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Math 2-10-25

The document provides an overview of key mathematical concepts, including number systems, basic arithmetic operations, fractions, exponents, algebra, geometry, coordinate geometry, probability, statistics, trigonometry, and calculus. It outlines definitions, properties, and formulas essential for understanding and solving mathematical problems. Mastery of these principles is emphasized as crucial for tackling more complex topics in mathematics.

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7 views5 pages

Math 2-10-25

The document provides an overview of key mathematical concepts, including number systems, basic arithmetic operations, fractions, exponents, algebra, geometry, coordinate geometry, probability, statistics, trigonometry, and calculus. It outlines definitions, properties, and formulas essential for understanding and solving mathematical problems. Mastery of these principles is emphasized as crucial for tackling more complex topics in mathematics.

Uploaded by

jkeiffert
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematics Notes

1. Number Systems

• Natural Numbers (ℕ): {1, 2, 3, …}

• Whole Numbers (𝕎): {0, 1, 2, 3, …}

• Integers (ℤ): {… -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}

• Rational Numbers (ℚ): Numbers that can be expressed as fractions (e.g., ½, 0.75, -3/4).

• Irrational Numbers: Numbers that cannot be expressed as fractions (e.g., √2, π).

• Real Numbers (ℝ): Combination of rational and irrational numbers.

2. Basic Arithmetic Operations

• Addition (+): Sum of numbers (e.g., 3 + 5 = 8).

• Subtraction (−): Difference of numbers (e.g., 10 − 4 = 6).

• Multiplication (×): Product of numbers (e.g., 7 × 6 = 42).

• Division (÷): Quotient of numbers (e.g., 20 ÷ 4 = 5).

Properties of Operations:

• Commutative Property: a + b = b + a and a × b = b × a

• Associative Property: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)

• Distributive Property: a(b + c) = ab + ac

3. Fractions & Decimals

• Fraction: A part of a whole, written as a/b (e.g., ¾).

• Decimal: Another form of fraction (e.g., 0.75 = ¾).

• Conversion:

• Fraction to Decimal: Divide numerator by denominator.


• Decimal to Fraction: Place over power of 10 (e.g., 0.6 = 6/10).

• Operations with Fractions:

• Addition/Subtraction: Convert to common denominator.

• Multiplication: Multiply numerators and denominators.

• Division: Multiply by reciprocal.

4. Exponents & Powers

• Exponent Form: aⁿ means “a” multiplied by itself “n” times.

• Rules:

• a⁰ = 1

• a¹ = a

• aⁿ × aᵐ = aⁿ⁺ᵐ

• (aⁿ)ᵐ = aⁿᵐ

• aⁿ ÷ aᵐ = aⁿ⁻ᵐ

• a⁻ⁿ = 1/aⁿ

5. Algebra

Basic Algebraic Expressions

• Variable: A symbol (e.g., x, y) representing an unknown number.

• Expression: Combination of numbers and variables (e.g., 3x + 5).

• Equation: A statement that two expressions are equal (e.g., 2x + 4 = 10).

Solving Equations:

1. Linear Equations (e.g., 2x + 5 = 15)


• Step 1: Subtract 5 → 2x = 10

• Step 2: Divide by 2 → x = 5

2. Quadratic Equations (e.g., x² + 5x + 6 = 0)

• Factoring: (x + 2)(x + 3) = 0 → x = -2 or x = -3

• Quadratic Formula:

6. Geometry

Basic Shapes & Properties

• Triangle: Sum of angles = 180°.

• Quadrilateral: Sum of angles = 360°.

• Circle:

• Area = πr²

• Circumference = 2πr

Pythagoras’ Theorem (Right Triangle)

where c is the hypotenuse.

7. Coordinate Geometry

• Cartesian Plane: Defined by (x, y).

• Slope of a Line:

• Equation of a Line:

• Slope-intercept form: y = mx + b

• Point-slope form: y - y₁ = m(x - x₁)


8. Probability & Statistics

• Probability Formula:

• Mean (Average):

• Median: Middle value of ordered data.

• Mode: Most frequently occurring value.

9. Trigonometry

Basic Ratios

Trigonometric Identities

10. Calculus

Limits & Derivatives

• Limit: Value a function approaches as input nears a point.

• Derivative: Measures rate of change.

• Power Rule:

• Sum Rule:

• Product Rule:

• Quotient Rule:

Integrals (Anti-Derivatives)
• Basic Integral Rules:

• ∫ xⁿ dx =

• ∫ e^x dx = e^x + C

• ∫ 1/x dx = ln |x| + C

Conclusion

Mathematics is a vast subject covering arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, probability,


and calculus. Mastering basic principles helps in solving complex problems in higher
mathematics.

Let me know if you need more details on any topic!

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