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1.4 Calculating Limits

The document is a chapter from a course on Functions and Limits, authored by Dr. Phung Minh Duc, covering key concepts such as functions, limits, continuity, and limit laws. It includes examples and theorems related to calculating limits, as well as exercises for practice. The content is structured to provide a foundational understanding of mathematical limits and their applications.

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Tuấn Đỗ Anh
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10 views11 pages

1.4 Calculating Limits

The document is a chapter from a course on Functions and Limits, authored by Dr. Phung Minh Duc, covering key concepts such as functions, limits, continuity, and limit laws. It includes examples and theorems related to calculating limits, as well as exercises for practice. The content is structured to provide a foundational understanding of mathematical limits and their applications.

Uploaded by

Tuấn Đỗ Anh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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National Economic University

Chapter 1

FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS

Dr. Phung Minh Duc


Contents
1.1. Functions and their representations
1.2. A catalog of essential functions
1.3. The limit of a function
1.4. Calculating limits
1.5. Continuity
1.6. Limits Involving Infinity
Review
1.4 Calculating limits

Limit laws:
Suppose that is a constant and the limits lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) and lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) exist. Then
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
1. lim [𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 ] = lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
2. lim [𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 ] = lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) − lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
3. lim [𝑐𝑐𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 ] = 𝑐𝑐 lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
4. lim [𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 ] = lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) . lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 lim 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥
5. lim = 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
if lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 lim 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
1.4 Calculating limits

Limit laws:
𝑛𝑛
6. lim 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 = lim 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
7. lim 𝑐𝑐 = 𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
8. lim 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
9. lim 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
10. lim 𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑛𝑛
𝑎𝑎 where 𝑛𝑛 is a positive integer
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
𝑛𝑛
11. lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑛𝑛
lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) where 𝑛𝑛 is a positive integer
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎

(If 𝑛𝑛 is even , we assume that lim 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 > 0)


𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
1.4 Calculating limits

Example 1:
Evaluate the following limits
a) lim (4𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 2)
𝑥𝑥→2
𝑥𝑥 3 −3𝑥𝑥+1
b) lim
𝑥𝑥→1 2𝑥𝑥−5

c) lim 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 2
𝑥𝑥→3
1.4 Calculating limits

Direct substitution property:


 If 𝑓𝑓 is a polynomial or a ration function and 𝑎𝑎 is in the
domain of 𝑓𝑓, then
lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎)
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
 If 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) when 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 𝑎𝑎 then lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥),
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
provided the limits exist.
Theorem
lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝐿𝐿 if and only if lim+ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝐿𝐿 = lim− 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
1.4 Calculating limits

Example 3:
Evaluate the following limits
𝑥𝑥 3 −4𝑥𝑥+3
a) lim
𝑥𝑥→1 𝑥𝑥−1
2𝑥𝑥 + 1 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 1
b) lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) where 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = �
𝑥𝑥→1 𝜋𝜋 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥 = 1
𝑡𝑡 2 +9−3
c) lim
𝑥𝑥→0 𝑡𝑡
𝑥𝑥
d) lim
𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥
1.4 Calculating limits

Theorems:
 If 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) when 𝑥𝑥 is near 𝑎𝑎 (except
possibly at 𝑎𝑎) and the limits of 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔
both exist as 𝑎𝑎 approaches 𝑎𝑎, then
lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) ≤ lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
 If 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 ≤ ℎ(𝑥𝑥) when 𝑥𝑥 is near 𝑎𝑎
(except possibly at 𝑎𝑎) and
lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = lim ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 𝐿𝐿
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
then
lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝐿𝐿
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
1.4 Calculating limits

Example 4:
1
Show that: lim 𝑥𝑥 2 sin = 0
𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥
1.4 Calculating limits

Example 5:
sin 𝑥𝑥
a) Show that: lim =1
𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥
1−cos 3𝑥𝑥
b) Evaluate: lim
𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥 2
Exercises

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