Chapter Two-Engines

Prepared By:Helen Getachew

Heat Engine
üA heat engine is a machine, which converts heat energy into
mechanical energy.
üThe combustion of fuel such as coal, petrol, diesel generates
heat. This heat is supplied to a working substance at high
temperature. By the expansion of this substance in suitable
machines, heat energy is converted into useful work.
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Types of heat engine
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Types of heat engine
(i) External combustion and
(ii) Internal combustion.
I. External combustion engines are those in which combustion
takes place outside the engine. For example, In steam engine or
steam turbine the heat generated due to combustion of fuel and
it is employed to generate high pressure steam which is used as
working fluid in a reciprocating engine or turbine.
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II. Internal combustion engines
The purpose of internal combustion engines is the production
of mechanical power from the chemical energy contained in
the fuel. In internal combustion engines, as distinct from
external combustion engines, this energy is released by burning
or oxidizing the fuel inside the engine. The fuel-air mixture
before combustion and the burned products after combustion
are the actual working fluids.
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 Historical Development of IC Engines
INTRODUCTION
üAn internal combustion engine is any engine that uses the
explosive combustion of fuel to push a piston within a cylinder -
the piston's movement turns a crankshaft that then turns the car
wheels via a chain or a drive shaft.
üThe different types of fuel commonly used for car combustion
engines are gasoline (or petrol), diesel, and kerosene. Many
people claimed the invention of the internal combustion engine in
the 1860's, but only one has the patent on the four stroke operating
sequence.
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üIn 1867, Nikolaus August Otto, a German engineer, developed the
four-stroke "Otto" cycle, which is widely used in transportation
even today. Otto developed the four-stroke internal combustion
engine when he was 34 years old.
üThe Diesel Engine came about in1892 by another German engineer,
Rudolph Diesel. The Diesel engine is designed heavier and more
powerful than gasoline engines and utilizes oil as fuel.
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üD i e s e l e n g i n e s a r e a c o m m o n l y u s e d i n h e a v y
machinery,locomotives, ships, and some automobiles.
üIt is important to mention that the basic operating principles
of these engines have been around for more than a hundred
years and they are still in place.
CONSTRUCTION & COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE:
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Components of IC engine

1. Cylinder Block:
It is the heart of the engine. It consists of three parts.
(i) The cylinders in which the piston slides up and down.
(ii) The ports or openings for valves.
(iii) The passages (water jackets) for the flow of cooling water.
Function: In the bore of the cylinder, the charge is compressed
by piston,ignited and expanded to give power to piston.
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2. CYLINDER HEAD:
üThe top of the cylinder is covered by a separate case piece known as
thecylinder head.
üThe cylinder head is bolted to the top of the cylinder block. It
contains combustion chamber, Spark plug and valves are mounted in
it. It incorporates passages for the flow of cooling water. The cylinder
head is usually made of gray iron or aluminium alloy.
üDepending upon the valve layout, the cylinder head may carry the
camshaft, rockers and valves. Water passage are provided adjacent to
the valve and plug seatings.
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3.Cylinder head gasket:
üA gasket is placed between the cylinder head and cylinder
block to retain compression in the cylinder, to prevent
leakage and to ensure metallic tight fit joint.
üThe gasket should be able to withstand not only high
pressure but also extreme temperature.
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4. PISTON:
üIt is the main active part of the engine. It is cylindrical in
construction and slides tip and down inside the cylinder.
üIt has piston rings to provide good seal between the cylinder
wall and the piston. There are three grooves to accommodate
piston rings.
Function:
(i) To compress the fresh charge during the compression stroke.
(ii) To transmit the force exerted due to combustion of the
charge to the connecting rod finally to the crankshaft during
the power stroke.
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5. PISTON RINGS:
üPiston rings are fitted into the grooves of the piston to
maintain good seal between the piston and the cylinder wall.
There are three functions of the piston rings as follows:
1. To provide a pressure seal to prevent blow-by of burnt gases.
Blow-by is the name that describes the escape of burnt gases
from the combustion chamber, past the piston, and into the
crankcase.
2. To form the main path for conduction of heat from the piston
crown to the cylinder walls.
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3. To control the flow of oil to
the skirt and rings themselves
in adequate quantity while
preventing and excessive
amount reaching the
combustion chamber with
consequent waste and
carbonization.
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6. Connecting Rod:
üThe connecting rod interconnects the piston to the crankshaft.
The upper end of the connecting rod is fitted to the piston and
lower end to the crankshaft.
Function:
(i) It transmits the power produced in the cylinder to the
crankshaft.
(ii) It converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into
rotary motion of the crankshaft.
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7. Piston Pin:
üThe piston pin is a pin that
connects the small end of the
connecting rod to the piston.
It is also known as gudgeon
pin or wrist pin.
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8. Crankshaft:
üThe crank is a lever that is connected to the end of the connecting
rod by a pin joint with its other end connected rigidly to a shaft,
called crankshaft. The crankshaft is the principle rotating part of the
engine. The crankshaft is provided with suitable holes to help in the
lubrication system.
üA crankshaft consists of crankpins, webs (crankarms or
cheeks) balancing weights and main journals. Big end of the
connecting rod is connected to the crankpin of the crankshaft.
Function: It converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into
useful rotary motion of the Output Shaft.
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9. Flywheel:
üThe flywheel is a heavy wheel that is connected to the
extreme end of the crankshaft. The size of the flywheel
depends upon the number of cylinders and the general
construction of the engine.
Function: The flywheel stores the excess energy during the
power stroke of the engine and supply the energy for the
movement of the piston during the remaining stroke.
Thus its function is to maintain Uniform rotation of the
crankshaft.
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10. Inlet and Exhaust Valves:
üValve is a device to close and open a passage. There are two
valves in the cylinder of IC engines inlet and exhaust valve.
üThe inlet valve is located at the junction of intake port and
cylinder. The exhaust valve is located at the junction of exhaust
port and cylinder.
Function:
(i) Inlet valve allows the fresh charge into the cylinder.
(ii) Exhaust valve provides passages for the burnt gases to escape
from the cylinder.
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11. Camshaft:
üA camshaft is a shaft on which cams are mounted. The
camshaft is driven by crankshaft through timing gears. This
shaft also provides the drive to the ignition system.
Function: It is used to operate the intake and exhaust valves
through cam follower, push rod and rocker arm.
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12. Inlet and Exhaust Manifolds:
üThe pipe through which air or air fuel mixture is drawn into
the cylinder is called the inlet manifold.
üThe pipe through which the flue gases (i.e., exhaust gases)
escape into the atmosphere is called the exhaust manifold.
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13. COMBUSTION CHAMBER:
üCombustion chamber is the space enclosed between the piston head
and cylinder head when the piston is at the top dead centre position.
It extends upto the upper compression ring of the piston.
üExhaust and inlet valves open and close in the combustion chamber
and the spark plug projects in it.
üThe design of the combustion chamber is of great importance for the
engine performance because the air-fuel missing and combustion
take place in it.
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14. Crankcase:
üIt is a cast iron case, which
holds the cylinder and the
crankshaft. It also serves as
sump for the lubricating oil.
 IC ENGINE TERMINOLOGY
1. Top dead center (T.D.C.)
In a reciprocating engine the piston moves to and fro motion in
the cylinder. When the piston moves upper direction in the
cylinder, a point at which the piston comes to rest or change its
direction known as top dead center. It is situated at top end of
cylinder.
2. Bottom dead center (B.D.C.)
When the piston moves in downward direction, a point at which
the piston come to rest or change its direction known as bottom
dead center. It is situated in bottom side of cylinder.
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3.Stroke (L)
The maximum distance travel by the piston in single direction
is known as stroke. It is the distance between top dead center
and bottom dead center.
4.Bore (b)
The inner diameter of cylinder known as bore of cylinder.
5. Maximum or total volume of cylinder (Vtotal)
It is the volume of cylinder when the piston is at bottom dead
center. Generally, it is measure in centimeter cube (c.c.).
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6. Minimum or clearance volume of cylinder (Vclearance)
It is the volume of cylinder when the piston is at top dead
center.
7.Swept or displace volume (Vswept)
It is the volume which swept by the piston. The difference
between total volume and clearance volume is known as swept
volume.
Swept volume = Total volume - Clearance volume
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8.COMPRESSION RATIO
The compression ratio (CR) of an engine is a measure of how
much the air/air-fuel mixture is compressed in the cylinder. It
is the volume of air when the piston is at BDC divided by its
volume of air when the piston is at TDC. The volume above
the piston is called clearance volume.
Mathematically,
Compression ratio = Swept Volume + Clearence Volume
Clearence Volume