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Lecture 6

Chapter 6 discusses data rate limits in communications, emphasizing that data rate is influenced by bandwidth, signal levels, and channel quality. It presents Nyquist's formula for noiseless channels and Shannon's formula for noisy channels to calculate theoretical maximum bit rates. Examples illustrate the application of these formulas in determining bit rates and signal levels for various channel conditions.

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30 views12 pages

Lecture 6

Chapter 6 discusses data rate limits in communications, emphasizing that data rate is influenced by bandwidth, signal levels, and channel quality. It presents Nyquist's formula for noiseless channels and Shannon's formula for noisy channels to calculate theoretical maximum bit rates. Examples illustrate the application of these formulas in determining bit rates and signal levels for various channel conditions.

Uploaded by

Anisur Rahman Zihad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 6-Data rate and channel

capacity

1
Data Rate Limit

A very important consideration in data communications is


how fast we can send data, in bits per second, over a channel.

Data rate depends on three factors:


1. The bandwidth available
2. The level of the signals we use
3. The quality of the channel (the level of noise)

Two theoretical formulas were developed to calculate the data


rate: one by Nyquist for noiseless channel, another by Shannon for
a noisy channel.

2
Noiseless Channel: Nyquist Bit Rate

For a noiseless channel, the Nyquist bit rate formula defines the
theoretical maximum bit rate

In this formula, bandwidth is the bandwidth of the channel, L is the


number of signal levels used to represent data, and bit rate is the bit rate
in bits per second.

3
Noiseless Channel: Nyquist Bit Rate

According to the formula, we might think that, given a specific


bandwidth, we can have any bit rate we want by increasing the number
of signal levels. Although the idea is theoretically correct, practically
there is a limit. When we increase the number of signal levels, we impose
a burden on the receiver. If the number of levels in a signal is just 2, the
receiver can easily distinguish between a 0 and a 1. If the level of a
signal is 64, the receiver must be very sophisticated to distinguish
between 64 different levels. In other words, increasing the levels of a
signal reduces the reliability of the system.

4
Example

Consider a noiseless channel with a bandwidth of 3000 Hz transmitting


a signal with two signal levels. What is the maximum bit rate?

Solution

5
Example

Consider the same noiseless channel with a bandwidth of 3000 Hz


transmitting a signal with four signal levels (for each level, we send 2
bits). What is the maximum bit rate?

Solution

6
Example
We need to send 265 kbps over a noiseless channel with a bandwidth of
20 kHz. How many signal levels do we need?

Solution

We can use the Nyquist formula as

We can Since this result is not a power of 2, we need to either increase


the number of levels or reduce the bit rate.
If we have 128 levels, the bit rate is 280 kbps.
If we have 64 levels, the bit rate is 240 kbps.
7
Shannon Capacity
In reality, we cannot have a noiseless channel

For noisy channel,

Capacity = Bandwidth × log2(1+SNR)

The Shannon capacity gives us the upper limit; the Nyquist formula tells
us how many signal levels we need.

8
Example
Consider an extremely noisy channel in which the value of the signal-to-
noise ratio is almost zero. In other words, the noise is so strong that the
signal is faint. What is the channel capacity?

Solution

This means that the capacity of this channel is zero regardless of the
bandwidth. In other words, we cannot receive any data through this
channel.

9
Example
Let’s calculate the theoretical highest bit rate of a regular telephone line.
A telephone line normally has a bandwidth of 3000. The signal-to-noise
ratio is usually 3162. What is the channel capacity?

Solution

This means that the highest bit rate for a telephone line is 34.860 kbps.
If we want to send data faster than this, we can either increase the
bandwidth of the line or improve the signal-to-noise ratio.

10
Example
The signal-to-noise ratio is often given in decibels. Assume that SNRdB =
36 and the channel bandwidth is 2 MHz. What is the theoretical channel
capacity?
Solution

11
Example (??)
We have a channel with a 1-MHz bandwidth. The SNR for this channel is
63. What are the appropriate bit rate and signal level?

Solution
First, we use the Shannon formula to find the upper limit

12

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