North Western

Desert
Under supervision
Associate Prof.Tamer E.
Attia
Prepared by
Omar Emam kerolos
Nageh
Mohamed Ayman
 Razzak
Field

DETERMINATION OF SOME
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
RESERVOIR AND SOURCE ROCKS IN
RAZZAK OIL FIELD,
WESTERN DESERT, EGYPT

Under supervision
Associate Prof. Tamer E.
Attia

Prepared by
Mohamed Ayman kerolos
Nageh
Omar Emam

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Chapter 1 Sedimentary succession

1
Geological Regional Tectonic
2
Setting Structural Setting
3
Petroleum Geology
4
Rock properties
Chapter 2 5
Porosity
Well 6
Saturation
Logging
Permeability 7
Water Salinity 8
Logging Tools 9
SP Log 1
GR Log 1
Porosity Log 1
Chapter 3 Available log tools in Razzak field 1
Log 3
GR log & volume of shale 14
Interpretatio 1
Estimation of Volume of shale
n
1
Estimation of Porosity
6
1
7

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CHPTER ONE

GEOLOGICAL
SETTING

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1. WHAT IS GEOLOGICAL
SETTING?

KNOWING UNDERLYING GEOLOGY:

THE GEOLOGY OF A REGION ALLOWS
SCIENTISTS TO MAKE PREDICTIONS ABOUT
WHAT MIGHT BE FOUND IN THAT REGION.
THE UNDERLYING GEOLOGY OF A REGION
COULD INDICATE THAT IT CONTAINS OIL
RESERVES, MINERAL DEPOSITS, OR
POTENTIALLY BE PRONE TO EARTHQUAKES.

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1.1 Sedimentary succession of Western Desert

 The Western Desert of Egypt has a significant hydrocarbon

potential. New discoveries in the Western Desert, using
advanced technologies including 3D seismic data and other
accurate computerized geologic interpretation methods,
ensure that the Western Desert has a promising future in oil
and gas production
 Almost 16% of Egypt’s hydrocarbon production is generated
from the Western Desert
 El Razzak Oil Field, one of the most important oil fields in
Egypt, produces mainly from the Upper Jurassic and the
Aptian (Cretaceous) formations and located in the north
central part of the Western Desert of Egypt
 The northern part of Western desert was structurally lower
position than southern part, since the depth of complex
basement in northern part is deeper than another part.
 Generalized litho-stratigraphic column of the northern part
of the Western Desert is ranging from Pre-Cambrian to
Recent prevailed with marine and non-marine deposits but
the subsurface stratigraphic successions, which ranging from
Paleozoic to Upper Triassic or Lower Jurassic not refer to any
economic prospects (Fig.1) (Abu el Naga, 1983).

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







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 For Razzak oil field, the out crops of this area are
represented by
Quaternary and Neogene sediments (Fig.2, Zein El Din et al.
1982).

 The subsurface stratigraphic successions which were be

penetrated by wells are ranging from Tertiary to Cretaceous,
however there are two wells reached upper Jurassic (Fig.3,
Abdine et al. 1993).

 Rock units of Tertiary, particularly from Paleocene to Eocene

are prevailed by open marine sediments of carbonates,
marls and shales in addition to some clastics such as sand
stone, which are represented by Apollonia Fm, further more
from late Eocene to Oligocene are prevailed by marine
sediments as shale-marl sequences, which similar in Upper
Eocene but the difference can be declared by paleontological
work. These sequences are represented by Daba Fm. The
duration from Oligocene to Miocene was dominated by
estuarine sediments,

deposited in a high energy wave-dominated delta, which

represented by Moghra Fm (Said 1962; Norton 1967).
 Eastern part of Egypt was in a structurally lower position
than the western parts during Triassic & Jurassic times. This
structural setting seems to have been reversed since early
Cretaceous times. The first minor transgression in
Cretaceous times occurs during the Aptian, which marked by
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Field
the deposition of the shallow marine clastics of the Alam El
Bueib member of Burg El Arab Formation, moreover Aptian
carbonate unit named Alamein Dolomite member of Burg El
Arab Formation, which underlies the marine clastics of Albian
Kharita member of Burg El Arab Formation (Abdine et al.
1993)
 During Upper Cretaceous, all the Cenomanian rock units are
highly fossiliferous, which are represented by Bahariya
Formation, it is made up of tidal flat (marine deposits),
estuarine to fluviatile deltaic deposits, apart from that
clastics and carbonates such as dolostone and limestone,
which are represented by Khoman Fm and Abu Roash Fm.
 Only two wells in Razzak Oil field penetrated to the Jurassic
time, in which the sea seems to have covered northern
Egypt, and an embayment over the present site of the Gulf
of Suez, a part of that the economic importance is
represented by Khatatba and Masajid Formations, which are
composed of sandstone, shale and few limestone interbeds
with thin coal seams and dolomitic limestone, marl
downward then shale beds, carbonate carrying chert bands,
fossiliferous, respectively (Abdine et al. 1993).

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 The unstable shelf is located directly north of the stable shelf. It

is characterized by the northward thickening of the sedimentary
section underlain by low basement relief. The sedimentary
section in this area reaches thousands of meters in thickness and
is of Paleozoic to recent in age. It is characterized by high organic
richness, faulting and folding geometry which is favorable for
hydrocarbon accumulations. All oil and gas fields have been
located in this shelf. During Syrian arc event, the compression
PAGE 11 of
this movement resulted in Razzak area (Fig.6, Zarif et al. 2002).
 Razzak
Field

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 Razzak
Field

PAGE 13
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Fig.7: Qattara–Alamein ridge (after Abdine et al. 1993)

Fig.8: Razzak field three culminations (Abdine et al. 1993)

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1.4 General Petroleum Geology of

Razzak field

1.4.1 Source Rock

 Alam El-Buieb Formation

1.4.2 Reservoir Rock

 Alamin Dolomite
 Baharyia Formation
 Abu Roash G

1.4.3
Thick Cap Rock carbonates and shales of the Abu
impermeable
Roash formation.

 1.4.4 Trap
Structural Trap

 Up-dip along normal faults

1.4.5 Migration

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CHAPTER TWO

WELL LOGING

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1.THE ROCK PORPERTIES

1.1. Porosity or void fraction is a measure
of the void spaces in a material, and is
a fraction of the volume of voids over
the total volume (Fig. 1.2) .
1.1.1. Primary Porosity
Primary porosity, usually granular, is the
porosity developed by the original
Fig. 1.2: pore volume
sedimentation process by which the rock was
created. For all practical purposes, porosity is the non - solid part
of the rock filled with fluids (Fig. 2.2). Porosity is referred to in
terms of percentages, while in calculations it is always a number
less than one. Porosity ,by definition, is the volume of the non -
solid part of the rock (that filled with fluids) divided by the bulk
volume. (Dresser Altlas et. al. 1957)

Fig. 2.2: The forms of granular primary porosity in some clastic rocks Clay,
Silt and Sand (Dresser Altlas et. al. 1957)

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1.1.2. Secondary Porosity

Secondary porosity is created by processes other than primary
cementation and compaction of the sediments. An example of
secondary porosity can be found in the dissolving of limestone or
dolomite by ground waters, process which creates vugs or
caverns. Fracturing and dolomitization also create secondary
porosity. Dolomitization is the result of the shrinking of solid
volume as the material transforms from limestone to dolomite
)Fig.3.2( .In most cases, secondary porosity results in much
higher permeability than primary granular porosity (Dresser Altlas
et. al. 1957) .

Fig. 3.2: Comparison of pore space between two different rock (Dresser
Altlas et. al. 1957)

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1.2. Saturation
Saturation of any given fluid in a pore space is the volume of fluid
to the total pore space volume. For example, a water saturation of
10 % means that 1/10 of the pore space is filled with water )Fig.
4.2( . Porosity is the capacity to hold fluids; saturation is the
percentage or fraction of this total capacity .
that actually holds any particular fluid. Porosity, hydrocarbon,
saturation, the thickness of the reservoir rock and the areal
extent of the reservoir rock all contribute to the total
hydrocarbons in place. These establish the economic potential of
any given reservoir. Of the total barrels or millions of cubic feet of
gas present in a reservoir, some percentage is produced
depending on the recovery efficiency. This recovery factor,
normally determined by experience in the 20 % - 50 % range
(Dresser Altlas et. al. 1957) .

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Fig. 4.2 : Archie's Equation For Calculation of Water Saturation (Dresser

Altlas et. al. 1957) .

1.3. Permeability
Permeability refers to the ease with which fluids flow through a
formation. It is not sufficient to have oil or gas in a formation; the
hydrocarbons must be able to flow from the reservoir into the well
bore in order to be
recovered at the surface. Permeability is a physical characteristic
of any given rock. Generally, permeability is measured by flowing
fluids through the rock under known conditions. To determine the
permeability of a rock formation, several factors must be known:
the size and shape of the formation, its fluid properties, pressure
exerted on the fluid, and the amount of fluid flow. The more
pressure exerted on the fluid, the higher the flow rate . The
permeability of shale rock is about 0.001md that there are

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different factors effect to permeability (Dresser Altlas et. al. 1957)
.

1.4. Water Salinity

The waters in reservoirs in the earth vary from fresh to salt
saturated solutions. Near the surface, waters are generally very
fresh with low sodium chloride concentrations. Deeper, the waters
tend to become saltier until some maximum concentration occurs
and the water often becomes fresher. The salinity of the water is
a result not only of its vertical position in the earth, but also the
age of the rocks and the physical position of the rocks relative to
surface outcrops (Fig. 5.2). Salinities used are generally in parts
per million by weight. In the logging business, sodium chloride
concentrations generally are used. At normal room temperatures,
250,000 ppm (parts per million) is a saturated solution, while at
higher temperatures the saturation point for waters is higher
(Dresser Altlas et. al. 1957).

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Fig. 5.2 : The Water Cycle including effects on salinity of oceans
(Dresser Altlas et. al. 1957).

WELL LOG INTERPRETATION

1.5. Introduction:
Well logging involves measuring the physical properties of
surrounding rocks with a sensor located in a borehole. The record
of the measurements as a function of depth is called well log.
Spontaneous potential log (SP) measures the natural or
spontaneous potential difference (sometimes called self-potential)
and it Is the passive method that exists between the borehole and
the surface In the absence of any artificially applied current
(Dresser Altlas et. al. 1957).

1.6. Spontaneous Potential ( SP ) Log

The Spontaneous Potential (SP) log is a record of the naturally

occurring potentials in the wellbore as a function of depth. The SP
log involves a single moving electrode in the borehole and a
reference electrode, usually located at the surface in the mud pit
or some other suitable location. The recording is a relative
measurement of the DC voltage in the borehole with no zero
being recorded. Readings opposite shales are relatively constant
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and are referred to as "the shale baseline". Opposite permeable
formations the SP curve typically shows excursions to the left
(negative polarity (or to the right, depending upon the salinity of
the drilling mud and formation waters (Fig. 6.2) The position of
the shale base line has no real significance. The logging engineer
sets the position and sensitivity on the log so that deflections
opposite permeable beds stay within the limits of track # 1 (on
the log). Typically, the shale base line is set two chart divisions
(where ten divisions make the total width of the track) from the
right edge of the SP track (Dresser Altlas et. al. 1957).

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Fig. 6.2: The Spontaneous Potential Measurement between two electrodes

(Dresser Altlas et. al. 1957).

1.6.1. The SP Curve

The formation containing salt water must be permeable for an SP
to develop. The amount of permeability does not that normally
considered for liquid flow at commercial directly influence the SP.
The permeability indicated by SP is rates, but that which is
sufficient to allow the flow of ions. The SP may develop opposite
beds which yield little fluid on a test. The SP will not develop
opposite impermeable beds. Porosity has no independent
influence on the SP. The influence of permeability is binary (yes /
no) in which the only applicable answer is: does the bed have
permeability ... yes or no? If yes, an SP will develop; if no, SP will
not develop. Every small variation of the SP may be physically
significant (Fig. 7.2). This becomes apparent when the many

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small variations between wells over wide areas correlate to a high
degree (Dresser Altlas et. al. 1957).

Fig. 7.2: Logs of Spontaneous Potential and Resistivity Logs (Dresser Altlas
et. al. 1957).

1.6.2. The Electrochemical Component Of The SP

Mounce and Rust used a simple experiment to prove that two
waters of different salinities, together with shale and a permeable
inert membrane between the two fluids, creates a battery and
current flows in the cell. The current flows from the fresh to the
salty water and then through the shale. Removal of the shale
stops the current flow. Interchanging the two liquids reverses the
direction of current flow. This cell proves very similar to
conditions existing in the borehole where the drilling mud salinity
is
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different from the formation water salinity. The measured SP is
the voltage observed in the borehole caused by the potential drop
as the currents flow
through the mud. The potential drop generally is larger in the
borehole than in the shale or permeable formation. Assume
solutions contain only NaCl

and the mud activity is limited to the free fluid within it, (that is,
the mud filtrate) and the following simplified analysis applies (This
discussion is based on fresh mud and salty formation water). The
shale, due to its predominant clay content, acts as a cationic
membrane. That is, it is permeable to cations (Na +) but not to
anions (CI) due to an apparently high negative charge on the clay
lattice. The sodium ions (Na+) can then move through the shale
from the high concentration salt water to the lower concentration
fresh water (mud). This movement of cations gives rise to a
membrane potential. At the salt water and fresh water (mud
+
filtrate) contact, the Na and the Cl- migrate from concentrated
solution to less concentrated solution. The Cl - have the greater
mobility and thus move more rapidly, giving rise to a negative
potential across the "liquid junction" (Fig.8.2) . In the mud
column opposite the shale, a positive potential is created by while
at the junction between the formation water and the mud filtrate
a negative potential is developed (Dresser Altlas et. al. 1957).

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Fig.8.2 : The Electrochemical Component Of The SP(origin of SP)

(Dresser Altlas et. al. 1957).

2.2.3 The Static SP

The Static SP (SSP) refers to the maximum SP that can be
obtained given a shale and two waters of different salinity. It is
essentially the SP that would be obtained if no current flowed;
e.g. the potential of a battery under no load. This Static SP has no
bed boundary effects. Since current does flow and the actual SP is
the measurement of the potential changes in the wellbore, there
are variations between the idealized SSP and the actual SP. The
bed boundaries of the actual SP are at the inflection points
(maximum slope) on the curve. Inflection points occur where all
the current is flowing through the borehole. The finite magnitude
of the SP electrode also tends to elongate the bed boundary
effect. The inflection point always occurs at the
bed boundary although it may occur near the shale base line, or
even close to the top of the permeable bed anomaly (Fig.9.2)
(Dresser Altlas et. al. 1957).
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Fig.9.2 : The Equation of The Static SP (Dresser Altlas et. al. 1957).

2.2.4 Rw from the SP

A procedure to determine Rw from the SP is outlined in Algorithm
1. This is a simplified but adequate approach for normal
interpretation.
The data and charts needed are listed to the right of the
algorithm. The zone or permeable bed in which water resistivity
will be determined is selected on the log. The formation
temperature can be determined either by : a ) direct
measurement ( if the zone is at total depth and hole maximum
temperature reading is used ) ; or b ) the bottom temperature ,
total depth and surface temperature can be used with Chart 1 to
determine the formation temperature Establish the shale base
line on the SP (Fig 10.2) .

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The shale base line in fresh mud environments will generally be
the line established by the maximum SP deflections to the right.
This shale base line is not necessarily perpendicular to the depth
lines on the log due to drifting with depth. Usually, over limited
sections, this drift is negligible. If a significant change in the base
line occurs, use the average shale base line. The bed boundaries
on an SP are the inflection points on the curve. The inflection
point (or maximum slope) on the curve occurs due to maximum
current flow in the well bore at the boundary. The apparent bed
thickness
from the SP is used, not the bed thickness indicated on some
other log. Sometimes it is difficult to pick a bed thickness if there
are large shale beds within the sand. A judgment decision must
be made under these circumstances as to the real thickness of
the bed (Dresser Altlas et. al. 1957).

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Fig 10.2: The Difference between Sand And Shale In SP Log (Dresser Altlas
et. al. 1957).

2.3 Gamma ray log

It is a method of measuring naturally occurring gamma radiation
to characterize the rock or sediment in a borehole or drill hole. It
is a wireline logging method used in mining, mineral exploration,
water-well drilling, for formation evaluation in oil and gas well
drilling and for other related
purposes. Different types of rock emit different amounts and
different spectra of natural gamma radiation. In particular, shales
usually emit more gamma rays than other sedimentary rocks,

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such as sandstone, gypsum, salt, coal, dolomite, or limestone
because radioactive potassium is a common

component in their clay content, and because the cation-

exchange capacity of clay causes them to absorb uranium and
thorium. This difference in radioactivity between shales and
sandstones/carbonate rocks allows the gamma ray tool to
distinguish between shales and non-shales. But it cannot
distinguish between carbonates and sandstone as they both have
similar deflections on the gamma ray log. Thus gamma ray logs
cannot be said to make good lithological logs by themselves, but
in practice, gamma ray logs are compared side-by-side with
stratigraphic logs (Dresser Altlas et. al. 1957) .
2.4 What are the radioactive element ?
Spectral logging is the technique of measuring the spectrum, or
number and energy, of gamma rays emitted via natural
radioactivity of the rock formation. There are three main sources
of natural radioactivity on Earth:
potassium (40K), thorium (principally 232Th and 230Th), and
uranium (principally 238U and 235U). These radioactive isotopes
each emit gamma rays that have a characteristic energy level
measured in MeV. The quantity and energy of these gamma rays
can be measured by a scintillometer. A log of the spectroscopic
response to natural gamma ray radiation is usually presented as a
total gamma ray log that plots the weight fraction of potassium
(%), thorium (ppm) and uranium (ppm). The primary standards for

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the weight fractions are geological formations with known
quantities of
the three isotopes. Natural gamma ray spectroscopy logs became
routinely used in the early 1970s, although they had been studied
from the 1950s (Fig 11.2) .

The characteristic gamma ray line that is associated with each

radioactive component:
Potassium : Gamma ray energy 1.46 MeV
Thorium series: Gamma ray energy 2.61 MeV
Uranium-Radium series: Gamma ray energy 1.76 MeV
Another example of the use of spectral gamma ray logs is to
identify specific clay types, like kaolinite or illite. This may be
useful for interpreting the environment of deposition as kaolinite
and form from feldspars in tropical soils by leaching of potassium;
and low potassium readings may thus indicate the presence of
one or more readings (Schlumberger, 2010).

2.5 Use in mineral exploration

Edit Gamma ray logs are also used in mineral exploration,
especially exploration for phosphates, uranium, and potassium
salts (E&P geology, 2012).

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Fig 11.2: Natural Gamma Ray Energy Levels (Schlumberger, 2010).

2.6 Campton scattering

This is an interaction in which an incident gamma photon loses
enough energy to an atomic electron to cause its ejection, with
the remainder of the original photon's energy emitted as a new,
lower energy gamma photon whose emission direction is different
from that of the incident gamma photon, hence the term
"scattering". The probability of Compton scattering decreases
with increasing photon energy. It is thought to be the principal
absorption mechanism for gamma rays in the intermediate
energy range 100 keV to 10 MeV. It is relatively independent of
the atomic number of the absorbing materials.
In passing through matter, gamma rays experience successive
Compton-scattering collisions with atoms of the formation
material, losing energy) with each collision. After the gamma ray
has lost enough energy It is absorbed, by means of the
photoelectric effect, by an atom of the formation .Thus natural
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gamma rays are gradually absorbed and their energies degraded
reduced as they pass through the formation, The/rate of
absorption varies with formation density (Fig 12.2) .
Less dense formations exhibit more radioactivity than dense
formations even though there may be the same quantities of
radioactive material per unit volume (Flash NASA. 2023).

Fig 12.2: Compton Scattering Mechanism (Flash NASA. 2023).

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2.7 The relationship between volume of shale
and gamma ray log
The number of API units or CPS for a given formation depends on
the volume of the crystal, the electronics of the instrument, the
recording method and the logging speed. In older analog
recording systems resistor/capacitor network was used to
"average" the random fluctuations of radioactive decay to provide
a smoothed result that could be plotted by a chart recorder. In
modern logging systems, each sample (whether derived by depth
or time sampling) contains the total API units or CPS (Fig 13.2)..
The raw data samples still contain the random radiation data,
which is the true measurement. Geologists and engineers prefer
to see the smoothed output, which minimizes the noisy (but real)
appearance of radioactive

logging tools, the value of the radioactivity increases towards the

right on the log (Fig 14.2). (Fakhry A. Assaad 2008).

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Fig 13.2: The difference between shale and non-shale formation by GR Log
(Fakhry A. Assaad 2008).

Fig 14.2: The Equation of Estimating Shale Volume (Fakhry A. Assaad 2008).

2.8 Uses of GR log

 indicator for lithology.

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 Identify radioactivity in sandstone, carbonates & evaporites.
 Discriminate between reservoir & non-reservoir .
 Determine facies & grain size.
 Correlation. tracers in stimulation procedures
 Estimate shaliness of the reservoir
 correlation & Facies estimation
 depth control (open/cased hole)
 shale or clay content estimation
 shale or clay content estimation
 identification of water flow

Fig 15.2: Estimation of shale volume in a formation (Fakhry A. Assaad

2008).

2.9 Porosity logs

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Porosity logs measure the fraction or percentage of pore volume
in a volume of rock. Most porosity logs use either acoustic as
Sonic Log or nuclear technology as Neutron Log, Density log
Acoustic logs measure characteristics of sound waves propagated
through the well-bore environment.
Nuclear logs utilize nuclear reactions that take place in the
downhole logging instrument or in the formation (Wylie, et. al.
1995) .

2.9.1 Neutron-density log combination:

The combination of density and neutron logs is now used
commonly as a means to determine porosity that is largely free of
lithology effects .There are three types of logging tools that are
used to estimate the amount of pore space in a rock. Generally
Porosity Logs Required Shallow Depth of Investigation (Fig 16.2)
(Wylie, et. al. 1995).

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Fig 16.2: Different Petrophysical Logs (Wylie, et. al. 1995)

2.9.2 The sonic log

is an excellent tool for the determination of porosity in hard and
intermediate formations, such as limestones , sandstones, and
compacted sands. Field experience, although still limited seems
to indicate that, in these formations, the sonic log can detect
vugular zones and horizontal fissures if their size is sufficient to
attenuate the signal enough for the production of skipped cycles.
In unconsolidated formations, the sonic log can be used as an

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approach to porosity values by applying correction factors for
degree of

compaction, shaliness and fluid content. These corrections, based

on a limited field experience, are still approximate. In
unconsolidated formations, the sonic log is also useful for strati-
graphic studies, based on the degree of shale compaction, and for
differentiation between gas oil and water bearing zones. In all
types of formations the sonic log can be used for accurate and
detailed correlation, and for geophysical studies, Sonic logging is
the recording of the time required for a sound wave to traverse a
definite length of formation.
Sonic travel-times are inversely proportional to the speed of
sound in the various formations (Fig 17.2).
The speed of sound in subsurface formations depends upon the
elastic properties of the rock matrix, the porosity of the
formations and their fluid content and pressure.'-' Below the
"weathered" or low-velocity layer extending from 50 to 100 ft or
so be-low the surface, sound velocities may range from about
6,000 ft/sec in shallow shales to as much as 24,000 ft/sec in
dolomites. In hard formations (well cemented and/or compacted),
the sonic log reflects the amount of fluid in the formations; hence,
it correlates well with their porosity. In unconsolidated formations,
which are usually of fairly high porosity, the sonic log gives an
approach to porosity determination, when its readings are
corrected for lack of compaction, shaliness, and fluid content (Fig
18.2) In such formations the sonic log may also indicate the
presence of gas and may distinguish between oil and water-
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bearing beds. Field experience with the sonic log in soft
formations is more limited than that in hard formations. As a
result, interpretation in soft formations is not as well developed at
the present time (Wylie, et. al. 1995).

Fig 17.2: The Acoustic Log (Sonic Log) (Wylie, et. al. 1995).

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Fig 18.2: Equation of Porosity Estimation based on Interval time (Wylie, et.
al. 1995).

2.9.3 Density Log

The density log is a measure of apparent density of the rock and
is computed from the absorption of gamma rays emitted from a
tool radioactive source by the formation Gas shows up as an
apparent increase in porosity (decrease in bulk density) on the
density log (Fig 19.2) . The effects of changes in fluid saturation
are quantitatively predictable on the density formation density
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and fluid densities. Log due to the predictable relationship
between porosity, Shale is generally considered to have a density
close to sand; thus, the addition of shale to a porous rock tends to
reduce, the tool was initially developed in the 1950s and was in
use throughout the hydrocarbon industry by the 1960s. A type of
active nuclear

tool, a radioactive source and detector are lowered down the

borehole and the source emits medium-energy gamma rays into
the formation (Fig 20.2). Radioactive sources are typically a
directional Cs-137 source. These gamma rays interact with
electrons in the formation and are scattered in an interaction
known as Compton scattering. The number of scattered gamma
rays that reach the detector, placed at a set distance from the
emitter, is related to the formation's electron density, which itself
is related to the formation's bulk density (Schlumber, 2012) .

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Fig 19.2: Density log identification cases (Schlumber, 2012)

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 Razzak
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Fig 20.2: Eqution of Density Log (Schlumber, 2012)

2.9.4 Neutron Log

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 Razzak
Field

The neutron log mainly measures hydrogen concentration in a

formation. The logging device is a noncontact tool that emits
neutrons from a source. Emitted neutrons collide with nuclei of
the formation and lose some of their energy, The neutron log is
the key to definitive open hole gas detection. The neutron
responds to hydrogen. Gas has considerably less hydrogen than
oil or water and shows up as low porosity. The low density of the
gas over accentuates the low hydrogen content (excavation
effect). The result is that with gas, the observed neutron porosity
is less than true porosity (Fig 21.2). Low pressure, dry gas is more
readily detected than high pressure, wet gas due to the lower
hydrogen density. High pressure, wet gas sometimes has
hydrogen densities similar to light oil. Neutron logs see shale as
relatively high porosity. So in most cases shale looks like an
increase in porosity, or an opposite effect to the gas response.
Qualitatively, the presence of both shale and gas in a sand may
look just like a clean sand which is liquid filled (Dewan, 1986).

PAGE 47
 Razzak
Field

Fig 21.2: different types of petrophysical logs (Dewan, 1986).

PAGE 48
 Razzak
Field
2.9.5 The relationship between different types of
well logging

Fig 22.2: different types of petrophysical logs (Schlumberger, 2010).

Fig 23.2: The identification of shale and sand in 3 types of logs (GR, SP,

Resistivity) (Wylie, et. al. 1995)

PAGE 49
 Razzak
Field

PAGE 50
 Razzak
Field

CHAPTER THREE

LOG
INTERPRETATION

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 Razzak
Field

Fig.1: The distribution of wells in Razzak oil field (Abdine et al. 1993)

Well No. Log tool Item Visible Not visible

Gamma ray GR 
Density RHOB
Razzak 1 
Neutron NEUTRON 
Razzak 3 Caliper CAL

Self Potential SP 
Razzak 5
MicroRes RXOZ 
MedRes AHT30 
Razzak 8
DeepRes AHT90 
Sonic SONIC 

1.Gamma ray
 For most wells there are widely distributed values for gamma
PAGE 52
ray, which affirmed by the intercalations if shale within sand
 Razzak
Field

1.2. Estimation of Volume of Shale

The volume of shale (Vsh) is a critical parameter in petrophysical

analysis that enables the accurate estimation of other
petrophysical parameters like effective porosity, saturation and
Net-to-Gross. This is an important step in characterization of
reservoirs as well as valuation of hydrocarbon potentials through
GR (Gamma Ray), Neutron and Density as well as Potassium,
Uranium and Thorium logs were adopted to estimate and
analyze Vsh. Estimation of volume of shale is very important and
acts as critical parameter in conventional reservoir un like
unconventional reservoir, to illustrate for conventional reservoir
the intercalations among sand stone and shale as shown in Fig 3,
detect the quality of reservoir, in addition to the ability of
profitably production of suitable amounts of hydrocarbon whether
by natural permeability or recovery techniques,

PAGE 53
 Razzak
Field
otherwise in unconventional reservoir the typical type of it is
Shale oil or gas, therefore there is not necessary to estimate
volume of shale.

Fig 3: The intercalations among sand stone and shale layer in surface outcrop
of Baharyia Formation in north Western desert (PIC; M.Ayman, Baharyia Oasis
field trip, 2023 ).

According to the equation in chapter two (Fig 14.2), Calculating

the volume of shale requires detecting the following parameters:
1. IGR
2. GR Max.
3. GR Min.

1.2.1 IGR
Gamma ray log reading at specific point, at certain depth along
the whole log profile of a specific formation (Fig 4).

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 Razzak
Field
1.2.2 GR Max.
The maximum value for Gamma ray along the whole log profile of
a specific formation (Fig 4).
1.2.3 GR Min.
The minimum value for Gamma ray along the whole log profile of
a specific formation (Fig 4).

GR Max.

IGR

GR Min.

Fig 4: detect the parameters of the equation of volume of shale

measurement

Alamin Dolomite

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 Razzak
Field
 It is a member from 7 members of a huge formation
called Burg El Arab Formation
 This formation mainly composed of continental and
lagoonal-marine massive bodies of sand stone
intercalated with shale and dolomitic lime stone.
 This member assigned to Aptian-Alpian age.
 This member is the most important with respect to
petroleum industry, because it represents the oil pay
zone of Razzak oil field in the north western desert.

Formati Depth IGR GR GR Vsh Avera

on (m) (API Max. Min. (%) ge
) (API (API (%)
) )
2319(T 55 66
op)
2329 9 1
AL 2339 16 79 8 11 13.1
Dolomite 2349 10 2 4
2359 10 2
2369 13 7
2379 10 3

PAGE 56
Table 1: The estimation of volume of shale for AL Dolomite
 Razzak
Field

Log 1: the GR and Density log profiles of Al Dolomite

Baharyia Formation

 This formation assigned to Early Cenomanian.

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 Razzak
Field
 This formation mainly composed of sand stone with
shale and lime stone intercalations.
 This formation in the subsurface succession
unconformably overlies Kharita Member of Burg El
Arab Formation and conformably underlies Abu Roash
Formation.

Formati Depth IGR GR GR Vsh Avera

on (API) Max. Min. (%) ge
(API) (API) (%)
1758 45 50
Baharyia 1768
1788
41
43
43.54
46.77
1798 36 35.48
1808 38 38.70
1838 35 33.87
1868 43 46.77
1888 18 76 14 6.45 31.8
1898 30 25.80
1908 21 11.29 5
1918 24 16.12
1938 31 27.41

PAGE 58

Table 2: The estimation of volume of shale for Baharyia formation

 Razzak
Field

Log 2: The GR and Density log profiles of Baharyia Formation

Abu Roash G

 Abu Roash Formation assigned to Late Cenomanian-

Santonian.

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 Razzak
Field
 This Formation composes of 7 members, which
alphapetically named from A to G, from top to base,
respectively.
 Abo Roash G is the most important, because it
represents the oil pay zone of Razzak oil Field.
 It composes mainly of lime stone with some
intercalations of clastic facies.

Formati Dept IGR GR GR Vsh Aver

on h (API) Max. Min. (%) .
(m) (API) (%)
(API)
1558 45 46
1568 16 8
1578 18 11
1588 16 8
1598 13 5
1608 20 14
1618 13 5
1628 16 9 8
1638 47 87 48
ARG 1648
1658
25
25
20
20
26.
1668 48 50 3
1678 46 47
1688 55 58
1698 28 24
1708 43 43
1718 29 25
1728 43 43
1738 30 26
1748 23 17

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 Razzak
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Log 3: The GR and Density log profiles of Abu Roash G Formation

Alam El Buieb

 It represents a member within Burg El Arab Formation.

PAGE 61
 56.2
5 Razzak
%
Field
 Consist of fossiliferous shale and intercalations of sand
100
stone, consequently it is considered as source rock.
 It conformably underlies Al Dolomite, a part of that the
supply of Hydrocarbon.

Formati Dept IGR GR GR Vsh Averag

on h (API) Max. Min. (%) e
(API) (API) (%)
2386 53 51%
2396 63 61%
2406 53 51%
2416 54 52%
2426 24 20%
2446 26 22%
2456 60 58%
2466 38 35%
AEB 2476 56 54%
2486 33 29%
2506 29 25%
2516 33 29%
2526 79 78%
2536 88 87%
2546 34 31%
2556 29 25%
2566 97 97%
2596 90 89%
2606 40 37%
2656 65 63%
2666 27 23%
2686 85 84%
2736 54 52%
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 Razzak
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2746 95 95%
2756 32 28%
2766 81 80%
2776 90 89%
2786 73 72%
2796 76 75%
2806 42 39%
2816 80 79%
2836 59 57%
2846 82 5 81% 56.2
2856 75 74% %
2866 28 24%
2876 61 59%
2886 56 54%
2916 53 51%
3056 62 60%
3116 57 55%
3206 67 65%
3216 64 62%
3236 64 62%
3246 34 31%
3256 81 80%
3266 71 69%
3276 92 92%
3286 91 91%
3296 43 40%
3316 67 65%
3356 54 52%
3366 49 46%
3376 28 24%

Table 4: The estimation of volume of shale for Alam El Bueib Formaton

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 Razzak
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Log 4.1: The GR and Density log profiles of Alam EL Buieb Formation

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 Razzak
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Log 4.2: The GR and Density log profiles of Alam EL Buieb Formation

Log 4.3: The GR and Density log profiles of Alam EL Buieb Formation

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 Razzak
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Log 4.4: The GR and Density log profiles of Alam EL Buieb Formation

Log 4.5: The GR and Density log profiles of Alam EL Buieb Formation

2.Estimation of porosity
For start, as we previously declared in chapter two (Fig.20.2), to
estimate the porosity we should detect the following
parameters:
1. Matrix density
2. Fluid density
3. Bulk density

2.1 Matrix density

PAGE 66
The matrix density of mixed lithology of sand stone and clay is
 Razzak
Field

Bulk
density

Fig 5: detect the bulk density on the density log profile

Formati Dept Matri Fluid Bulk Densit Average

on h x densi Densi y (%)
(m) densi ty ty derive
ty (gr/ (gr/ d
(gr/ cc) cc) porosi
cc) ty
1758 2.5 0.0937
5
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 Baharyia Razzak
Field
1768 2.61 0.025
1778 2.29 0.225
1788 2.32 0.2062
5
1798 2.38 0.1687
5
1808 2.17 0.3
1818 2.34 0.1937
2.65 1.05 17%
5
1828 2.47 0.1125
1838 2.45 0.125
1848 2.39 0.1625
1858 2.51 0.0875
1868 2.24 0.2562
5
1878 2.37 0.175
1888 2.3 0.2187
5
1898 2.22 0.2687
5
1908 2.23 0.2625
1918 2.65 0
1928 2.34 0.1937
5
1938 2.42 0.1437
5
3.2187
5

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 Razzak
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Formati Dept Matri Fluid Bulk Densit Average

on h x densi Densi y (%)
(m) densi ty ty derive
ty (gr/ (gr/ d
(gr/ cc) cc) porosi
cc) ty
1558 2.57 0.05
1568 2.22 0.2687
5
1578 2.35 0.1875
1588 2.32 0.2062

ARG 5
1598 2.56 0.0562
5
1608 2.55 0.0625
1618 2.65 1.05 2.59 0.0375 19%
1628 2.64 0.0062
5
1638 2.16 0.3062
5
1648 2.41 0.15
1658 2.55 0.0625
Table 5: The estimation of porosity for Baharyia formation
1668 2.05 0.375

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 Razzak
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1678 1.95 0.4375
1688 2.03 0.3875
1698 2.53 0.075
1708 2.09 0.35
1718 2.65 0
1728 2.12 0.3312
5
1738 2.11 0.3375
1748 2.46 0.1187
5
3.8062
5

Formati Dept Matri Fluid Bulk Density Avera

on derived
h x densi Densi ge
porosit
(m) densi ty ty y (%)
AL ty (gr/ (gr/
Dolomite (gr/ cc) cc)
cc)
2319 2.33 0.29670
3297
2329 2.84 0.01648
2.87 1.05 3516 6%
2339 2.75 0.06593
4066
2349 2.82 0.02747
2527
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 Razzak
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2359 2.83 0.02197
8022
2369 2.87 0
2379 2.85 0.01098
9011
0.43956
044

Table 7: The estimation of porosity for Al Dolomite formation

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References

 Abu el Naga M (1983) Northwestern desert stratigraphic summary: a

conoco’s chart compiled from different official sources. Unpublished
internal charts
 Norton P (1967) Rock stratigraphic nomenclature of the Western Desert,
PAGE 75
Egypt. GUPCO, Cairo, Exploration Report No. 41(E.R. 557) Said R (1962)
The geology of Egypt. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 377 Said R (1990) The
 Razzak
Field

 Log interpretation fundamentals, manager of interpretation Dresser

Altlas P. O. Box 1407, Houston, Texas 77001 and Copyright 1977.
 ^ GR-Logging Tools Archived 2010-11-30 at the Wayback Machine by
Schlumberger for the Oil and Gas Industry
 ^ Fluvial Sequence Stratigraphy using Thorium & Potassium on E&P
geology Archived 2012-03-13 at the Wayback Machine
 ^ "NASA - In a Flash NASA Helps Solve 35- year-old Cosmic Mystery".
PAGE 76
www.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2023-02-19.
 ^ Fakhry A. Assaad (26 September 2008).Field Methods for Petroleum
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Field

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