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03 01-23-07 Mineralogy

The document discusses soil mineralogy, differentiating between primary and secondary minerals based on their formation processes. It outlines Pauling's rules regarding coordination structures and stability in minerals, emphasizing the importance of cation-anion interactions. Additionally, it covers the building blocks of clay minerals, types of silicate minerals, and classification of clay minerals based on their structural characteristics.

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Tamer El Said
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5 views8 pages

03 01-23-07 Mineralogy

The document discusses soil mineralogy, differentiating between primary and secondary minerals based on their formation processes. It outlines Pauling's rules regarding coordination structures and stability in minerals, emphasizing the importance of cation-anion interactions. Additionally, it covers the building blocks of clay minerals, types of silicate minerals, and classification of clay minerals based on their structural characteristics.

Uploaded by

Tamer El Said
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Soil Mineralogy

] Primary minerals—
\ inherited from parent material
\ igneous and metamorphic
\ sand and silt fraction (mostly)
] Secondary minerals—
\ formed under “normal” temperature and pressure
\ formed in the soil environment or inherited from
sedimentary parent material
\ clay fraction (mostly)

Pauling Rules
] 1. A coordinating polyhedron of anions is
found about each cation, the cation-anion
distance being determined by the radius sum
and the coordination number of the cation by
the radius ratio.
] 2. In a stable coordination structure, the
total strength of the valency bonds that
reach an anion from all the neighboring
cations is equal to the charge of the anion.

1
Coordination Environment

] Tetrahedral

] Octahedral

] Cubic

] Dodecahedral

Radius ratio

] Tetrahedral (4): 0.225-0.414


\ Si4+, Al3+
] Octahedral (6): 0.414-0.732
\ Fe3+, Mg2+, Ti4+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Na+, Ca2+
] Si4+ = 0.042 nm, O2- = 0.140 nm
\ ratio = 0.300
] Al3+ = 0.051 nm, ratio = 0.364
] Mg2+ = 0.066, ratio = 0.471

2
More Pauling Rules

] 3. The existence of edges, and particularly


faces, common to two anion polyhedra in a
coordinated structure decreases its stability;
this effect is large for cations with high valency
and small coordination number.
] 4. In a crystal containing different cations, those
of high valency and small coordination number
tend not to share polyhedron elements with
each other.
] 5. The number of essentially different kinds of
constituents in a crystal tends to be small.

What does this mean?

] Sharing edges or faces brings the cations


closer together and causes repulsion
] Cations such as P5+ will not form minerals
that share any O (in nature).
] The most stable Si minerals share all the
corner O but no edges or faces (quartz).
] Different cations force different geometry
and result in less stable minerals.

3
Building Blocks

] Si tetrahedra and Al octahedra are the


basic building blocks of the clay minerals.
] http://virtual-museum.soils.wisc.edu/

Types of silicate minerals

] The different minerals are a results of


differences in the sharing of O and the
presence or absence of different cations.
] Range from no sharing (nesosilicates) to
sharing of each O with 2 Si (tectosilicates)
] Zeolites are an interesting form of
tectosilicates.

4
Basic Structural Concepts

] Cubic Close Packing (CCP).

] Hexagonal Close Packing (HCP).

HCP

A A A

A A
B B

B B

5
HCP

] Two types of voids:


\ A - void constrained by 4 spheres
[ Tetrahedral coordination

\ B - void constrained by 6 spheres


[ Octahedral coordination

Tetrahedral Sheet

6
Trioctahedral Sheet

Dioctahedral Sheet

7
Terminology
Basal Plane of O atoms

Tetrahedral
Sheet
1:1
Layer Octahedral
Sheet

Tetrahedral
Sheet

2:1 Octahedral
Layer Sheet
Tetrahedral
Sheet

Classification of Clay Minerals

] Layer Silicates (phyllosilicates)


\ Number of octahedral and tetrahedral sheets
(1:1, 2:1, 2:1:1).
\ Type of octahedral sheet (dioctahedral or
trioctahedral).
\ Type, extent, and location of isomorphous
substitution
] Oxides, hydroxides, and oxyhydroxides (Fe,
Mn, Al)

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