the text with the
such ______ oratory was quite hypnotic. most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) convoluted
B) cadent
C) adulatory
D) impassioned

The ______ of the art world, its “apparent 11

inviolability," was sullied in 1997 when Which choice completes the text with the
investigators uncovered several dubious art most logical and precise word or phrase?
transactions.
A) duplicity
B) sacrosanctity
C) perspicuity
D) verisimilitude

Steven tried hard to give up sweets, but he 12

found it particularly difficult to ______ Which choice completes the text with the
chocolate. most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) extol
B) impugn
C) forgo
D) relish

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 1 1
Robb Armstrong's Jump Start fills a void in 13

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the cartoon industry, namely, a _____ of Which choice completes the text with the
comic strips representing African Americans. most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) spate
B) dearth
C) dispersal
D) consensus

Under ethical guidelines recently adopted 14

by the National Institutes of Health, human Which choice completes the text with the
genes are to be manipulated only to correct most logical and precise word or phrase?
diseases for which ______ treatments are
unsatisfactory. A) similar
B) most
C) uncommon
D) alternative

It was her view that the country’s problems 15

had been ______ by foreign technocrats, so Which choice completes the text with the
that to invite them to come back would be most logical and precise word or phrase?
counterproductive.
A) attacked
B) ascertained
C) exacerbated
D) analyzed

Winsor McCay, the cartoonist, could draw 16

with incredible ______: his comic strip about Which choice completes the text with the
Little Nemo was characterized by marvelous most logical and precise word or phrase?
draftmanship and sequencing.
A) sincerity
B) efficiency
C) virtuosity
D) energy

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 1 1
This poetry is not ______; it is more likely 17

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to appeal to an international audience than is Which choice completes the text with the
poetry with strictly regional themes. most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) familiar
B) democratic
C) technical
D) provincial

The significance of the Magna Carta lies not 18

in its ______ provisions, but in its broader Which choice completes the text with the
impact: it made the king subject to the law. most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) specific
B) revolutionary
C) implicit
D) finite

In the British theater young people under 19

thirty-five have not had much ______ getting Which choice completes the text with the
recognition onstage, but offstage—in the ranks most logical and precise word or phrase?
of playwrights, directors, designers,
administrators—they have mostly been A) trouble
relegated to relative obscurity. B) satisfaction
C) curiosity about
D) success at

An institution concerned about its 20

reputation is at the mercy of the actions of its
Which choice completes the text with the
members, because the misdeeds of individuals most logical and precise word or phrase?
are often used to ______ the institutions of
which they are a part. A) reform
B) coerce
C) discredit
D) intimidate

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If animal parents were judged by human 21

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standards, the cuckoo would be one of nature’s Which choice completes the text with the
more ______ creatures, blithely laying its eggs most logical and precise word or phrase?
in the nests of other birds and leaving the
incubating and nurturing to them. A) mettlesome
B) industrious
C) lackluster
D) feckless

Many Americans believe that individual 22

initiative epitomized the 1890’s and see the Which choice completes the text with the
entrepreneur as the ______ of that age. most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) caricature
B) salvation
C) aberration
D) personification

There has been a tendency among art 23

historians not so much to revise as to eliminate Which choice completes the text with the
the concept of the Renaissance—to ______ not most logical and precise word or phrase?
only its uniqueness, but its very existence.
A) extol
B) transmute
C) contest
D) regret

Employees had become so inured to the 24

caprices of top management’s personnel Which choice completes the text with the
policies that they greeted the announcement of most logical and precise word or phrase?
a company-wide dress code with ______.
A) impassivity
B) resentment
C) apprehension
D) astonishment

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