Thầy Minh’s Education Studio

Reading

Practice Test 4
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There are many famous examples of election 1

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pollsters making inaccurate predictions in Which choice completes the text with the
presidential elections. But neuroscientist and most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line election pollster Sam Wang has said that these
5 prediction failures should not lead campaigns to A) distort
________ election polling entirely. Polling is B) neglect
about more than just predicting the winner; C) enact
throughout campaigns, it helps strategists
D) supplement
identify where their efforts are most likely to be
10 effective.

The following text is adapted from John 2

Matheus’s 1926 short story, “Mr. Bradford As used in the text, what does the word
Teaches Sunday School.” Mr. Bradford is “display” most nearly mean?
driving through the countryside in Florida.
A) Reproduction
The moss in the towering water oaks had B) Concealment
become enlivened with a verdant sheen of silver C) Pretentiousness
and hung like festoons of carnival or like funeral
decorations for the mourning of the dead. The D) Exhibition
Line
5 pine green was resplendent. The bald cypresses
spread themselves along the water courses while
the willows wept as they always did. Mr.
Bradford was conscious of this gorgeous display
of nature.

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New and interesting research conducted by 3

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Suleiman A. Al-Sweedan and Moath Alhaj is Which choice completes the text with the
inspired by their observation that though most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line studies of the effect of high altitude on blood
5 chemistry are ________, the effect on blood A) abundant
chemistry of living in locations below sea level, B) equivocal
such as the California towns of Niland and C) sporadic
Heber, has received comparatively little notice.
D) preliminary

Despite stated claims of global relevance, 4

much major research on income inequality Which choice completes the text with the
performed in the 2010s suffered from a myopic most logical and precise word or phrase?
focus on a few countries in North America and
Western Europe, partly due to limited data A) validate
availability. Researchers would later ________ B) presuppose
this shortcoming after gaining new access to C) categorize
administrative records located in nations in
South America, such as Brazil, and Eastern D) mitigate
Europe, such as Russia.

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One popular theory of the origin of the 5

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Moon, the “big whack,” posits that a Which choice completes the text with the
protoplanet called Theia collided with Earth, most logical and precise word or phrase?
flinging debris into orbit that eventually
A) desultory
coalesced into the Moon. Until recently, Theia
was ________, but researcher Qian Yuan and B) notional
colleagues now claim to have identified pieces C) veritable
of the protoplanet in the lowermost section of D) spurious
Earth’s mantle.

Political blogs with conspicuous ideological 6

alignments became an integral component of Which choice completes the text with the
US media in the early 2000s. While some most logical and precise word or phrase?
commentators lauded this development,
asserting that such blogs had a welcome A) recalcitrant
transparency missing from traditional news, B) earnest
less ________ observers countered that such C) sanguine
blogs tended to ideological extremes that
exacerbated political polarization to D) misanthropic
problematic levels.

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Whether the reign of a French monarch such 7

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as Francis II or Louis XI was historically Which choice completes the text with the
consequential or relatively uneventful, its most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line trajectory was shaped by questions of legitimacy
5 and therefore cannot be understood without a A) assert
corollary understanding of the factors that B) reciprocate
allowed the monarch to ________ his right to C) annotate
hold the throne successfully.
D) disengage

Any effort to raise the toll that drivers must 8

pay to use the Ogdensburg-Prescott Bridge, Which choice completes the text with the
which spans the Saint Lawrence River to most logical and precise word or phrase?
connect New York State and Ontario, Canada,
should explain why a higher toll is necessary: no A) contentious
amount of justification, however, is likely to B) equivocal
persuade some drivers who believe the current C) exorbitant
toll is ________.
D) warranted

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Text corpora such as the British National 9

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Corpus are large collections of electronically Which choice completes the text with the
stored texts that can be used to determine the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line frequency of ________ words. (Words used
5 mainly in specialized or academic publications, A) trivial
on the other hand, tend to be poorly B) conventional
represented.) A corpus could reveal, for C) profound
example, that the word “world” is the eighth
D) accidental
most commonly used noun in standard English.

Diadromous fish migrate between freshwater 10

and marine biomes during their life cycle. Which choice completes the text with the
The migration’s obligate nature is why most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line diadromous fish can be ________ those
5 that are merely euryhaline (able to tolerate A) demarcated from
high salinity): the euryhaline blackchin B) reconstituted as
tilapia can survive high salinity, but its life C) derived from
cycle does not involve relocation to a
different biome, as does that of the D) conflated with
diadromous wild salmon.

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In 2016, Gabriela Gonzalez and team 11

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announced that a chirping sound captured by Which choice completes the text with the
Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line Observatory antennas was direct evidence of
5 gravitational waves, which skeptics had argued A) discretion
would be too faint for detection. Detailed B) ambiguity
statistical analysis helped preclude claims of the C) probability
event’s ________, confirming the signal at a
D) inconspicuousness
confidence level of over 99%.

Possessing an outstanding collection of 12

public art, Chicago has everything from Which choice completes the text with the
monumental sculptures like Anish Kapoor’s most logical and precise word or phrase?
Cloud Gate at sites like Millennium Park to
innovative street art like Amuse 126’s mural A) controversy over
High Tide located on South State Street. The B) breadth of
________ public art on display in the city can
C) apathy toward
thus satisfy any art lover.
D) confusion about

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As with other river deltas, the Danube River 13

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delta is ________: it is a constantly evolving Which choice completes the text with the
network of channels and strips of land that most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line change in size and shape as the river deposits
5 new sedimentary particles where the river A) immutable
meets the waters of the Black Sea. B) unrivaled
C) sustainable
D) dynamic

A survey found that in April 2022, 7.6 14

percent of subscribers to fashion and apparel Which choice completes the text with the
services canceled their subscriptions. Reducing most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line this kind of subscriber turnover is especially
5 challenging for subscription sellers: customers’ A) subside
initial enthusiasm for a subscription is often B) rejuvenate
quick to ________, and sellers must thus devise C) converge
other incentives to bolster retention.
D) resolve

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The fossil remains of the individual known as 15

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Oase 1, discovered in Romania in 2002, can help Which choice completes the text with the
paleoanthropologists not only ________ steps most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line in the evolution of hominids but also illuminate
5 the Pleistocene epoch generally, revealing A) exploit
important details about the time in which Oase B) prioritize
1 lived. C) yield
D) discern

Some social scientists say that while a desire 16

for cooperation rather than conflict is key to Which choice completes the text with the
democracy, public understanding of economics most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line is also central to public comprehension of state
5 politics, and if a citizenry is to function, A) unattainable
economic issues cannot remain the domain B) equitable
only of experts. In short, knowledge of C) commonplace
economics is not ________ and must not be left
D) superfluous
to economists alone.

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The following text is adapted from John 17

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Matheus’s 1925 short story "Fog." A train has Which choice completes the text with the
stopped at a station, where heavy fog has set in. most logical and precise word or phrase?

The little conductor stood on tiptoe in an A) bypassed

effort to keep one hand on the signal rope, B) enrolled
craning his neck in a vain and dissatisfied C) valued
endeavor to pierce the miasma of the fog. The
Line D) registered
5 motorman chafed in his box, thinking of the
drudging lot of the laboring man. He displayed
discontent.

Originating in the traditional stories of the 18

Kanaka Maoli, the Native Hawaiian people, the Which choice completes the text with the
literature of Hawaii has a rich history that was most logical and precise word or phrase?
later brought to international prominence by
writers such as Mary Kawena Pukui. Now, by A) contemplated
producing acclaimed works, Gary Pak has B) subverted
________ his place in that literary tradition. C) solidified
D) extricated

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In a 2018 article about films depicting the 19

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experiences of Black Americans, critics for the Which choice completes the text with the
New York Times praise Madeline Anderson's most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line 1970 film I Am Somebody as "galvanizing” and
5 Reginald Hudlin’s 1990 film House Party as A) impartiality
"exuberant." Fans of the two films hope that B) ambivalence
such ________ will attract new audiences to
C) foresight
these works.
D) acclaim

Mauricio Drelichman and Hans-Joachim 20

Voth's analysis of the overall debt and revenue Which choice completes the text with the
of the government of Philip II (who ruled an most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line empire including Spain and Sicily from 1556 to
5 1598) found an intriguing ________: although A) harbinger
the government regularly defaulted on debt, it B) exemplar
ran an even larger overall surplus than did the
C) sanction
government of eighteenth-century Britain,
which historians consider a model of fiscal D) incongruity
virtue.

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The following text is from George Marion 21

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McClellan’s 1895 poem "Eternity". Which choice best states the main purpose of
the text?
Line My spirit swoons, and all my senses cry
5 For Ocean’s breast and covering of the sky. A) To justify the speaker’s qualms about
Rock me to sleep, ye waves, and outward being transported by the ocean to a quiet
bound destination
Just let me drift far out from toil and care, B) To contrast the demands of the speaker’s
Where lapping of the waves shall be the everyday life with the serenity of being
10 sound rocked to sleep by the ocean
Which mingled with the winds that gently C) To illustrate the increasing intensity of
bear the speaker's desire to escape ongoing
Me on between a peaceful sea and sky, hardship by gliding on the ocean
To make my soothing slumberous lullaby.
D) To convey the speaker’s longing for the
ocean to impart a sense of inner
tranquility

Eighteenth-century economist Adam Smith 22

is famed for his metaphor of the invisible hand, Which choice best states the main idea of the
which he putatively used to illustrate a robust text?
Line model of how individuals produce aggregate
5 benefits by pursuing their own economic A) The reputation of Smith’s metaphor of the
interests. Note “putatively”: as Gavin Kennedy invisible hand is not due to the importance
has shown, Smith deploys this metaphor only of the metaphor in Smith’s work but rather
once in his economic writings—to make a to the promotion of the metaphor by some
narrow point about the then-dominant later economists for their own ends.
10 economic theory of mercantilism—and it was B) Smith’s metaphor of the invisible hand has
largely ignored until some twentieth-century been interpreted as a model of how
economists eager to secure an intellectual individuals acting in their own interest
pedigree for their views elevated it to a fully- produce aggregate benefits, but it was
fledged paradigm. intended as a subtle critique of the economic
theory of mercantilism.
C) Some twentieth-century economists gave
Smith’s metaphor of the invisible hand a
significance it does not have in Smith’s
work, but it is nevertheless a useful model of
how individuals produce aggregate benefits
by pursuing their own economic interests.
D) Although Smith is famed for his metaphor
of the invisible hand, the metaphor was
largely ignored until economists in the
twentieth century came to realize that the
metaphor was a robust model that
anticipated their own views.
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The following text is from George Eliot’s 23

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1857 short story “The Sad Fortunes of the Rev. Which choice best states the main idea of the
Amos Barton.” In the text, the narrator text?
addresses the reader directly and alludes to a
discussion among Rev. Amos Barton's A) Although people seek to be viewed as
neighbors. virtuous, the most insignificant setbacks
will often inhibit them from being so.
It was happy for the Rev. Amos Barton that B) People tend to fixate more often than
he did not, like us, overhear the conversation they should on whether their
recorded in the last chapter. Indeed, what acquaintances think highly of them.
Line mortal is there of us, who would find his C) People are better off not knowing about
5 satisfaction enhanced by an opportunity of the discrepancy between their own self-
comparing the picture he presents to himself of image and what others think of them.
his own doings, with the picture they make on
D) Although people appreciate the value of
the mental retina of his neighbours? We are
being truthful, they are generally
poor plants buoyed up by the air-vessels of our
unwilling to point out others' failings.
10 own conceit: alas for us, if we get a few pinches
that empty us of that windy self-subsistence!
The very capacity for good would go out of us.

The following text is adapted from Jerome K. 24

Jerome’s 1889 novel Three Men in a Boat (To Which choice best states the main idea of the
Say Nothing of the Dog). The narrator is text?
traveling by boat with Harris and another
friend. A) Harris is worried that the captain will
start to feel sick during this boat trip.
[Harris] told us anecdotes of how he had B) Harris has a hard time remembering his
gone across the [English] Channel when it was first trip across the English Channel when
so rough that the passengers had to be tied into his friends ask about it.
Line their beds, and he and the captain were the only C) When Harris speaks of an earlier trip, he
5 two living souls on board who were not ill. often changes the details but always brags
Sometimes it was he and the second mate who about his own wellness.
were not ill; but it was generally he and one
D) Harris spent most of his time with a
other man. If not he and another man, then it
particular passenger during a previous
was he by himself.
boat trip.

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The following text is from Reyna Grande’s 25

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2012 memoir The Distance Between Us. In the Which choice best states the main purpose of
text, Grande is reflecting on experiences she had the text?
as a child. Abuela Evila is her grandmother,
Elida is her cousin, and Mago and Carlos are A) To give an example of a typical
her siblings. interaction between Grande’s siblings
B) To describe a regular occurrence from
Every few days, Abuela Evila washed Elida’s Grande’s childhood
hair with lemon water because, according to C) To illustrate how Grande’s relationship
her, lemon juice cleans the impurities of the hair with Elida grew over time
Line and makes it shiny and healthy. In the
D) To explain how Grande felt about a
5 afternoons, she would fill up a bucket from the
location where she spent time as a child
water tank, pick a few lemons from the tree, and
squeeze the juice into the water.

Mago, Carlos, and I would hide behind a

pink oleander bush and watch their ritual
10 through the narrow leaves. Abuela Evila washed
Elida's hair as if she were washing an expensive
silk rebozo.

The following text is from Anthony Trollope’s 26

1855 novel The Warden. Charles James is the Which choice best states the function of the
son of a high-ranking clergy member. phrase "if he had one” in the text as a whole?

Charles James was an exact and careful boy; A) It concedes that Charles James’s attempts
he never committed himself; he well knew how to gain the approval of those who know
much was expected from the eldest son of the him are sometimes to little avail.
Line Archdeacon of Barchester, and was therefore B) It signals a shift in focus from describing
5 mindful not to mix too freely with other boys. Charles James's fine traits to criticizing
He had not the great talents of his younger his tendency to excessively fear being the
brothers, but he exceeded them in judgment and source of conflict.
propriety of demeanour; his fault, if he had one, C) It acknowledges that the qualities in
was an over-attention to words instead of things; Charles James the narrator goes on to
10 there was a thought too much finesse about him, describe may not actually be undesirable
and, as even his father sometimes told him, he characteristics.
was too fond of a compromise.
D) It anticipates readers’ objections to the
narrator’s criticism of Charles James's
faults.

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Vertical gene transfer involves the 27

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transmission of genetic material from a parent Which choice best describes the function of
to offspring. Horizontal gene transfer, on the the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
Line other hand, involves the exchange of genetic
5 material between organisms not in a parent- A) It contrasts the frequency with which a
offspring relationship. While horizontal gene biological phenomenon has been
transfer is common among prokarvotes-single- detected in two categories of organisms.
celled organisms, such as the bacteria B) It argues that two biological phenomena
Brevundimonas diminuta and Massilia timonae, are more similar than they may initially
10 it has rarely been observed among eukaryotes appear to be.
(multicellular organisms). However, new studies C) It explains why a common perception of
suggest that horizontal gene transfer is more a biological process is flawed.
common in eukaryotes than originally thought.
D) It indicates a distinction between the
mechanics of two kinds of biological
processes.

Some researchers have characterized the flora 28

and fauna of the South Pacific island of Grande Which statement about the view put forward by
Terre as members of clades that inhabited “some researchers” is best supported by
Line nearby islands before Grande Terre completely information in the text?
5 emerged 37 million years ago. Thomas R.
Buckley et al. found that the crown age (the age A) The view could be true of Grande Terre's
of the most recent common ancestor of all living stick insects but is not true of the island's
and extinct species in the clade) of the clade of flea beetles.
stick insects on Grande Terre is approximately B) The view has some empirical support but
10 41.1 million years, while Jesús Gómez-Zurita et is weakened by the findings of Buckley et
al. found that the crown age of the clade of flea al.
beetles on Grande Terre is approximately 12.8 C) The view suggests that Grande Terre may
million years. have emerged as early as 41.1 million
years ago.
D) The view depends on inaccurate
assumptions about the crown ages of the
clades of stick insects and flea beetles on
Grande Terre.

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Poetry in Classical Nahuatl, the language of 29

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the Aztec Empire, relies on difrasismo, or a Which statement about the difrasismo in
parallel noun construction that conventionally cuauhtli in ocelotl is most strongly supported
Line operates as a single metaphor. For example, the by the text?
5 common difrasismo in cuauhtli in ocelotl
(literally, “the eagle, the jaguar") signifies A) Its frequency in Classical Nahuatl poetry
“warrior." The device’s function is both formal confirms its intelligibility to the Aztec
—providing structure to lines of verse—and audience.
ritual: semantic relations among the two nouns B) Its unintelligibility may cause its formal
10 and the concept they signify can be tenuous, as function within a line of verse to go
in the previous example, such that difrasismos unnoticed by present-day readers.
are often only intelligible according to the C) Its apparent obscurity can be resolved
conceptual associations observed in Aztec when considered in the proper cultural
ceremonial culture. context.
D) Its metaphorical significance derives
from the semantic equivalence of the two
nouns constituting the difrasismo.

The following text is from Virginia Woolf's 30

1919 novel Night and Day. The narrator The text makes which point about the people
describes a gathering of artists and intellectuals. at the gathering?

One person after another rose, and, as with A) Each is contemptuous of the other
an ill-balanced axe, attempted to hew out his attendees but strives to impress them.
conception of art a little more clearly, and sat B) Each fails at presenting a wholly coherent
Line down with the feeling that, for some reason vision of art but does not understand
5 which he could not grasp, his strokes had gone why.
awry. As they sat down they turned almost C) Each becomes entangled in a debate
invariably to the person sitting next them, and about art, and no one knows how to
rectified and continued what they had just said resolve the debate.
in public.
D) Each delights in speaking publicly about
abstract subjects but detests speaking
privately about them.

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Mexican architect Luis Barragán's prolific 31
career, which spanned the 1920s to the 1980s, Information in the text best supports which
evolved through distinct phases. After traveling statement about the design of the house in
Line to the United States and Europe in the early Calle Liceo?
5 1930s and immersing himself in a broader
architectural discourse, Barragán began A) It represents a transitional moment
incorporating principles derived from between the early and late phases of
functionalism and modernism in his work, as Barragan's development.
seen in the houses in Avenida Parque Mexico, B) It is characteristic of the Guadalajaran
10 whose unadorned geometric forms contrast architecture that influenced Barragán
with his earlier projects in Guadalajara, such as throughout his career.
the house in Calle Liceo, which evince the
C) It reflects an approach to ornamentation
aesthetics of traditional Mediterranean and
and shape that Barragán later stopped
Mexican styles.
using.
D) It displays the effects of Barragán's
exposure to international architectural
trends in the 1930s.

Memoirs of Elleanor Eldridge is an 1838 32

historical account by Elleanor Eldridge and Which quotation from Memoirs of Elleanor
Frances Harriet Whipple Green. In the book, Eldridge most effectively illustrates the claim?
Line the authors describe how restorative sleep can
5 be for young people, writing, ________ A) “Then let no one turn with too much
[fussiness] from the simple story of the
humble Elleanor, though it may contain
few, or none, of the thrilling charms of
poetry and passion.”
B) “Home is home, to the lowly as well as
the great; and no rank, or color, destroys
its sacred character, its power over the
mind, and the affections.”
C) “Blessed are the slumbers of the
innocent! They are kindlier than balm,
and they refresh and gladden the spirit of
childhood, like ministerings from a
better world.”
D) “And now, dear reader, a word with you.
What is done cannot be undone. We
cannot unravel this web of iniquity, and
extract justice from this mass of cruel
wrongs.”
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The Clouds is a 423 BCE play by 33

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Aristophanes, originally written in ancient Which choice most effectively uses a
Greek. At the time, professional intellectuals quotation from a translation of The Clouds to
Line called sophists taught paying customers a illustrate the claim?
5 variety of subjects and sometimes engaged in
what would now be described as research. A) Socrates, a sophist, explains why he
Aristophanes satirizes sophists' practices and studies astronomy while sitting in a
views as foolish, as seen when the character basket hanging a few feet off the ground,
________ saying, “I should not have rightly
discovered things celestial if I had not
suspended the intellect, and mixed the
thought in a subtle form with its kindred
air.”
B) Socrates, a sophist, says to a new
customer, “Come now; what do you now
wish to learn first of those things in none
of which you have ever been instructed?"
C) Strepsiades, after taking lessons from a
sophist, says to his son, “Approach, that
you may know more; and I will tell you a
thing, by learning which you will be a
man. But see that you do not teach this to
any one."
D) Strepsiades encourages his son to learn
to be a sophist, saying, “Reform your
habits as quickly as possible, and go and
learn what I advise."

Cane is a 1923 novel by Jean Toomer. In one 34

portion of the novel, Toomer establishes a Which quotation from Cane most effectively
contrast between the narrator’s attitude toward illustrates the claim?
Line life and the attitude of the narrator’s love
5 interest, Avey, writing, ________ A) “As time went on, [Avey’s] indifference to
things began to pique me; I was ambitious.
I left [our small hometown] earlier than she
did."
B) “I saw the dawn steal over Washington
[DC]. The Capitol dome looked like a gray
ghost ship drifting in from sea."
C) “The [train] engines of this valley have a
whistle, the echoes of which sound like
iterated gasps and sobs. I always think of
them as crude music from the soul of Avey.
D) “Avey was as silent as those great trees
whose tops we looked down upon. She has
always been like that. At least, to me."
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Text 1 35

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Based on the texts, the author of Text 2 would
In parts of New Zealand, the stoat is a major most likely agree with which statement about
predator of the house mouse. Researcher G.L. the “principle” mentioned in Text 1?
Blackwell and colleagues found that when this
Line predation pressure on house mice was A) It is plausible, but many of the studies
5 temporarily reduced, their numbers that support it have methodological
significantly increased. This finding illustrates a flaws.
foundational ecological principle: predators B) It has been challenged by some studies,
control prey population numbers. but the findings of those studies have not
been widely accepted.
Text 2 C) It may be true for some predators but
only because those predators share
William D. Gulsby and colleagues found that certain physical characteristics.
10 excluding coyotes from a site in the state of
Georgia where they typically prey on white- D) It has some evidential support, but it
tailed deer had no significant effect on white- should not be regarded as universally
tailed deer abundance. Many other predation applicable.
relief studies show an increase in prey
15 abundance, but those studies often focus on
small, rapidly reproducing prey, like birds,
mice, and frogs, rather than large, slowly
reproducing prey, like white-tailed deer, which
could account for the difference between those
20 results and Gulsby and colleagues’ results.

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Text 1 36

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The author of Text 2 would most likely argue
The world has always been a large place, but that the “outlook” mentioned in Text 1 is
in some senses it has become much smaller than
it was. As recently as the late nineteenth A) rare except among avid readers
Line century, the great science fiction writer Jules B) common among residents of small towns
5 Verne wrote the then-unbelievable novel C) insincere in its apparent optimism
Around the World in Eighty Days. Today we
can physically circumnavigate the world in one D) shared by relatively few people
day and electronically orbit the planet in just
eight seconds. A truly global outlook is feasible
10 now because of recent developments in
transportation and communications. People all
over the world have enthusiastically adopted
these innovations to reach out and touch others,
both physically and electronically, around the
15 globe.

Text 2

Our world, seemingly global, is in reality a

planet of thousands of the most varied and
never intersecting provinces. A trip around the
world is a journey from backwater to backwater,
20 each of which considers itself, in its isolation, a
shining star. For most people, the real world
ends on the threshold of their house, at the edge
of their village, or, at the very most, on the
border of their valley. That which is beyond is
25 unreal, unimportant, and even useless, whereas
that which we have at our fingertips, in our field
of vision, expands until it seems an entire
universe, overshadowing all else.

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Neuroscientist Kiyohito Iigaya and 37

colleagues developed a computational model to Which choice most effectively uses data from
predict how much a person will enjoy a the graph to complete the example?
Line particular work of art on a scale from 1 (not at
5 all) to 4 (very much). They then recruited A) P6 would derive more aesthetic pleasure
participants to use the same scale to rate several from abstract paintings than from cubist
sets of paintings in various styles and calculated paintings.
the correlation between the ratings predicted by
B) P6’s rating for abstract and cubist
the model and those reported by the
paintings would equal one another.
10 participants. Assuming participant P6 gave
equal ratings to the abstract and cubist C) P6 would derive less aesthetic pleasure
paintings, the data in the graph indicate the from abstract paintings than from cubist
model predicted that ________ paintings.
D) P6’s ratings for abstract and cubist
paintings would differ from one
another.

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 1 1

In an extensive review of existing literature, 38

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Léna de Framond and team cataloged the Which choice most effectively uses data from
prevalence of broken-wing display—a defensive the table to complete the conclusion?
Line behavior observed in Pluvialis dominica
5 (American golden plover) and many other A) incubation duration and capacity for
species—throughout the Aves class. multiple broods are more strongly
Documentation of the display in 285 species associated with the use of broken-wing
across 52 families suggests the behavior likely display than the number of parental
evolved independently multiple times, incubators is.
10 prompting the team to consider ecological and
B) among species with more than one
life-history characteristics with hypothesized
associations to the behavior's emergence, parental incubator, the use of broken-
including traits related to reproduction wing display is associated with greater
investment and future reproduction potential. incubation duration.
15 Based on their review of those traits, the team C) capacity for multiple broods, number of
concluded that ________ parental incubators, and incubation
duration are equally associated with the
use of broken-wing display.
D) broken-wing display is most often
observed in species with less opportunity
to reproduce in a year due to longer
incubation periods.

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 1 1

Honeybee hives consist mainly of hexagonal 39

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(six-sided) units called cells, in which queens Which choice most effectively uses data from
lay eggs. Hexagonal cells for eggs that develop the graph to complete the student’s
Line into nonreproductive workers are smaller than conclusion?
5 those for eggs that develop into reproductive
drones, though the size difference varies by A) both the western honeybee and the black
species. Difference in cell size results in a dwarf honeybee probably reserve eight-
construction problem—it's hard to neatly sided cells for drone eggs, while the
connect sections of small cells to sections of dwarf honeybee likely deposits drone
10 large cells—that worsens as the difference eggs in seven-sided cells.
increases. To fill in gaps between the sections
when building a hive, bees rely on cells that B) the western honeybee probably relies on
have more or fewer than six sides. A student many more geometrical shapes when
studying beehive structure consults data on constructing cells than either the dwarf
15 three species, concluding that ________ honeybee or the black dwarf honeybee
does.
C) cells for worker eggs are probably closer
in size to cells for drone eggs in the hives
of the western honeybee than in the hives
of the dwarf honeybee and the black
dwarf honeybee.
D) the percentage of hexagonal cells is
probably slightly lower in the hives of the
western honeybee than in the hives of the
dwarf honeybee and the black dwarf
honeybee.
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 1 1

In a study of urban physical expansion, Richa 40

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Mahtta et al. conducted a meta-analysis of more Which choice most effectively uses data from
than 300 cities worldwide to determine whether the graph to complete the statement?
Line urban land expansion (ULE) was more strongly
5 influenced by urban population growth or by A) countries in Region 1 experienced a
growth in gross domestic product (GDP) per slower rate of economic growth in the
capita, a measure of economic activity. Because period from 2000 to 2014 than countries
efficient national government is necessary to in Region 2 did, despite increasing
provide urban services and infrastructure that national government efficiency in Region
10 attract economic investment, Mahtta et al. 1.
propose that absent other factors, the
B) national governments of countries in
importance of GDP per capita growth to ULE
would likely increase relative to the importance Region 1 experienced declines in
of population growth as governments become efficiency in the period from 2000 to
15 more efficient. If true, this suggests the 2014 relative to the period from 1970 to
possibility that ________ 2000.
C) national governments of countries in
Region 1 and in Region 2 generally
became more efficient in the period from
2000 to 2014 than they had been in the
period from 1970 to 2000, but at different
rates.
D) national governments of most countries
in Region 2 became more efficient in the
period from 2000 to 2014 than they had
been in the period from 1970 to 2000, but
those of several countries in this region
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did not.
 1 1

To measure whether countries in free trade 41

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agreements (FTAs)—agreements among Which choice best describes data from the
nations to reduce tariffs, duties, and other trade graph that weaken the student's claim?
Line barriers—experience changes in total
5 agricultural exports, economist Kayode Ajewole A) Over the five years after El Salvador
and colleagues calculated average export joined CAFTA-DR, agricultural exports
growth rates for several countries over the five from El Salvador grew at a rate of about
years before and the five years after entering an 21.8 percent, which is higher than the
FTA with the United States. The graph shows rate over the five years before El Salvador
10 the results for three countries in the study. joined the agreement.
Consulting the graph, a student claims that
B) All the countries shown had positive
joining an FTA increases the rate of growth of a
country’s total agricultural exports. growth in agricultural exports over the
five years after joining their respective
FTAs, but their rates of export growth
varied.
C) Although agricultural exports from
Mexico decreased over the five years
before NAFTA, a reversal in this trend
was observed over the five years after
Mexico joined NAFTA.
D) Although agricultural exports from
Morocco grew over the five years after
Morocco joined MAFTA, their growth
rate was even higher in the five years
before MAFTA.
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 1 1

Interested in how differences in the color of 42

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dogs’ irises affect human responses to dogs, Which choice most effectively uses data from
Akitsugu Konno et al. showed close-up images the table to complete the statement?
Line of dogs’ faces to human participants and asked
5 them to rate the dogs’ traits and their own A) the more mature a dog was perceived to
attitudes toward the dogs. Konno et al. suggest be, the more likely participants were to
that differences in iris color led participants to rate it as having light irises.
view some dogs as more vulnerable and in need
B) participants favored the dogs in images 2
of protection than others and that this
and 11, which they rated as less mature
10 phenomenon could help explain the association
than the dogs in images 20 and 16.
the researchers observed between iris color and
participants’ inclinations to interact with or C) participants rated the dog in image 2 as
keep dogs, as illustrated by the finding that less mature than the dog in image 11 and
________ rated the dog in image 16 as less mature
than the dog in image 20.
D) dogs that participants rated as friendlier
were also dogs that participants indicated
a stronger willingness to interact with or
keep.

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 1 1
Almost all works of fiction contain references 43

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to the progression of time, including the time of Which finding from the study, if true, would
day when events in a story take place. In a 2020 most directly support the researchers’
Line study, Allen Kim, Charuta Pethe, and Steven conclusion?
5 Skiena claim that an observable pattern in such
references reflects a shift in human behavior A) Novels published after the year 1800
prompted by the spread of electric lighting in include the clock phrase 10 a.m. less
the late nineteenth century. The researchers often than novels published before the
drew this conclusion from an analysis of more year 1800 do.
10 than 50,000 novels spanning many centuries B) Among novels published in the
and cultures, using software to recognize and nineteenth century, implied time
tally both specific time references—that is, clock references become steadily more
phrases, such as 7 a.m. or 2:30 p.m.—and common than clock phrases as
implied ones, such as mentions of meals publication dates approach 1900.
15 typically associated with a particular time of C) The time references of noon (12 p.m.)
day. and midnight (12 a.m.) are used with
roughly the same frequency in the novels.
D) Novels published after 1880 contain
significantly more references to activities
occurring after 10 p.m. than do novels
from earlier periods.

Early Earth is thought to have been 44

characterized by a stagnant lid tectonic regime, Which finding, if true, would most directly
in which the upper lithosphere (the outer rocky support the researchers’ conclusion?
Line layer) was essentially immobile and there was no
5 interaction between the lithosphere and the A) Mantle-derived rocks older than 3.2
underlying mantle. Researchers investigated the billion years show significantly more
timing of the transition from a stagnant lid compositional diversity than lithospheric
regime to a tectonic plate regime, in which the rocks older than 3.2 billion years do.
lithosphere is fractured into dynamic plates that B) There is a positive correlation between the
10 in turn allow lithospheric and mantle material to age of lithospheric rocks and their
mix. Examining chemical data from lithospheric chemical similarity to mantle-derived
and mantle-derived rocks ranging from 285 rocks, and that correlation increases
million to 3.8 billion years old, the researchers significantly in strength at around 3.2
dated the transition to 3.2 billion years ago. billion years old.
C) Mantle-derived rocks younger than 3.2
billion years contain some material that is
not found in older mantle-derived rocks
but is found in older and
contemporaneous lithospheric rocks.
D) Among rocks known to be older than 3.2
billion years, significantly more are
mantle derived than lithospheric, but the
opposite is true for the rocks younger
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than 3.2 billion years.
 1 1
For its 1974 work Instant Mural, the Chicano 45

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art collective Asco taped members Patssi Valdez Which choice most logically completes the
and Humberto Sandoval to an outdoor wall in text?
Line East Los Angeles. The work is manifestly a
5 commentary on constraint, but many critics A) while Valdez’s presence in Instant Mural
focus on Valdez and the social constraints represents the social constraints placed
women faced at the time, which is on women at the time, Sandoval’s
understandable but leaves the presence of presence represents Chicano muralists’
Valdez’s male collaborator Sandoval frustration at their lack of recognition by
10 unexplained. We should instead consider that in the art establishment.
1974, the art establishment’s recognition of B) the main subject of Instant Mural is
Chicano artists was (and had long been) female Chicano artists’ experience of
restricted to sociohistorical muralists, leaving being doubly constrained by gender-role
nonmuralist Chicano artists—like Asco’s expectations and the marginalization of
15 members—struggling to even exhibit their work; certain types of art.
attending to this context opens an interpretation C) Instant Mural is best understood not as a
that accounts for all the evidence, allowing us to critique of the social constraints placed
conclude that ________ on women but rather as a critique of
sociohistorical muralists’ depictions of
Chicano culture.
D) Instant Mural is a reflection on the
constraining aesthetic expectations
placed on Chicano artists in general
rather than on the social constraints
placed on women specifically.

Pigments give paints and dyes their color. 46

Ocher is a mineral-based pigment used to make Which choice most logically completes the
several colors, including red. Red ocher gets its text?
Line color from iron oxide. Pigments can also be
5 plant-based: plant-based pigments contain a A) the pigments used by the Natufian
high level of carbon. In a 2023 study, beadmakers likely came from plants
archaeologists tested the red pigment on because ocher was difficult to find.
decorated beads made by members of the B) the Natufian beadmakers preferred to use
Natufian culture approximately 15,000 years ago. plant-based pigments because they are
10 The test showed that the pigment found on much brighter than mineral-based
several beads contained no iron but had a high pigments are.
level of carbon. This finding led the researchers C) the Natufian beads examined in the study
to conclude that ________ are the oldest surviving examples of the
use of plant-based pigments for decorating
beads.
D) the Natufian beadmakers used plant-based
pigments rather than ocher to decorate
some of the beads examined in the study.
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 Designed by Young Projects, Six Square 47

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
House demonstrates the increasing focus Which choice most logically completes the
among architects on developing eco-conscious text?
Line and sustainable buildings. One way to
5 accomplish this goal is through biophilic design, A) biophilic design considerations are
which incorporates elements that establish a exercised during both the conception
coherent physical and emotional relationship and execution of a new project.
among nature, human biology, and the B) architecture firms like Young Projects
building. Architects dedicated to this approach typically work with large crews in order
10 carefully contemplate every aspect of their to expedite the time it takes to build a
projects from location characteristics and initial new project.
materials selection to ultimate interior design
C) architecture firms like Young Projects
choices and building installation. Thus,
aim to use unique building materials for
________ each project that they design.
D) biophilic design prioritizes the emotional
effects on inhabitants rather than the
physical state of the natural
surroundings.

The morphological novelty of echinoderms 48

—marine invertebrates with radial symmetry, Which choice most logically completes the
usually starlike, around a central point— text?
Line impedes comparisons with most other animals,
5 in which bilateral symmetry on an anterior- A) despite the greater prevalence of anterior
posterior (head to tail) axis through a trunk is genes in sea stars’ genetic makeup,
typical. Particularly puzzling are sea stars, posterior genes active at the body's
thought to have evolved a headless layout from perimeter are primarily responsible for the
a known bilateral origin. Applying genomic starlike layout that distinguishes sea stars’
10 knowledge of Saccoglossus kowalevskii acorn radial symmetry from that of other
worms (close relatives of sea stars, and thus echinoderms.
expected to have similar markers for B) although the two species are closely
corresponding anatomical regions) to the body related, there is only minimal
patterning genes of Patiria miniata sea stars, correspondence in the genetic markers for
15 Laurent Formery et al. observed activity only in head, tail, and trunk region development
anterior genes across P. miniata’s entire body in P. miniata sea stars and S. kowalevskii
and some posterior genes limited to the edges, acorn worms.
suggesting that ________ C) rather than undergoing changes resulting
in the eventual elimination of a head
region in their radial body plan, as
previously assumed, sea stars’ morphology
evolved to completely lack a trunk and
consist primarily of a head region.
D) contrary to the belief that they evolved
from early ancestors with the bilateral
form typical of many other animals, sea
stars instead originated with an atypical
body layout that was neither bilaterally nor
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 1 1
Researchers have noted that people with 49

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
clinically typical hearing perceive sounds they Which choice most logically completes the
believe to be meaningful as quieter than sounds text?
Line of the same volume that they believe to be noise
5 (i.e., meaningless to the listener). In a recent A) experienced the nature sounds as louder
study, Antonia Olivia Dolan and colleagues than “Sad but True” even though they
allowed participants to listen to (and adjust the were not.
volume of) recordings of music in popular B) believed that neither the nature sounds
genres like heavy metal and acoustic folk, as nor “Sad but True” were at a volume of
10 well as recordings of nature sounds. The 61.5 decibels.
researchers noted that participants may have C) perceived the nature sounds and “Sad but
treated the nature sounds as noise, which True” to be comparably meaningful
suggests that if a participant was exposed to despite perceiving the music to be
Metallica's “Sad but True” and the nature quieter.
15 sounds at a volume of 61.5 decibels, the
D) adjusted the volume of the nature sounds
participant likely would have ________
to be greater than 61.5 decibels.

The jade hawkmoth, a large-bodied moth, 50

defends itself against the eastern red bat and Which choice most logically completes the
other insect-eating bats, which use echolocation text?
Line to hunt, by emitting ultrasonic clicks that can,
5 for instance, disrupt the bats’ echolocation A) anti-bat ultrasound production may be a
signals. To investigate moths’ defensive more prevalent defense strategy among
ultrasound—which researchers had thought large-bodied moths than previously
was exclusive to tiger moths, hawkmoths, and known to researchers.
one species of geometer moths—Akito Y. B) ultrasound production is only one of a
10 Kawahara et al. recorded the responses of diverse range of effective strategies moths
moths from 252 genera, representing most employ to evade bat attacks.
families of large-bodied moths, to audio C) unlike the 52 moth genera that emit
playback of bat echolocation. The researchers ultrasonic clicks, most moth genera have
found that 52 of the genera, including several likely not developed defenses specifically
15 genera belonging to the geometer family, against bat attacks.
produced defensive ultrasonic clicks. This result D) some genera of large-bodied moths may
suggests that ________ use ultrasonic signaling for purposes
other than avoiding capture by predators
such as the eastern red bat.

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 The utilization of deceptive antipredator 51

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
displays is well documented in the spotted Which finding, if true, would most strongly
sandpiper (Actitis macularius) and other species support the researchers’ conclusion?
Line of the avian order Charadriiformes. An
5 extensive literature review conducted by Léna A) The use of deceptive antipredator displays is
de Framond et al. revealed that this trait has widespread among Charadriiformes species
evolved across a surprisingly large phylogenetic independent of the absolute latitude of their
distribution of 13 Aves orders, including breeding sites, but its prevalence in other avian
Galliformes and Apodiformes. Subsequent orders is limited to species with brooding sites
10 investigation of potential selection mechanisms located in absolute latitudes of 0°-30°.
prompted the researchers to conclude that B) Deceptive antipredator displays are
independent of avian order, the prevalence of documented in Charadriiformes species across
the trait is mediated by environmental the entire range of absolute latitudes of
variations associated with the absolute latitude brooding sites within that order, but in species
15 of brooding sites. from other orders, deceptive antipredator
displays are documented only when brooding
sites are at absolute latitudes 10°-20° higher
than what is typical for those species.
C) Across the orders in the study, deceptive
antipredator displays are observed in
approximately 34% of species with brooding
ranges of 0°-30° absolute latitude and
approximately 60% of species with brooding
ranges of 50°-80° absolute latitude.
D) Across the orders in the study, approximately
54% of the bird species brood in ranges from
50° to 80° absolute latitude, but most of the
birds that are known to use deceptive
antipredator displays brood between 0° and 30°
absolute latitude.

Sony’s introduction of the PlayStation 52

console in 1994 is an instance of brand Which finding, if true, would provide
extension— the company leveraged its brand evidence that the possibility Grasby et al.
Line recognition as a television and radio investigated does occur?
5 manufacturer to enter a product category
where it had not previously competed. To A) Consumers tended to purchase more
determine if perceived category similarity products in categories in which extended-
predicts consumers’ likelihood of purchasing brand pairs are found than in categories in
brand extensions, Alicia Grasby et al. identified which extended-brand pairs are not found.
10 30 extended-brand pairs (e.g., the same brand B) Consumers’ ratings and the changes in
of hiking shoes and sleeping bag) in 52 weeks of probability calculated by the researchers
purchases by approximately 60,000 households; were both affected by level of brand
for each pair, Grasby et al. had consumers rate recognition.
the similarity of the product categories and C) There was a strong positive correlation
15 calculated the change in probability of a brand between consumers’ ratings and the changes
in one category being purchased if the same in probability calculated by the researchers.
brand was purchased in the other category. D) Consumers' ratings varied substantially by
category pair, whereas the changes in
probability calculated by the researchers
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 Biologists Rebecca M. Calisi-Rodriguez and 53

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
George E. Bentley examined research on species Which choice most logically completes the
such as dark-eyed juncos and tucos, which have text?
Line both been studied under laboratory conditions
5 as well as in the wild, to see whether there were A) more suitable than wild settings for
significant differences between findings in the studying tucos’ patterns of rest and
wild and in the lab. And, for example, they activity.
found for tucos that daytime is the most active B) affecting the results for both tucos and
period for wild individuals but not for captive dark-eyed juncos.
10 individuals. Calisi-Rodriguez and Bentley C) more suitable for studying dark-eyed
therefore concluded that the laboratory setting juncos than for studying tucos.
was likely ________
D) interfering with tucos' patterns of rest
and activity.

The Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) is an 54

expanse of abyssal plain and seamounts Which choice most logically completes the
(underwater mountains) between Hawaii and text?
Line Mexico in which mining is permitted, but the
5 area’s biodiversity is poorly understood. The A) more likely to properly distinguish
vast majority of invertebrate species found in a between morphologically similar but
recent survey of the CCZ were hitherto distinct invertebrate species than is the
unknown to scientists, and sampling for animal method used to identify Prionospio
life has been highly concentrated in the eastern branchilucida.
10 part of the zone. Some species like Ledella B) more frequently used for identifying
knudseni were identified both morphologically species with physiological characteristics
and molecularly (using DNA analysis), whereas like those of Ledella krudseni than
Prionospio branchilucida and other species for morphological analysis is.
which molecular sampling was impracticable C) better suited to distinguishing
15 were identified solely based on physical Prionosprio branchilucida from
morphology. Since molecular analysis does not morphologically similar species than to
require distinguishing subtle physiological distinguishing Ledella krudseni from
differences, it is ________ morphologically similar species.
D) capable of providing greater physiological
detail about a species than is the method
used for Prionospio branchilucida.

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Extra Vocab
 1 1
The advocates of the program charged with 1

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
developing a revolutionary reactor based on Which choice completes the text with the
nuclear fusion confidently predicted that there most logical and precise word or phrase?
would soon be proof of the reactor’s ________.
A) redundancy
B) profitability
C) futility
D) feasibility

Despite his frequent shifting of allegiance, 2

Johnson is not a flagrant opportunist, but he is Which choice completes the text with the
nonetheless a striking specimen of moral most logical and precise word or phrase?
________.
A) excellence
B) earnestness
C) equivocation
D) ignorance

Through a series of ________, Professor 3

Juárez presented a dramatic narrative that Which choice completes the text with the
portrayed life in the ancient Mayan city. most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) conundrums
B) vignettes
C) dynamics
D) tangents

The modest acceptance speech of the 4

Academy Award-winning actress revealed a Which choice completes the text with the
________ that contrasted with her most logical and precise word or phrase?
uninhibited screen performances.
A) theatricality
B) sullenness
C) flamboyance
D) reserve

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 1 1
Doug was both ________ and 5

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
unpretentious: he possessed penetrating acuity Which choice completes the text with the
and discernment and was also extremely most logical and precise word or phrase?
humble.
A) diligent
B) perspicacious
C) obtuse
D) apologetic

Despite its patent implausibility, this belief 6

has become so ________ that no amount of Which choice completes the text with the
rational argument will suffice to eradicate it. most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) inconsequential
B) entrenched
C) outmoded
D) infrequent

The charlatan’s seemingly frank and open 7

demeanor was actually a ________ means of Which choice completes the text with the
enlisting his patient’s confidence. most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) disingenuous
B) debilitating
C) diminutive
D) prosaic

Much of this author’s work, unfortunately, 8

is uneven, with ________ chapter often Which choice completes the text with the
immediately following a sublime one. most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) an enthralling
B) a mediocre
C) an eloquent
D) a superior

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 1 1
In young children, some brain cells have a 9

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
________ that enables them to take over the Which choice completes the text with the
functions of damaged or missing brain cells. most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) fragility
B) reminiscence
C) perniciousness
D) plasticity

The aspiring writer, who remained 10

undaunted even after being rejected by several Which choice completes the text with the
major publishers, felt certain of achieving most logical and precise word or phrase?
literary ________.
A) vindication
B) abasement
C) celebrity
D) neglect

Fred often used ________ to achieve his 11

professional goals, even though such artful Which choice completes the text with the
subterfuge alienated his colleagues. most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) chicanery
B) diligence
C) disputation
D) consensus

Whether substances are medicines or 12

poisons often depends on dosage, for Which choice completes the text with the
substances that are curative in small doses can most logical and precise word or phrase?
be ________ in large.
A) effective
B) benign
C) toxic
D) miraculous

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 1 1
The professor commented to other faculty 13

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
members that Sheila seemed temperamentally Which choice completes the text with the
suited to the study of logic, given her most logical and precise word or phrase?
________ for analyzing intricate arguments.
A) penchant
B) sympathy
C) disregard
D) contempt

While traveling near the Sun, the comet 14

Hale-Bopp produced a ________ amount of Which choice completes the text with the
dust, much more than the comets Halley or most logical and precise word or phrase?
Hyakutake.
A) disposable
B) redundant
C) superficial
D) prodigious

Nightjars possess a camouflage perhaps 15

unparalleled in the bird world: by day they Which choice completes the text with the
roost hidden in shady woods, so blended with most logical and precise word or phrase?
their surroundings that they are nearly
impossible to ________. A) dislodge
B) discern
C) interrupt
D) classify

Many economists believe that since 16

resources are scarce and since human desires Which choice completes the text with the
cannot all be ________, a method of most logical and precise word or phrase?
apportionment is needed.
A) indulged
B) verified
C) usurped
D) expressed

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 1 1
The range of colors that homeowners could 17

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use on the exterior of their houses was Which choice completes the text with the
________ by the community’s stringent rules most logical and precise word or phrase?
regarding upkeep of property.
A) circumscribed
B) bolstered
C) embellished
D) cultivated

Only after the campaign volunteers became 18

aware of their candidate’s questionable Which choice completes the text with the
motives could they recognize the ________ most logical and precise word or phrase?
statements made in his seemingly candid
speeches. A) insightful
B) cordial
C) duplicitous
D) astute

No longer narrowly preoccupied with their 19

own national pasts, historians are increasingly Which choice completes the text with the
________ in that they often take a most logical and precise word or phrase?
transnational perspective.
A) conciliatory
B) bombastic
C) cosmopolitan
D) jocular

The consumer advocate claimed that while 20

drug manufacturers tout the supposed Which choice completes the text with the
advantages of their proprietary brands, generic most logical and precise word or phrase?
versions of the same medications are often
equally ________. A) efficacious
B) prohibitive
C) counterproductive
D) prescriptive

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 1 1
Latoya’s ________ is shown by her ability to 21

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
be self-critical: she can see her own faults more Which choice completes the text with the
clearly than anyone else can. most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) objectivity
B) cynicism
C) open-mindedness
D) perceptiveness

Because drummer Tony Williams paved the 22

way for later jazz-fusion musicians, he is Which choice completes the text with the
considered a ________ of that style. most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) revivalist
B) beneficiary
C) disparager
D) progenitor

Since other seabirds customarily nest in 23

colonies on ocean cliffs and islands, the Which choice completes the text with the
marbled murrelet’s ________ nesting in most logical and precise word or phrase?
forests many miles from the sea must be
considered atypical. A) ambivalence about
B) indifference to
C) aversion to
D) predilection for

In the classroom, Carol was unusually 24

________; on the playground, however, she Which choice completes the text with the
became as intractable as the other children. most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) optimistic
B) mercurial
C) magnanimous
D) docile

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