CHAPTER THREE

POST GRADUATE EXPERIENCE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

PRACTICE
Project: Technical Report on Radar System

INTRODUCTION:

1.1 DEFINITION OF RADAR

Radar is a contraction of Radio Detection and Ranging. Radar measurement

of range or distance is made possible because of the properties of radiated
electromagnetic energy:

This energy normally travels through space in a straight line, at a constant

speed, and will vary only slightly because of atmospheric and weather
condition.

Electromagnetic energy travels through air at approximately the speed of

light

300000 kilometers per second or

186000 status mile per second or

162000 nautical miles per second

1.2 REFLECTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE:

The electromagnetic waves are reflected if they meet an electrically leading

surface. If this reflected wave received again at the place of their origin,
then that means an obstacle is in the propagation direction. These
principles are basically implemented in a radar system, and allow the
direction of the distance, the direction and the height of the reflecting
object.

1.3 RADAR BASIC PRINCIPLES

The electronic principle on which radar operates is very similar to the

principle of sound –wave reflection. If you shout in the direction of sound –
reflecting object like rocky canyon or cave, you will hear an echo. If you
know the speed of sound in air, you can then estimate the distance and

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general direction of the object .The time required for an echo to return can
be roughly converted to distance if the speed of sound is known. Radar uses
electromagnetic energy pulses in the same way, as shown in figure 1 below

Figure 1: Radar principle

The radio frequency [RF] energy is transmitted to and reflected from the
reflecting object. A small portion of the reflected energy returns to the
radar system. This returned energy is called an ECHO; Radar systems use
the echo to determine the direction and distance of the reflecting object.

1.3.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF PRIMARY RADAR

The radar contraction as mention above is used to detect the presence of an

aim [as object of detection] and to determine its location. This implies that
the quantity measured is range and angle. Primary radar antenna
illuminates the target [AIR CRAFT] with microwave signal, which is then
reflected and picked up by receiving device. The electrical signal picked up
by the receiving antenna is called echo or return. The radar signal is
generated by a powerful transmitter and received by a highly sensitive
receiver.

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 Figure
2 Primary Radar

1.3.2 SIGNAL ROUNTING

The radar transmitter produces short duration of high power RF-pulses of

energy. The duplexer alternately switches the antenna between the
transmitter and receiver so that only one antenna need be used. This
switching is necessary because the high- power pulses of the transmitter
would destroy the receiver if energy were allowed to enter the receiver.

The antenna transfers the transmitter energy to signals in space with the
required distribution and efficiency. This process is applied in an identical
way on reception.

The transmitted pulses are radiated into space by the antenna as an

electro-magnetic wave. This wave travels in a straight line with a constant
velocity and will be reflected by an aim. The antenna receives the back
scattered echo signals .During reception the duplexer lead the weakly echo
signals to the receiver. The receiver amplifies and demodulates the
received RF signals. The receiver provides video signals on the output

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(screen).The indicator should present to the observer a continuous, easily
understandable, graphic.

Radar signals can be displayed on the plan position indicator (PPI) as a

rotating vector with the radar at the origin, which indicates the pointing
direction of the antenna and hence the bearing of targets. It shows a map-
like picture of the area covered by the radar beam as show in the fig 3.
Figure 3

The Air Traffic Control RADAR (ATCR) 33A-Radar is a medium power, 10

centimeter (s-band) pulsed radar designed as a fixed installation for use in
an ATC system. The radar incorporates both analog and digital signal
processing,

And supplied in both single-channel and dual-channel configurations

depending upon users” requirements. The configurations available are:

 Single channel

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  Dual channel with frequency diversity.

The modular concept followed in the radar design enables the single-
channel version to be expanded to a dual-channel version by duplicating
the element of the single-channel version and adding the appropriate
interface units.

1.3.3 OPERATION FEATURES ATCR-33A FACILITIES AVAILABLE

Coverage -medium power transmitter

-dual beam operation

-frequency diversity operation

-transistor amplifier

-moving window integration

Resolution -Narrow beam

Weather and clutter reduction -Linear/circular elliptical polarization

-Beam configuration

-Digital MTI system

Interference suppression -pre-selector filter

-moving window integrator

- Video correlator

High reliability -use of digital technique

Availability -internal check program

1.4 ANTENNA GROUP

The antenna group consists essentially of:

 The reflector

 The feed horn

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  The polarizer

 The pedestal

 The duplexer

The parabolic reflector concentrates the RF energy radiated by the feed

horn into a narrow, high beam and directs the reflected power received as
an echo from a target to the feed horn.

The vertical antenna beam varies slightly from the cosecant-square law to
eliminate short-range targets more intensely and to maintain the useful
signal/clutter ratio at a constant level over the complete radar range. Using
a manually –operated tilting mechanism, the peak of the radiated beam can
be moved between -2 deg. and +8 deg. in the vertical plane. The antenna is
driven by a motor in antenna pedestal and uses one of two standard
turning systems. High speed/low speed is selected by the operator.

The antenna pedestal also contains a rotating joint to connect the RF

power from the fixed to the rotating parts. The triple rotating joint allows
the contemporary utilization of Main Beam, Auxiliary Beam and RF coming
from SSR antenna.

A fixing system for SSR antenna is available on the antenna reflector. A

linear/right circular/left circular/right elliptical/left elliptical polarizer is
fitted as standard on the antenna and can be selected by the operator for
the required mode; circular polarization offers the advantage that
symmetrical target, such as rain clutter, and particularly clouds are
strongly attenuated.

Elliptical polarization is used in particular cases such as rain in wind

shear condition because in this situation the targets are not symmetrical.

The duplexer is a switching device which routes the transmitter RF

energy to the feed horn and at the same time isolates the input of the
receiving channel. During reception, the RF is routed to the receiver and
the duplexer isolates the transmitter for the total period of the radar
sweep.

The function of the auxiliary beam is to improve the signal/noise ratio for
targets at high speed. These would show up on the PPI as angels, etc.

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 The antenna pattern is modified by an electronic switching circuit as
follows.

Short range - auxiliary beam only.

Long range –main beam only.

1.5 DIGITAL PROCESSING

The ATCR digital MTI circuits provide a high cancellation of fixed targets.
To eliminate the target blind speeds phenomena, either a pseudo-sextuple
or a staggering system is used depending on the peculiar operational
condition, which moves the first blind speed beyond the velocity range
presently involved by targets concerning the ATCR system.

The fixed target cancellation is obtained by means of a dual canceller on

each of the two quadrature components representing the video
information.

The video processing on the two quadrature components is used to

eliminate the blind phases; in fact, when the value of one component is zero
the target information is not lost because at the same time, the quadrature
component will be at maximum value.

In the MTI Video channel, a LOG-FTC circuit is used whose function is to

filter the rain clutter; the selection between linear and logarithmic video
signals is performed by means of an operational control.

The NORMAL and MTI video signals are selected within each radar
sweep, by the Range Gating circuit controlled by mean of manual control or
by the clutter situation in Random Access Memories (RAM), allows for the
automatic selection of the NORMAL video in the MTI zone in all clutter free
areas.

The resulting video signal is then processed both in a Video correlator

and in a Moving Window Video Integrator. The video correlator allows for
the cancellation of second and third time round echo signals and the
normalization of the cancellation residual signals whenever anomalous
propagation phenomena residual signals whenever anomalous propagation
phenomena is absent.

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 The video Integrator allows for the improvement of the video signal-to-
noise ratio. The adoption of this particular circuit (Moving Window)
ensures that a strictly constant PFA* value is obtained and furthermore
presents a considerable efficiency in eliminating received echo signals
which are nor synchronized with the Pulse Repetition Frequency of the
Radar equipment.

1.6 SYNCHRONIZATION

The digital processing circuits generate all the timing signals as well, i.e.
the entire timing trigger and pretrigers and the staggered and destaggered
enabling signals which are necessary for the equipment normal operation.

The principle of operation of timing system is based on the generation of a

circulating trigger obtained by means of a loop closed through the
transmitter.

The timing system in fact sends a trigger to the transmitter to enable the
modulator circuits a sample of the transmitter R.F. pulse is then fed-back to
the timing system to be used as a control clock.

The timing system, moreover, generates staggered and destaggered

triggers for the display system which allow the correct presentation of the
received echo signals on the PPI display.

1.7 SIGNAL TIMING

Most function of a radar system is time-depended. Time synchronization

between the transmitter and receiver of a radar system is required for
range measurement. Radar systems radiate each pulse during transmit
time (or pulse width Ԏ) wait for returning echoes during listening or rest
time, and then radiate the next pulse, as shown in figure 4.

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 Figure 4: Radar time line

A so called synchronizer coordinates the timing for range

determination and supplies the synchronizing signals for the radar. It sent
simultaneously signals to the transmitter, which sends a new pulse, and to
the indicator, and other associated circuits.

The time between the beginning of one pulse and the start of the next pulse
is called pulse-repetition time (PRT) and is equal to the reciprocal of PRF as
follows:

PRT

The Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) of the radar system is the number of
pulses that are transmitted per second. The frequency of pulse
transmission affects the maximum range that can be displayed.

1.8 RANGING

The distance of the aim is determined from the received time of the high-
frequency transmitted signal and the propagation c0. The actual range of a
target from the radar is known as slant range. Slant range is the line of sight
distance between the radar and the object illuminated. While ground range
is the horizontal distance between the emitter and its target and its
calculation requires knowledge of the target's elevation. Since the waves
travel to a target and back, the round trip time is divided by two in order to
obtain the time the wave took to reach the target. Therefore the following
formula arises for the slant range:

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 R is the slant range

tdelay is the time taken for the signal to travel to the target and
return

c0 is the speed of light (approximately 3·108 m/s)

If the respective returning time t-delay is known, then the distance R

between a target and the radar set can be calculated by using this equation.

1.8.1.1 BEARING

The direction to the target is determined by the directivity of the antenna.

Directivity, sometimes known as the directive gain, is the ability of the
antenna to concentrate the transmitted energy in a particular direction. An
antenna with high directivity is also called a directive antenna. By
measuring the direction in which the antenna is pointing when the echo is
received, both the azimuth and elevation angles from the radar to the
object or target can be determined. The accuracy of angular measurement
is determined by the directivity, which is a function of the size of the
antenna.

Figure 5

The True Bearing (referenced to true north) of a radar target is the angle
between true north and a line pointed directly at the target. This angle is

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measured in the horizontal plane and in a clockwise direction from true
north. The bearing angle to the radar target may also be measured in a
clockwise direction from the centerline of your own ship or aircraft and is
referred to as the relative bearing. The rapid and accurate transmission of
the bearing information between the turntable with the mounted antenna
and the scopes can be carried out for

 servo systems and

 counting of azimuth change pulses.

Servo systems are used in older radar antennas and missile launchers and
works with help of devices like synchro torque transmitters and synchro
torque receivers. In other radar units we find a system of Azimuth-Change-
Pulses (ACP). In every rotation of the antenna a coder sends many pulses,
these are then counted in the scopes. Some radar sets work completely
without or with a partial mechanical motion. These radars employ
electronic phase scanning in bearing and/or in elevation (phased-array-
antenna).

1.8.1.2 ELEVATION ANGLE

The elevation angle is the angle between the horizontal plane and the line
of sight, measured in the vertical plane. The Greek letter Epsilon (ε)
describes the elevation angle. The elevation angle is positive above the
horizon (0° elevation angle), but negative below the horizon.

Figure 6

1.8.1.3 HEIGHT

The height of a target over the earth's surface is called height or altitude.

Figure 7

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This is denominated by the letter H (like: Height) in the following formulae
and figures. True altitude is the actual airplane distance above mean sea
level. The altitude can be calculated with the values of distance R and
elevation angle ε, as shown in figure 8, where:

R = aims slant range

ε = measured elevation angle

re= earth's equivalent radius (about 6370 km)

Figure 8

In practice, however, the propagation of electromagnetic waves is also

subject to refraction, this means, the transmitted beam of the radar unit
isn't a straight side of this triangle but this side is also bent and it depends
on:

 the transmitted wavelength,

 the barometric pressure,

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  the air temperature and

 the atmospheric humidity.

Therefore all these equations are an approximation only.

1.8.2 MAXIMUM UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE

A problem with pulsed radars and range measurement is how to

unambiguously determine the range to the target if the target returns a
strong echo. This problem arises because of the fact that pulsed radars
typically transmit a sequence of pulses. The radar receiver measures the
time between the leading edges of the last transmitting pulse and the echo
pulse. It is possible that an echo will be received from a long range target
after the transmission of a second transmitting pulse.

Figure 9: a second-sweep echo in a distance of 400 km assumes a wrong range of 100 km

1.8.3 SLANT RANGE:

Cause by the fact that the radar unit measures a slope range, the radar
measures different ranges of two airplanes, which exactly one above the
other flies (therefore having the same topographical distance to the radar
unit exactly).

This false measurement could be corrected by software, or module in

modern radar sets with digital signal processing. These software modules
then must also especially be adapted on the geographical coordinates of the
radar site, however. The calculation is very complicated and also requires
some weather data to the correction.

Figure 10: Different height causes a different slant range

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 1.8.4 Radar Range Equation Parameter:

Metric units Decibels

Radiated Power Ptx 1· 10 6 W 60 dBW

Antenna Gain G 1900 32.8 dB

Transmitters Wavelength λ 0.11m(at2,700 MHz)

Radar Cross Section σ (e.g. of 1 m2

asmall aircraft)

MDS echo PMDS 5 · 10 -15 W -113 dBm

Sum of losses (see: 128.8 21.1 dB

Table 2) LS.

1.9 PROBABILITY OF DETECTIONS

The received and demodulated echo signal is processed by thrash hold

cross section. The received and demodulated echo signal is processed by
threshold logic. This threshold shall be balanced so that as of certain
amplitude wanted signals being able to pass and noise will be removed.
Since high noise exists in the mixed signal tops which lie in the range of
small wanted signals the optimized threshold level shall be a compromise.

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Wanted signals shall on the one hand reach the indication as of minimal
amplitude; on the other hand the false alarm rate may not increase.

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 CHAPTER THREE (SUB.II)

2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF RADAR SYSTEMS

Depending on the desired information, radar sets must have different
qualities and technologies. One reason for these different qualities and
techniques of radar sets are due their uses as classified in Radar set.

Figure 11: Radar systems classified according to specific function

Radar system has different qualities and technologies and they are
classified according to their specification as shown above:

2.1.2 IMAGING RADAR

Imaging radar sensors measure two dimensions of co-ordinates for a

calculating of a map like picture of the area covered by the radar beam. The
radar forms a picture of the observed object or area. This radar have been
used to map the Earth, other planets, asteroids, other celestial objects and
to categorize targets for military systems.

2.1.3 NON – IMAGING RADAR

Non – Imaging radar sensors take measurements in one linear dimension,

as opposed to the two dimensional representation of imaging sensors.
These radar systems are speed gauges and radar altimeters. Non – image
radar are called scatterometer, since they are measure the scattering
properties of the objector region being observed. Non – imaging radar
application are utilized as a secondary radar systems in some recent
private cars.

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2.1.4 PRIMARY RADAR

Prim
ary radar transmits high frequency signals which are reflected at targets.
The reflected signals (ECHOES) are received and evaluated. Primary radar
unit receive its own emitted signals as an echo again. Primary radar sets
are filted with an additional interrogator as Secondary radar mostly to
combine the advantage of both systems.

Figure 12: Block diagram of a primary radar with the signal flow

2.1.5 SECONDARY RADAR

A secondary radar system is regarded as interrogator. It interrogates the

transponder of on board in airplane. This transponder responds to
interrogation by transmit tinga coded reply signal. This response can
contain much more information than primary radar. The reply also
contains an altitude, an identification code and also technical problems on
board such as a radio contact loss.

The interrogator on the ground (secondary radar) transmits coded pulses

with different modes and every mode represents a different question. For
conventional SSR (i. e. not mode–S). The choice of questions which Air
traffic controller wants to know are the identity of the aircraft (who are
you?), what height are you? These different questions determine the Mode
of operation. The aircraft transponder replies with a code.

The transmitter of the secondary radar modulate these coded impulses

with the RF frequency of 1030MHz while the transponder of the on board

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aircraft reply with another frequency of 1090MHz. An expensive duplexer
can be renounced and is incorporated withinthe antenna. The antenna of
the secondary radar is usually mounted on the antenna of the primary
radar as indicated in the diagram below.

Figure 13: simple block diagram of secondary surveillance radar

A receiving antenna and a transponder are in the airplane. The receiver

amplifies and demodulates the interrogation impulses. The decoder
decodes the question according to the desired information and induces the
coder to prepare the suitable answer. The coder encodes the answer. The
transmitter amplifies the replays impulses and modulates these with the
RF reply-frequency.

Again in the interrogator on the ground: The receiver amplifies and

demodulates the replay impulses. Jamming or interfering signals are
filtered out as well as possible at this.

From the information „Mode” and „Code” the decoder decodes the answer.
The display of the primary radar represents the additional interrogator
information. Perhaps additional numbers must be shown on an extra
display.

2.1.6 PULSE RADAR

Pulse radar systems transmit a high – frequency impulse signal of high

power. After this impulse signal, a longer break follows in which the echoes
can be received, before a new transmitted signal is sent out. Direction,
distance and sometimes if necessary the height or altitude of the target can
be determine from the measured antenna position and propagation time of
the pulse signal. This radar system transmits a very short pulse (to get a
good range resolution) with an extremely high pulse power to get a good
maximum range.

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Figure 14: A monopulse secondary surveillance radar

antenna (looks like a lattice fence) mounted on top of an

antenna of a primary radar (parabolic reflector)

2.2 PULSE RADAR USING PULSE COMPRESSION

These radar systems transmit a relatively weak pulse with a longer pulse
width. It modulates the transmitting signal to obtain a distance resolution
also within the transmitting pulse with the help of pulse compression.

2.3 MONOSTATIC / BISTATIC RADARS

Monostatic radar is deployed in a single site. Transmitter and receiver are

co-located and the radar uses the same antenna mostly.

Biostatic radar consists of a separated (by a considerable distance)

transmitting and receiving site.

2.3.1 CONTINOUS WAVE RADAR

Continuous wave radar (CW) system transmits a high frequency signal

continuously. The echo signal is received and processed permanently also.
The transmitted signal is constant in amplitude and frequency. These
equipments are specialized in speed measuring such as speed gauges of the
police.

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The generator generates very stable RF Frequency fs. A second generator
generates the IF-frequency fZF. A mixer stage with a following narrowband
filter generates the stable local-oscillatory frequency fs+fZ Fas sum of the
transmitter’s frequency and a generated IF-frequency. As a part of the
super heterodyne receiver the next mixer stage converts the back-scattered
RF signals fs+fD to the IF- frequency. The IF amplifier makes the receiver
very sensitive for the weak echo signals. The output of the last mixer stage
is the Doppler-frequency fD only. The frequency counter counts the
Dopplerfrequencyand by means of this counted value calculate the speed.
In order to obtain a precise result, this calculation procedure must be
calibrated in accordance by an exactly specified radiation angle to the
carriageway.

2.4 CLASSIFICATION OF RADAR SYSTEM

Radar systems may be divided into types based on the designed use. This
section presents the general characteristics of several commonly used
radar systems:

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Figure 16: Classification of radar sets according its use

2.4.1 AIR – DEFENSE RADAR

Air – defense radars can detect air targets and determine their position,
course and speed in a relatively large area. The maximum range of air –
defense radar can exceed 300 miles, and the bearing coverage is a complete
360 degree circle. Air – defense radars are divided into two (2) categories,
based on the amount of position information supplied. Radar system that
provides only range and bearing information are referred to as two –
dimensional or 2D radars. Radar systems that supply range, bearing and
height are called three – dimensional or 3D radars.

Figure 17: Diagram of a typical 2D-Radar, the rotating cosecant squared antenna pattern

Figure 18: Diagram of a typical 3D-Radar, a mix of vertical electronic beam steering and
mechanically horizontal movement of a pencil-beam

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Figure 19: Antenna of a mobile 3D-Air- Defense Radar,

Air – defense radars are used as early – warning devices because they can
detect approaching enemy aircraft or missile at a great distance. Range and
bearing information provided by air defense radars, used to initially
position a fire – control tracking radar on a target.

Another use of air defense radar is guiding combat air patrol (CAP) aircraft
to a position suitable to intercept an enemy aircraft. In the case of aircraft
control, the guidance information is obtained by the radar operator and
passed to the aircraft by either voice radio or a computer link to the
aircraft.

2.5 Other applications of air defense radar are:

 The long – range early warning including air borne early warning.
(AEW)

 Ballistic missile warning and acquisition.

 Height – finding.

 Ground – controlled interception (GCI).

2.5.1 WEAPON CONTROL RADAR

Radar that provides continuously position data on a single target is called

tracking radar. Most tracking radar systems used by the military are also
fire – control radar; the two names are often used interchangeably.

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2.6 The fire control radar has the following characteristics:

 A very high pulse repetition frequency (PRF).

 A very narrow pulse width.

 A very narrow beam width.

These characteristics while providing extreme accuracy, limit the range

and make initial target detection difficult.

Fire control radar must be directed to the general location of the desired
target because of the narrow – beam pattern. Once in the general vicinity of
the target, the radar system switches to the acquisition phase of operation.
During acquisition, the radar system searches a small volume of space in
prearranged pattern until the target is located and once the target is
located, the radar system enters the tracking phase of operation using one
of several scanning techniques, the system automatically follows all target
motions.

Figure 20 weapon control radar

2.6.1 MORTAR LOCATING RADAR

A Mortar locating radar provides quick identification to pin point enemy

mortar positions in a map co-ordinate, enabling artillery units to launch

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counter attacks. The system electronically, scans the horizon over a given
sector several times a second, intercepting and automatically tracking
hostile projectiles, then computing back along the trajectory to the origin.
The coordinates and altitude of the weapon are then presented to the
operator.

Figure 21: Principle of mortar locating radar

2.6.2 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL (ATC) RADARS

The following Air traffic control (ATC) surveillance approach and landing
radars are commonly used in Air Traffic Management (ATM).

 En – route radar systems

 Air surveillance radar (ASR) systems.

 Precision approach radar (PAR) systems.

 Surface movement radars.

 Special weather radar.

2.6.2.1 EN – ROUTE RADAR SYSTEMS

En – Route radars systems operated in L – Band usually. These radar

systems initially detect and determine the position, course and speed of air
targets in a relatively large area up to 250 nautical miles (NM).

2.6.2.2 AIR SURVEILLANCE RADAR (ASR). H314

Airport surveillance radar is approach control radar used to detect and

display an aircraft’s position in the terminal area. These radar systems
operate usually in E – Band and are capable of reliably detecting and

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tracking air craft and it altitudes below 25, 000 feet (7,620 meters) and
within 40 – 6- nautical miles (75 – 110/cm) of their airport.

Figure 22: Atypically Air Surveillance Radar

2.6.2.3 PRECISION APPROACH RADAR (PAR).

The ground – controlled approach is a control mode in which an air craft is

able to land in bad weather. The pilot is guided by ground control using
precision approach radar. The guidance information is obtained by the
radar operator and passed to the air craft by either voice or a computer link
to the aircraft.

Figure 23: Typically Precision Approach Radar

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2.6.2.4 SURFACE MOVEMENT RADAR (SMR ).

The surface movement radar (SMR) scans the airport surface to locate the
positions of aircraft, and ground vehicles and displays them for air traffic
controllers in bad weather surface movement radars operate in J to X –
band and uses an extremely short pulse – width to provide an acceptable
range – resolution. SMR are part of the Airport surface detection equipment
(ASDE).

2.6.2.5 SPECIAL WEATHER – RADAR APPLICATION

Weather radar is very important for the air traffic management. These are
weather – rader specially designed for the air traffic safety.

CHAPTER THREE (SUB.III)

3.1 RADAR FREQUENCY BANDS

Figure 24: Waves and frequency ranges used by radar

The above diagram is an over view of the spectrum of the electromagnetic

waves shows frequencies up to 1024H2. The frequencies spectrum is
subdivided due to physical qualities in different sub range and the division
of the frequencies to the different ranges was completed based on
historical and is used internationally.

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There are two different significant radar frequency nomenclatures in use.
One system uses a more historically originated system and defined even as
in IEE standard. These designations were originally selected to describe the
secret radar bands used in World War II on the figure you see the different
designation for radar frequency bands and wave lengths. You can assert a
frequency generator for 1 and j – Band serves the X and Ku band Radars
and the D – Band Jammer interferers and L – Band Radar.

Fig 25: some radar and its frequencies band

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Radar systems work in a wide – band of transmitted frequencies. The
higher the frequency of a radar system, the more it is affected by weather
conditions such as rain or clouds. But the higher the transmitter frequency,
the better is the accuracy of the radar system.

3.1.1 A- and B- Band (HF- and VHF- Radar)

These radar bands below 300 MHz have a long historically tradition
because these Frequencies represented the frontier of radio technology at
the time during the World War II. Today these frequencies are used for
early warning radars and so called Over The Horizon (OTH) Radars. Using
these lower frequencies it is easier to obtain high-power transmitters. The
attenuation of the electro-magnetic waves is lower than using higher
frequencies. On the other hand the accuracy is limited, because a lower
frequency requires antennas with very large physical size which
determines angle accuracy and angle resolution. These frequency bands are
used by other communications and broadcasting services too, therefore the
bandwidth of the radar is limited (at the expense of accuracy and
resolution again).These Frequency bands are currently experiencing a
comeback, while the actually used Stealth technologies don't have the
desired effect at extremely low frequencies.

3.1.2 W – BAND

Here are two phenomena visible: a maximum of attenuation at about 75

GHz and a relative minimum at about 96 GHz. Both frequency ranges are in
use practically. In automotive engineering small built in radar sets operate
at 75…76 GHz for parking assistants, blind spot and brake assists. The high
attenuation (here the influence of the oxygen molecules O 2) enhances the
immunity to interference of these radar sets. There are radar sets operating
at 96 to 98 GHZ as laboratory equipments yet. These applications give
frequencies as 100GHZ.

3.2 C – BAND (UHF – RADAR)

There is some specialized radar sets developed for the frequency band
(300 MHZ - 1GHZ).These frequencies are used for the operation of radars
for the detection and tracking of satellites and ballistic missiles over a long
range.

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These radars operate for early warning and target acquisition like the
surveillance radar for the medium extended Air defense system (MEADs).
Some weather radar applications of wind profilers work with these
frequencies because the electromagnetic waves are very low and affected
by clouds and rain.

The new technology of ultra wide band (UWB) radars uses all frequencies
from A – to C – band. Ultra wide band radars transmit very low pulses in all
frequencies simultaneously. They are used for technically material
examination and as ground penetrating radar (GPR) for archeological
explorations.

3.2.1 D – BAND (L – BAND RADAR)

This frequency band (1 – 2 GHZ) is preferred for the operation of long –

range air – surveillance radars out to 250 NM (400km). They transmit
pulses with high power, broad band width and intra pulse modulation
often. Due to the curvature of the earth, the achievable maximum range is
limited for targets flying with low attitude. These objects disappear rapidly
behind the radar horizon.

In air traffic management (ATM) long – range surveillance radars like the
air route surveillance radar (ARSR) works in this frequency band coupled
with a monopoles secondary surveillance radar (MSSR) they uses a
relatively large but slower rotating antenna. The designation L – Band is
good in mnemonic rhyme as large antenna or long range.

3.3 E / F – BAND (S – BAND RADAR)

The atmospheric attenuation of these band of frequency is higher than in D

– Band .Radar sets need a considerably higher transmitting lower
frequency ranges to achieve a good maximum range. The medium power
radar (MPR) with a pulse power of up to 20 MW in this frequency range the
influence of weather conditions is higher than in D – band. Therefore a
couple of weather radars work in E / F – Band, but more in sub tropic and
tropic climatic conditions, because here the radar can see beyond a severe
storm.

Special Airport surveillance radar (ASR) are use at airports to detect and
display the position of aircraft in the terminal area with a medium range up

29
to 50-60NM [100KM]. An ASR detects Aircraft position and weather
conditions in the vicinity of civilian and military air fields. The designator S
– Band (contrary to L – Band) is good as mnemonic rhyme as smaller
antenna or shorter range.

3.3.1 G – BAND (C – BAND RADAR)

In G – Band there are many mobile military battle field surveillance, missile
– control and ground surveillance radar sets with short or medium range.
The size of antenna provides an excellent accuracy and resolution but the
relatively small – sized antenna do not bother a fast relocation. The
influence of bad weather conditions is very high. Therefore air –
surveillance radars use an antenna feed with circular polarization often.
This frequency band is predetermined for most types of weather radar
used to locate precipitation in temperature zone like Europe.

3.4 I / J – BAND (X – AND KU – BAND RADARS)

Under this radar, frequency – band (8 – 12 GHZ) the relationship between

used wave length and size of the antenna is considerably better than in
lower frequency bands. The I / J – Band is a relatively popular radar band
for military applications like airborne radars for performing the roles of
interceptor, fighter and attack of enemy fighters and of ground targets. A
very small antenna size provides a good performance. Missile guidance
systems at I / J – band are of a convenient size and are therefore of interest
for applications where mobility and light weight are important and very
long range is not a major requirement.

This frequency band is wide used for maritime civil and military navigation
radars, very small and cheap antenna with a high rotation speed is
adequate for a fast maximum range and a good accuracy. Slotted wave
guide and small patch antenna are used as radar antenna under a
protecting random mostly.

This frequency band is popular for space borne or air borne imaging radars
based on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) both for Military electronic
intelligence and civil geographic mapping. A special inverse synthetic radar
(SAR) is in use as a maritime air borne instrument of pollution control.

3.4.1 K – BAND (k – AND Ka – BAND RADARS)

30
 The higher the frequency, the higher the atmospheric absorption and
attenuation of the waves. Otherwise the achievable accuracy and the range
resolution rise too. Radar applications in this frequency band provide short
range, very high resolution and high data renewing rate. In ATM these
radar system are called surface movement radar (SMR). Airport surface
detection equipment (ASDE). Using of very short transmitting pulses of a
few nano second affords a range resolution, that outline of the air craft can
be seen on the radars display.

3.5 RADAR FREQUENCY BANDS

BAND FREQUENCY TYPICAL USAGE

DESIGNATION RANGE

VHF 50 – 330 Very long – range surveillance

MHZ

UHF 300 – 1, 000 Very long – range surveillance

MHZ

L 1 – 2 GHZ Long – range surveillance, enroute traffic control

S 2 – 4 GHZ Moderate – range surveillance terminal traffic

control, long range weather

C 4 – 8 GHZ Long – range tracking, airborne weather

X 8 – 12 GHZ Short –range tracking, missile, guidance, mopping,

marine radar air borne intercept.

Ku 12 – 18 GHz High resolution mapping satellite altimetry

K 18 – 27 GHz Little used (H2O) absorption

Ka 27 – 40 GHz Very high resolution mapping airport surveillance

MM 40 – 100 + Experiment
GHz
RADAR FREQUENCY BAND

MICROWAVE

FM

31
103 102 10 N1 10-1 10-2 10-310-4 10-5 10-6 10-7

4 VHF UHF 104 103 102 10 1 10-1

Citizen Infrared visible

Band

3.6 RADAR BAND

3.6.1 L - band radar: - This radar operate on a wave length of 15 – 30 cm

and a frequency of 1 – 2 GHZ, L – band radars are mostly used for clear air
turbulence studies.

3.6.2 S – band radars: - S -band radar operate on a wave length of 8 – 15

cm and a frequency of 2 – 4 GHz, because of the wave length and frequency
S – band radars are not easily attenuated. This makes them useful for near
and far range weather observation. The National weather service (NWS)
uses S – Band radars on a wave length of just over 10 cm. The drawback to
this band of radar is that it required a large antenna dish and a large motor
to power it. It is not uncommon for S – band dish to exceed 25 feet in size.

3.6.3 C – band radars: -C-band radar operate on a wave length of 4 – 8 cm

and a frequency of 4 –86 GHz because of the wave length and frequency,
the dish size does not need to be very large. This makes the C – band radars
affordable for TV stations. The signal is more easily attenuated, so this type
of radar is best used for short range weather observation. The frequency
allows C – band radars to create a smaller beam width using a smaller dish.
This type of radar does not require as much power as an S – band radar.
The National weather service (NWS) transmit at 750,000 watts of power
for their S – band, where as a private TV station.

3.6.4 X – band radars: - operate on wave length of 2.5 – 4 cm and a

frequency of 8 – 12 GHz because of the smaller wave length, the X – band
radar is more sensitive and can detect smaller particles. These radars are
used for studies on cloud development because they can detect the tiny
water particles and also used to detect light precipitation, such as snow. X –
band radars also attenuate very easily, so they are used for only very short

32
range weather observation. Also, due to the small size of the radar, it can
therefore be portable like the Doppler on wheels. Most major airplane are
equipped with an X – band radar to pick up turbulence and other weather
phenomenon. This band is also shared with some police speed radars and
some space radar.

K – band radars operate on a wave length of 75-1.2cm or 1.7-2.5cm and a

corresponding frequency 0f 27-40 GHZ and 12-18GHZ.This band is split
down the middle due to a strong absorption in water vapor. This band is
similar to the X-band but is just more sensitive. This band also shares space
with police.

33
 CHAPTER THREE (SUB IV)

4.1 RADAR COMPONENT

4.1.1 PLOT EXTRACTOR

Plot extractor process information sent in input to it from radar and

automatically detects the presence of air targets and measures their
position. The information obtained in this way is sent out to the input of a
computer (TMR) That process the data according to the system
requirements.

The primary and the secondary channels extract, that they detect as the
presence of targets are independently one from the other on the basis of
information sent by the respective Radar Sensors, correlation among the
extracted information, in order to associate replies coming from the same
target is performed by the common processing of the extractor. The
extraction is performed on the whole area covered by the Radar and the
detection logic is sliding window type logic.

The precision of the target co-ordinates is adequate to the Radar’s

precision in particular, the precision of the range co-ordinates is better
than what is provided by the radar pulse duration, and the Azimuth
precision is equal to the Azimuth change pulse.

4.1.2 FILTERING
The operation of video filtering has the purpose of eliminating as many
echoes as possible of due to clutter, because these would easily bring the
Extractor to saturation.

Filtering is performed by examining the density of returns along the

whole sweep at intervals equal to a distance of eight cells each. The density
is compared with a threshold that may be regulated according to the local
area situation. When the density becomes greater than the threshold level,

34
all presence having a long duration along the sweep portion under
examination is ignored. A further video filtering is performed under the
control of the MTI (Moving Target Indication) /Normal Map.

(Nigerian Geographical MAP ). This MAP divides the area covered by the
Radar into cells, within each of which the extraction is performed in
connection with the Normal video or the MTI video as shown above.

Each cell corresponds to a distance of 1/64 of the radar range and to an

azimuth sector of 11.25ᵒ, this means that there is a total of 32Χ64=2048
cells.

35
4.2 TARGET DETECTION AND COORDINATES MEASUREMENT

SCREEN SHOWING TARGET AND COORDINATES

As shown on the screen above, window target detention is performed

through azimuth correlation, sweep by sweep, of the video signal quantized
through the process known as “Moving” Window. In correspondence with a
certain “range bin” the quantized video of the last “n” sweeps is stored in
memory, where “n “represents the number of sweeps included in the
sliding window.

The total presences of the preceding” n” sweep are examined along

every range cell of the present sweep. When the number of the presences
exceeds a suitable threshold, the presence of a target is declared. The
presence signal causes the target coordinates to be stored in the memory.

36
 The target’s range is obtained from a counter that increases by steps
equivalent to a binary sub multiple of the nautical mile. The determination
of the azimuth of the target is carried out taking into consideration also the
value of the digital threshold used for detection .As the value of the
threshold that gives the highest detection probability, once the false alarm
probability has been fixed, is approximately 0.5Χ“n” the detention
normally occurs in correspondence with the center of the target. The pilot“
quality“ is obtained during the azimuth detection process on the basis of
the number of time the threshold, called“ quality threshold““ is exceeded.

4.3 MEASAGE FORMATING AND DATA EXCHANGE

Data of the coordinates (azimuth and range) and to the plot quality are sent
in output by means of a message composed of three words where:

The first word contains control information, that is to say whether the
referred plot is an operative or test plot (FIXED TARGET), plus the quality
information.
The second word contain azimuth information
The third word contains the range information.

The above data are transferred to an external computer (TMR COMPUTER)

that stores the data in its own memory for subsequent processing
according to a pre-determined program. The data transmission is started
under the control of the computer every time the extractor requests a data
transfer.

4.3.1 DETECTION OF PRESENCE AND OF THE CODE OF SECONDARY PLOT

The presence of secondary replies is detected by a pair of pulse F1-F2 as

show below that is 20͘͘.3μsec distant one from the other. In this interval the
code bits of the secondary information are distributed. The “present” is
sent to the detection and coordinate measurement circuits and at the same
time, together with the codes contained in the reply, to the code
comparison and validation circuits. The code comparison and validation
block receives also the mode signals

37
P1 P3

mode 1 t = 3μs t

P1 P3

mode 2 t = 5μs t

mode 3/A t = 8μs P1 P3

P1 P3

mode c t = 21μs t
Fig of mode A/3, c

Mode signal that go with every secondary reply.

4.3.2 DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF COORDINATE

For the secondary radar, the detection of coordinates is performed

according to the process known as “MOVING WINDOW” By examining the
presence of secondary replies The width of the window may be adjusted
through suitable maintenance adjustments within wide limits so that it can
contain up to fifteen consecutive sweeps, to adapt it according to the
requirements of the various operative conditions. Also the detection
threshold, as a consequence, is adjustable. In order to detect the target,
because of the high signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) that is sufficient to fix a
window limited to a few sweeps. The detection of two replies or two
subsequent sweeps within the same range cell gives the possibility of
declare, with sufficient probability, that a target is present. A wider window
allows anyhow but to avoid a fractionized of a target because of a lack of
reply, due to possible inter lacing’s between interrogation modes below
and to obtain an easier determination of the target center.

38
When the detection threshold is exceeded, the polar coordinates of the
target are read as shown in fig below.

These target are represented like the primary replies in range by the
memory address of the cell and in azimuth by the position of the radar
antenna with respect to North .Also for the secondary replies a correction
is performed, inside the extractor.

4.3.3 COMPARISON AND VALIDATION OF CODES

The extractor equipment may receive up to six different modes that are
processed according to two different operational configurations
respectively the ”General” and the present signals of the secondary
repliers (primary and secondary signal combine) the interrogation modes
and the reply codes are recorded.

The extractor is capable of proceeding at the same time three different

interlaced modes in order that the code may be validated and as a
consequences, it may be associated to the coordinates of the target in the
output message, it is necessary that at least two identical reply codes are
detected for each interrogation mode.

The coordinates’ data (azimuth and range} plus the three mode
information with the associated codes format that consist of six words.
The first contains control information that shows whether the plot is real
or test plot.
The second whether an SPI (PECIAL INTERROGATION PULSE SUCH AS
SQUANT IDENTIFICATION) is present.

The third is Emergency or a communication failure in the radio equipment

inside the Aircraft).

The fourth contain azimuth information.

The fifth contains range information.

39
The sixth contains mode information and the associated code.

It may happen however that only one word contains the mode and the
associated code, while the other two carry no information at all. This is a
typical situation both for the case when replies to one mode only are
received and for the case when data are proceed in one mode only through
an operative selection.

4.4 DATA EXCHANGE

The message format coming from the “code comparison and validation
logic“is transferred to an external computer .The data transmission is
started under the control of the computer every time the extractor asks for
a data transfer.
Such data first are stored in the computer’s memory and then are
processed according to a suitable software program.

4.4.1 TRIGGER GENERATION

The trigger pulse used within the equipment is; the primary triggers (TRI)
and the signal TIP. The first pulse comes directly from the primary radar,
and it indicates the instant at which the primary interrogation pulse
started; the second one comes from the SRD system of the extractor and
indicates that a mode reconnaissance has been performed (P1-P3) and so
that a secondary interrogation is going on.

The extractor has also a Test Trigger Generator (TIPT) and so the
trigger of the equipment will depend on the way it is working (operative or
test) and on the adapted configuration.

4.4.2 CLOCK GENERATION

All the clocks used in the extractor are generated by the basic clock (TMC)
produced by means of a quartz oscillator. The clocks SSC and MRC are also
generated by two separate quartz oscillators in the SRD system and are
used: the first one only for processing of the secondary replies and the
secondary one for the reconnaissance of the interrogation modes.

40
 The clocks in output from the clock generator are all obtained from the
basic TMC clock and are available with different phases; that is to say that
their phases differ by 1,2,3,…….TMC periods from TMC´S phases , in order
to take into account the delays in the introduced in the processing of
signals.

The least delayed phase for each clock is called the reference phase
(phase zero).the phase is indicated by adding, to the signal ´s name, an X in
the last position and a number in the position before the last, to indicate the
number of TMC STEPS BY WHICH THAT CLOCK IS ADVANCED WITH
REFERENCE TO THE REFERENCE PHASE (PHASE ZERO).

4.4.3 AZIMUTH BITS GENERATION

Azimuth data used in the extractor and sent by the radar are; ACP (Azimuth
Change Pulse), that from the angular scanning pulse, and whose number is
4096 for every antenna scanning. The interval between two of them
corresponds to 0.088ᵒ.

NRP (North Reference pulse), that represents the North Pulse whose
presence indicates the moment when the radar antenna points North.

The ACP pulse are received in input serially by the “Azimuth logic” and are
sent in output in parallel, as they are counted by a counter that is reset to
zero at every North pulse. The radar ACPs are used by the system only in
operative status; in the test status instead the test ACPs are used generated
internally, inside the apparatus .Such ACPs have an adjustable period that
can be regulated through maintenance adjustment or can be coincident
with the TITP test trigger. Naturally the selection between the one and the
other can be carried out through maintenance adjustments. The Azimuth
logic provides also the sector and the alarm signal. The sector signal has a
period of 256 ACPs and so it is sent 16 times for every antenna full
revolution. The alarm signal is enabled in output only in the operative
status, when the following conditions are fulfilled:

Coincidence of NRP with ACP, Absence of NRP. At last, in output from the
azimuth logic there three HAC signals. Two signals (HAC, HAC-1) provide
the coding of the ACP number (8 max) including in one sweep radar. The

41
coding performs the plot angular extension and then it used to control the
plot center detection logic in the system PLP.

4.4.4 GENERATION OF THE RANGE DATA

The generation of the range data is performed separately for the primary
and secondary plots the logic used is identical for both parts that differ only
in one thing, that is to say the instant when the generation starts. For the
primary it is triggered (TRI) by the primary radar and for the secondary it
is triggered as soon as a Mode reconnaissance (TIP) occurs.

This logic may naturally work also in the test status because the above
mentioned triggers are generated also during the test status. The range
information is generated starting from the TMC basic clock and is
represented by a 12 bit word, whose least significant bit may be equal to
1/8, 1/16 or 1/32 of a nautical mile, depending on which is the range bin
value used in the equipment (i.e. radar range). The range information
stored in memory in the initial instant of the plot is transferred in output at
the end of the same plot. The above information is stored in the memory
(SMM) of 12 bits of information over the whole azimuth extension of the
replies. In order to avoid such a memory load, a particular mechanism has
been used (fine range) that allows to store only the least significant four
bits of the range information. This mechanism is based on the fact that,
because of the plot processing, the range information would be generated
with an error maximum equal to 16 elementary range cells. So by storing
the four least significant bits and by comparing them with the four least
significant bits of the range counter before sending in output the whole 12
bit range information, the following is obtained.

The four least significant bits remain always the stored ones; the remaining
bits are enabled unchanged if the comparison shows that the stored bits
are smaller than the four bits of the counter; in the opposite case one unite
is subtracted to the value of the remaining eight bits of the range counter.
Mode Military/Civil Information of Distance( P1---p3)
the mode
1 Military Identification 3
2 Military Identification 5
3/A Military/Civil Identification 8
B Civil Identification 17

42
 C Military/Civil Altitude/Height 21
D Civil Not used 25

4.5 COMPONENTS OF MONOPULSE RADAR SYSTEMS

 MODE AND STATUSES – On 01 star + RSM circus overview.
 Explanation of fault in PSR by using CBP – TMR command.
 Explanation of fault DPC – PC
 Symbol display on the radar screen.
 Remote control and monitoring system for both PRS and MSSR.
 Personnel safeties equipment, on, TMR-pc and, DPC – PC..
 Antenna cabinet presentation i.e. stop switch and power
supplies unit
 Drive mechanism for antenna, oil pot, oil detector and door
switch for PSR.
 Control panel of PSR.
 Reflector and feed horn at antenna pedestal
 Encoder.
 Secondary Antenna..
 Dual channel amplifier presentation and interface card
indicator.
 Generation reception assembly (GRA) and Mic- wave assembly
(WMA) , test plate and low noise amplifier .
 Weather representation in level 1 & 2 and estimation weather
reflectively.
 P – Line (16 power lines.)
 MDRP- interrogation/receiver presentation of generated pulse,
All cell internodes, ISLS principle, RSLS principle. .
 MMX – C- mode modulator and extractor.
 SMS of mode- S beacon.

43
CABINET 1
This cabinet Contain 8 power module and two preamplifier modules in
Lagos Radar while in Kano Radar we have 16 power module and four
preamplifier modules, dual channel power supply and power modules.

CABINET 2
The cabinet contains control and safety board.

CABINET 3
Contains the air dryer and the DACF unit and the antenna control unit
cabinet. The microwave assembly is entirely packaged in the rear part of
the dual cabinet with two access doors.

CABINET 4
Contains microwave assembly packaged at the rear part with two access
doors.

CABINET 5

44
Contains the generation reception unit (GRU) and the multi radar
processing equipment such TMR –PC and power supply unit PSU.

CABINET 6
This cabinet contain TMR unit B,GRU 2500B PSU,TMR-PC. .

CABINET 7
This cabinet contain NTPS, DPC-PC 1,P-line,video switch box, IRIS-PC,
Modem ,RCM-PC ,and DPC-PC.

CABINET 8
This cabinet contain MDRP 1, STX 2000 1, and MDRP 2,STX 2000 2.

MONITOR-PC

4.5.1 START AND STOP PROCEDURE FOR ANTENNA

Check the breaker” rotation” is switch ON, on the AE2000, be sure nobody
is near the antenna, push on the ON button, after a delay 10s, the Siren is
operating. If there is no alarm displayed on the cabinet, the motor can be
powered by the speed regulators in a frequency ramp of 15s.To stop the
rotation, push on the OFF button: the motors stop.

4.5.2 RADAR CONTROL AND MONITOR

We have RCM and IRIS computer with keyboard and mouse and LTM
Pinter.

DPC – PC Perform SSR / mode S radar processing in conjunction

with mode S digital processor and the output device plus primary
and secondary tracking.

 It receives data from the TMR- PC, the mode S signal processor, and
the external system SCN, GDLP.
 SSR/mode S management, primary/secondary plots association
tracking function, merging weather data with track data link
supervision, sms and long loop test management channel BITE
control, it interface with other equipment such as TMR- PC, MMXC,
NTPS,ATCC, SCN and GDLP.

 TMR – Performs primary radar head switch over capability. The

stand by TMR detects the fault of the on line channel and controls the
automatic switch over of channel A or B. The channel switch over is

45
 operating according to a master / slave philosophy. The two TMRs
must be in OPERATIONAL mode to have an automatic logic
switching. This logic is inhibited as soon as one of the TMR is in
maintenance mode.

 MMXC – Performs the secondary radar head change over. The on

load MMXC detects the fault of the on antenna channel and controls
the automatic switch over. In maintenance mode the ½ channel
switch over can be perform manually via the MMXC of the on load
channel.

 With RCMS control mode (LTM or STM)

 With SDPT control by use of the CBP
Channels switch over includes optical encoders fault detection.
 Both TMRS process video data and send primary extracted plots to
the on antenna, DPC -PC.

 The STM position installed in a technical room.

 The LTM position installed in radar room
The operator can adjust the adaptable parameters according to the site
dependent parameter tool (SDPT) by using the cabinet parameter setting
tool (CBP).

 The TMR is divided into two drawers inter connected together. One
TMR unit and one TMR- PC.
 The connection between the TMR unit and the TMR- PC is made
through a Gigabyte Ethernet link.

4.6 ANTENNA SYSTEM

 The primary antenna AN 2000s operates in the S – band. It has a

double coverage patterns:
 Low beam (LB), high beams (HB) and operates in linear or circular
polarization. It also include in two channels (1) The air craft channel
(2) The weather channel (WC).
 RF: The RF energy is send from the transmitter via the micro wave
assemble and the rotary joint to the low beam / air craft channel
through a wave guide line.
 The high beam / air craft channel HB / AC low beam / weather
channel (LB) (WC) and high beam weather channel (HB/WC) are
used at reception and consist of three coaxial cables.

46
4.6.1 LINEAR / CIRCULAR

The linear (vertical) polarization is used for standard air craft detection
without rain. In case of rain, circular polarization can be used in order to
decrease weather clutter and to enhance weather echoes power.

4.6.2 CABINET 4 AA 2000 NGB

An antenna control unit AA 2000 NGB provides controls on monitoring

about the antenna motorization and rotation parameters. The antenna
drive mechanism EA 2000 P is designed to provide a rotation speed at 15
rpm (60 NM), 12 rpm (80 NM) or 10 rpm.

 The rotator joint (GTS) - Is inserted in the drive mechanism and

allows the RF and electrical continuity.

4.6.3 ENCODER

The azimuth position of the antenna is given by two optical encoders (one
for each channel A/ B whose mobile parts are driven by the same antenna
drive mechanism axis. Encoders DC power supplies (+5V and + 15V) are
located in the tom cabinet.
In primary radar configuration, the absolute type encoders transmit their
azimuth information to the TMR units. After processing, the TMR units
generate azimuth clock pulses (ACP) and azimuth reference pulse (ARP) for
their internal use. These pulses are also delivered to the Iris display via the
video switching box.

 P+S CONFIGURATION
In Primary and Secondary configuration, the absolute type encoders
transmit their azimuth information to the MDRP unit (mode S signal
receiver processor) which delivers ACP / ARP to the TMR units.

 SAFETY FUNCTION
The safety function uses devices located in the antenna tower, incorporated
in the antenna drive mechanism or internal devices to the AA2000N in
cabinet 4

 MICROWAVE ASSEMBLY
The microwave assembly MWA 2000s ensures the followings:

 The interface of the transmitter and receiver with antenna.

 Reception channel A/B switching.
 The high beam HB / low beam (LB) switching.
47
  The protection of the RF 822s low noise amplifier (LNA) by limiters.
 The LNAs amplify the RF input signals and perform the sensitivity
time control (STC) generated by the TMR.
 The RF test interface.

 The link between the transmitter and the low beam (LB)
transmission / reception link uses standard S – band wave guide. All
the others RF connections are carried out by coaxial cables.

 GRA 2500s – GDS

The GRA 2500s – GDs is the S – band signals generation synthesizer and
receiver unit. It performs the followings:

 The generation of CPIS (low level RF input signal) at low level to be

applied to the transmitter input.
 Reception of air craft and weather radar signal and conversion into
I/Q digital videos.
 Generation of reference basic radar clock signal.
 Bite and interface function with one other equipment.

The generation reception assembly GRA 2500s GDs is composed of two (2)
drivers:.
 The generation reception unit GRU 2500s.
 The power supply unit PSU 2500s.

4.7 MDRP
The MDRP is the association of the mode S – digital receiver (MDR) and the
mode S signal processor (MMXC). They are mechanically and electrically
attached in the same physical unit.

The MDRP performs the following functions under the control of the
externally data processing computer (DPC – PC).

 Rf reception and processing of transponder replies: to provide

digital videos to mode S – signal processing.

 Signal processing of SSR replies to provide SSR reply messages to

DPC – PC

 Signal processing of mode S replies: to provide mode S – reply

messages to PDC – PC

 Space and time management of the radar to schedule SSR / mode S

interrogations to transmitter and reply windows.
48
  Processing of azimuth information to interface with azimuth
encoders and distribute azimuth information to TMR in the case of
co – mounted radar.

 Control and monitoring of several units of the radar as well as the

monitoring of the MDRP.

4.7.1 MODE - S DIGITAL RECEIVER AND PROCESSOR

Mode - S digital receiver and processor is interfaced with the followings:

 The transmitter (Tx): The MDRP sends to the transmitter the

amplitude modulation (AM), the phase modulation (PM), the video
commands and power characteristics in order to generate the
interrogations programmed by the DPC – PC. It provides the BITE
synchronization and receives the BITE reports of the transmitter.

 The data processing computer (DPC – PC): This is the exchange of

message between the MDRP and the DPC – PC is ensured by a
gigabyte Ethernet LAN. The MDRP declares an internal overload of
the MMXC when communication with DPC – PC gets saturated. The
MDRP removes the notification of the internal over load condition
when the communication gets saturated.

 The antenna control cabinet AA 2000: The mode S – digital receiver

and processor receives the request for transmission inhibition from
the AA 2000 using a dry contact; Open when transmission is
inhibited, the MDRP requests the DPC – PC not to transmit any
interrogation to transmitter both channel (Ω and ∑) closed when
transmission is authorized the MDRP authorize the DPC – PC to
transmit interrogation.

4.7.2 TRC CABINET

The MDRP receives the RF signals (∑ ⨺ Ω) from the RF Uc . It generates, on

request from the DPC – PC, a control signal to the five RF switches of the
RFUc. The MDRP reports to the DPC – PC the position of the five switches
every all call period.

 The MDRP is powered by the Ps unit. It receives the status of the DC

power supplied and sends this information to the DPC – PC.

 The MDRP is cooled by the FAN unit of the TRC cabinet. The status of
each fan unit of the TRC cabinet is transmitted to the MDRP which
send this information to the DPC – PC.

49
  The MDRP sends the local oscillation (LO) frequency to the
transmitter via the LO monitoring box .It receives the frequency

 monitoring signal from

 (The TMR unit in case of a P + S radar system.

 The MDRP sends to the TMR unit the ACP / ARP.

4.7.3 MDRP - MDR RECEIVER, MMXC – MODE S – MODULATOR AND EXTRACTOR

The MDRP is the association of the mode S – digital receiver (MDR) and the
mode S – signal processor (MMXC). They are mechanically and electrically
attached in the same physical unit.

4.7.4 SMS

SMS is mode S – site monitor: Is a remote beacon dedicated to long loop

testing of a SSR station 1010 and 2020 orA5500 and A555 for channel 1
and 2 respectively. It operates as an ICAO mode – S level 2 transponder
with extra capabilities for testing.

4.7.4.1 SMS site monitor is provided with the followings:

 A programmable attenuation from 0 – 60db.

 A Programmable range from 1 – 256NM by 0.1 NM steps.

 A set of specific mode S – protocols. The equipment is designed to be

integrated into the MSSR mode S – radar system intended for 24
hours round – the – clock continuously duty services. For increased
system availability, it is dual channel equipment with the two (2)
channels operating simultaneously. Each channel is located in a
separated box.

4.8 TMR FUNCTION

 Multi radar processor (TMR) manages the primary radar head switch
over capability from channel A – B.

 The standby TMR detects the fault of the online channel and controls
the automatic switch over.

 The TMR of the slave channel manage the channel A & B switchover
manually when in maintenance mode.

 The TMR slave channel enable the followings:

50
  The switch over with RCMS control mode (LTM or STM).

 With SDPT control by use of the CBP cabinet parameters(CBP)

The switch over concerns the complete primary radar head which allows
transmission / reception using the channel A / B.

The channel switch over is operating according to a master / slave

philosophy.

The selection of the ACP (Azimuth control pulse) / ARP (Azimuth reference
pulse) signals supplied by both DPC – PC is managed by each TMR.

NOTE: The two (2) TMRs must be in OPERATIONAL mode to have an

automatic logic switching. This logic is inhibited as soon as one of the TMR
is in MAINTENANCE mode.

4.8.1 Types of TMR

There are two (2) types of TMR which are:

 TMR UNITE: This consists of 1/Q video interface and radar

management synchronization.

 TMR- PC: This process primary plot weather data output , air craft
data output and monitory center Bite

TMR is in charge of management of primary radar. It needs a clock and the

clock is generated by GRA. Inside GRA, we have an interface. 103.6
MHz is TMR processing.

4.8.2 Function of TMR

The TMR function provides the followings:

 Sequencing of the primary radar star 2000.

 The air craft processing and the weather processing (if any) in
primary radar star 2000 implemented for air traffic surveillance. This
radar can be associated to secondary radar of the RSM 970s family.
We have TMR unit and TMR PC.

Star 2000 radar is provided with two (2) redundant channels A and B for
24 hours, a day service so two TMR are needed in a station.

4.8.3 T0P- PC TRACKING / OUTPUT PROCESSOR

51
The top PC processes the data received from the TMR .For the TSF function
(time stamping function) the top PC processes the timing synchronization
information delivered by the associated network time protocol server.

4.8.3.1 FUNCTIONS OF TOP PC

The main functions of the Top PC are:

 Primary track management function, including:

 Plots to track correlation.

 Air craft windows prediction.

 Merging weather data with tracks

 External interface management function including:

 Plots reception from TMR PC.

 Time synchronization data reception from the NTPS.

4. Track / weather / TSF data output towards Air traffic control center
(ATCC) by means of power lines devices (Plines).

NOTE: Data exchanges between the equipments connected to the

supervision system are carried out through the supervision Ethernet
network.

4.8.4 INDICATOR RADAR AND INFORMATION SYSTEM (IRIS)

The IRIS (indicator radar and information system) display console function
is provided for maintenance purpose, by mainly displaying information
extracted at different points of the radar chain so that :

 Fault isolation is easier.

 Radar performance can be checked.

4.8.4.1 TYPES OF DATA DISPLAYING IRIS FROM TMR

The different types of data displayed by IRIS are from TMR: They are

 An analog processed video from channel A or channel B.

 An analog maintenance video from channel A or channel B.

 LB / HB air craft / weather radar coverage.

52
  STC air craft / weather radar coverage.

 Video selection at the output of specific filter with the maintenance

video.

IRIS enables the display of radar adjustment patterns. The A / B

video selection channel is carried out by means of the IRIS video
selection switching box.

4.8.5 IRIS VIDEO SWITCHING BOX

This unit is used to select independently, the video to be displayed.

 The PSR video.

 The video coming from channel A or channel B.

 The PSR triggers.

 The ACP/ARP signals delivered by the TMR unit.

The IRIS PC and the IRIS video switching box are mounted inside the tom
cabinet.

4.8.5.1 DPC – PC FUNCTIONS

 It performs SSR / mode S – radar processing in conjunction with the

MMXC and the output devices.

 It performs the primary and secondary tracking association.

 It process the data received from the TMR – PC the MMXC and the
external systems (SCN, GDCP).

 It performs the timing synchronization information delivered by the

associated network time protocol server (NTPS).

 SSR mode S – management.

 Primary / secondary plot association.

 Tracking function

 Merging weather data with tracks, Interface with other

equipment: -

 TMR PC,

53
  MMXC

 NTPS via the 1/0 Ethernet LAN

 ATCC

 SCN and GDCP

RCMS function via the supervision Ethernet LAN.

GRU

Interface card is between GRU and TMR and if interface card is faulty, the
radar will not produce cable on the screen.

4.8.5.2 TOM CABINET

The tom cabinet encloses two redundant radar processing channels and
associated maintenance equipment. The TOM embedded units are
connected to different external equipment depending on the used
configuration.

 Secondary radar stands alone.

 Primary radar stands alone.

 Primary and secondary associated radars. Two encoder DC supply

units are located at the back of the top cabinet.

 One in the upper part and allocated to radar channel A or 1.

 One in the lower part and allocated to radar channel B or 2.

Each set includes two DC supply units

+ 5 V DC .and +15v DC.

These voltages are adjustable on the radar site.

4.9 MWA

The purpose of the microwave assembly is to perform the followings:

 Transfer the microwave energy provided by the transmitter towards

the antenna.

54
  Provide a first amplification to the microwave energy captured by the
antenna and direct it to the receivers.

4.9.1 MONOPULSE CONCEPT

Under monopulse concept

antenna are combined which are built up as an antenna array and which
get a special method in the feeding. The single antenna elements are not
always together switched in phase for different purpose various sums and
differences can be formed from the received energy.
Principle of monopulse antennae

In primary radar sets using a monopulse antenna all antenna elements are
fed in phase and the radiation patterns are
Summarized. Certain groups are only summarized in the reception time
and their sums or differences feed own receive channels. All signals are
then compared as a video processor function and their difference is used to
estimate the azimuth of the target more exactly.

Therefore it can operate at a much lower rate of hits per scan. In secondary
radar sets using a monopulse antenna a pulse group is transmitted on the
sum channel and an additional pulse in the difference channel. Well, the
monopulse antenna is used for side lobe suppression there.

These two examples point: A monopulse antenna isn't an own basic

antenna model. A monopulse antenna can be constructed as a group of
logarithmic periodical antennae, a collection of simple dipole radiators or
patch antenna fields. Well, modern 3D – radar system have at least four (4)
parallel receivers – channel

CHAPTER THREE (SUB.V)

5.1 OPERATIONAL COMMANDS IN EUROCAT-C

COMMANDS DECRIPTION

55
 ls Displays the contents of a directorate on a file.

 pwd Displays the present working directory.

 cd Changes the present working directories.

 cp Copies one or more files or directories.

 mv Moves or renames one or more files or directories.

 find Locate files that match any of many search criteria, such

as name, owner and permissions.

 Grep Locates files that include a specified search string.

 cat concatenates multiple files; often used to display a com-

plete file on the screen.

 su changes a user’s login account. Often used to acquire

Super-user privileges after a normal user login.

 Shut down Short down (halts) or short down or now restarts the
computer.
 ps Displays process status information.
 uptime Displays the time the system has been running as well as

three load averages (for the past minute, the past 5

minutes and the past 15 minutes.

 tail Displays the last few lines of a text file.

 more Displays text file a page at a time.

 man Displays help information on a command, configuration

file or other system feature.

 what is Searches the man page database for entries that match

the specified keyword.

 cd stand for change directory. You can simply cd to a

specific target directory.

cd /

56
 cd home and cd / home / wvh

cdwv

 / This is the top level directory of a Linux system. This directory

must exist so that other directory can be located within it.

 /bin: A directory that holds core application.

 /dev A directory that holds special file known by device nodes which
are used to access any device that are attached to the network.

 /etc A directory that holds system configuration information. It

contains the file that explains the sequence of applications that
execute on the system in the network and it stores configuration file
that are executable. .

 Lib A directory that holds libraries of functions that can be called by

other applications.

 /proc A directory in which the kernel tracks active processes and

general status information.

 /sbinA directory contain applications that are usually executed only

by the super user.

 /sys A directory in which the kernel tracks the status of system

hardware and related hardware interface.

 /temp A directory that holds temporary files created by various

applications on a running system.

 /hom: A directory that hold the sub-directories where different users

store their files. For example (if not all of the files owned by the user
“wvh” are stored in the /home/wvh directory (or sub-directory
under that directory). The directories used by individual users to
store their personal files are known as their “home directory” This
led to user directories being stored in / home.

 /opt A directory typically used when installing third party software.

This directory takes its name from the idea that it contains optional
(i.e. non-system) software that may differ users different machines.

 /user A directory hierarchy that contains files meant to be used by

normal users as they use a Linux system. The directory /usr/bin
contains applications that users may need to execute. /usr/lib
contains libraries used by those programs and so on.
57
  /var A directory that holds other directories with variable content.
For example, the directory /var/log contains log files for system
application and event. Those log files are created while a system is
running and can grow very large over time. The most common file
system used on Linux system is the ext 2 file system (Extended file
system version 2). The utility used to check the constituency of a
standard ext 2 file system is known as fsck (file system constituency
check).

 Fsck Utility traverses all of the data structures within a file system
to make sure that all the system are working correctly

5.1.1 COMMAND PROMPT

(Account name @ machine name working directory) prompt

Account name=root=EUROCAT=machine name = Wkelvisu1…to……..14

or dp or r fp1,….etc ,working directory =temp or home or var or root

Prompt = shell = environment

5.1.2 RETURNING TO COMMAND PROMPT

(1) Crtl+alt+F2 = will take you to common line interface(CLI)

(2) crtl + D = is used to terminate file content.

( 3) Ctrl + z = This suspend the currently running program and returns

you to the shell.

 >or>>: Redirecting the output of a command to a file we type.

 ls–l >: Text – redirection to directory text. It will not display on the
screen.

5.1.3 VIRTUAL CONSOLE

Cr + l + alt + F1 – installation dialog

Ctrl + Alt + F2 – Shell prompt

Ctrl + Alt + F3 –Install log ( Message from installation program)

Ctrl + Alt + F4 – messages system-related

58
 Ctrl+Alt+F5-other messages

Ctrl + Alt + F6 – X graphical display

Ctrl + Alt + Enter diagnostic problem and IOS recovery.

 Ext: First file system exits extended file

 Ext 2: Second extended file system.

 Ext 3: Third extended file system by deflation.

 VFHT: Virtual File Allocation Label

 NFS: Network File System

 #find User search for a command folder on your Linux.

 #whoami To show the account you are currently using

 Ifconfig To display network adaptor and configuration interface

 Redirection

 Ep>>>

 Pipes !

 / - directory or root

 Symbolic link

 = - socked

 Tar 2cvf backup.tg2*: Is a command that can be used to backup all

the files in the current directory and compress them.

 Cat/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip – forward: Is a common on administrator

will run on a Linux server that is configuring as a router and these
command can verify routing functionality.

 Press<ctrl>Alt><backspace: Is a command used to restart X –

window server.

 /coexistence: Is a command use if a user has a file in vi and want to

search for the next occurrence of the ward “coexistence”.

#find / - name (*)

run as a root, it will search the system for the all
hidden files.
59
 Linux ks =cdrom :/visu1 –lagos .cfg ---Is used to installed installation
of a position from a CD ROM of a version of Thalax operating system from
for Lagos only.

Linux ks = carom :/visu1 –Abuja .cfg –Is used to installed installation

of opposition from a CD ROM of a version of Thalex operating system for
Abuja only.

#reboot ---The position will restart the position you logon to (Thalex and
the Thales version of operating system will be rebooted)

#update ----This is the same as refreshing the position you logon to if it

hanging.

#shutdown –r now --This is the same as reboot

5.1.4 MANAGING MAIL QUEUES

If a system is processing very large messages or frames they will appear in

the queue for a time likewise, a slow network connection will cause
message or frame to hang about for a while. If message or frame regularly
stays in the queue for very long though, it could be your network
connection is unreliable or overloaded, or it could be something about your
mail server software configuration. To check the mail log files:

#rlogin xterm-server

#/var/log/mail----- This will provide you with more clues

If mail bas accumulated in the queue it should eventually clear out on its
own. To speed up the process you can perform the following:

#rlogin xterm

#sendmail –q ---This command cause the mail server to immediately

Attempt delivery of all queue message or frame

5.1.4.1 DAILY CHECK ON EUROCAT SYSTEMS AND VIEW QUEUE

FRAME OR MESSAGE

From T-SUP position perform the follow command:

1)( $gotemp

60
( 2) $./lineslog --If lineslog displays errors for RADAR-01-1 or RADAR-01-
2 then filter the concerned RADAR with the following command

( 3) $./lineschk-1-cgrep-c2-RADAR-01 for both RADAR line

(4)$./mncntpq ---To check the network time NOTE :the word“ within
“limits if not ok, then it would display” outside” limits

(5) $./chkmustlog –To check radar data from the 5 station

Radar 1 =Lagos, Radar 2 = Abuja, Radar 3 =PH, Radar 4= Ilorin,

Radar 5= Obubra

State (1)-00:25:45:561-EP >Radar 1:PSR Ɵ SSR Ɵ ASS Ɵ is a normal

error-free output- one line displayed every 5 seconds .If you see
“delta“ of 2000ms, then reset FAD from NDSATCOM pc. (Reset-
Lagos,FAD.bat)

(6) $./chkdp -----To check DP line Lan and we expect 0% loss

(7) $./nodestatus --Check for (OFFLINE EXITED). Note if sim

platform is OFF, then visu11, 12,13,14 and sim would be 65 mbt
EXITED, For servers ,dual-node should show DNCMASTER,
DNCSLAVE, SINGLE.

(8). /mncuptime --If uptime is more than 60 days then stop and
reboot the node at time of low traffic

(9) $./mnclogsize --xtermlog file size should be <29MB.

5.1.4.2 CLEARING THE MEMORY STATUS OF A POSITION

$gotemp

$ls

$./mnc-logsize

$rlogin rfp ----you log on to any position or server

$cd REF/EXE

$ls –l

$>xtermlog

61
 $exit

5.1.4.3 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS USED IN ATM

(AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT)

 ADS Automatic Dependent Surveillance

 AFTN Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunications Network

 AGDP Air Ground Data Processing

 AGDPS Air Ground Data Processing System

 ASSR Assigned SSR code

 ATC Air Traffic Control

 ATCC Air Traffic Control Centre

 ATG Air Traffic Generator

 ATM Air Traffic Management

 BSS Basic System Software

 CFL Clear Flight Level

 CLAM Cleared Level Adherence Monitoring

 CPDLC Controller Pilot Data Link Communication

 CPL Current Flight Plan

 CSCI Computer Software Configuration Item

 GIW General Information Window

 HWCI Hardware Configuration Item

 MSAW Minimum Safe Altitude Warning

 MTCA Medium Term Conflict Alert

 NM Nautical Mile

 NPM Node & Process Management

 OLDI On-line Data Interchange

62
 OPS Operational supervisor

 OSD On-Screen Display

 PSR primary Surveillance Radar

 PSTN Public Switched telephone Network

 QFE Atmospheric pressure at altitude of aerodromes

 QFU Magnetic direction of runaways

 QNH Barometric air pressure (in hPa) used for altimeter sub-

scale setting to obtain elevation when on the ground =

Defined Air Pressure Setting.

 RCC Rescue Coordination Centre

 RDF Radar Data Function

 RDP Radar Data Processing

 RDPS Radar Data processing System

 REC Recording

 RFP Radar Front Processor

 RPL Repetitive Flight plan

 RWY Runaway

 SBY standby

 SCSI Small Computer System Interface

 SIM Simulator

 SMR Surface Movement Radar

 SPI Special Pulse identification

 SPT Strip printer

 SSR Secondary Surveillance Radar

 STCA Short Term Conflict Alert

 UART Universal Asynchronous Recover Transmitter

63
  UBSS UNIX Based system Software

 UTC Universal Time Control

 VLAN Virtual LAN

 X.25 Synchronous data packet transmission protocol

 ATS/DS Air traffic services direct switch

 FMX Frequency Modulation Exchange

5.2.1 PSR AND MSSR BRIEF DESCRIPTION

The cross sectional area of a hinting target matter, it gives the types of
reflection:

 S – band PSR is on frequency of 2.5 or 2.8 GHZ

 The power output of PSR is between 13 to 15 KW while we used

(1030 to 1090) MGH for MSSR.

 Antenna revolved 15 revolutions per minute.

 Mode S – give garble free and is used when you have a lot of traffics..

 TMR is where the trigger is generated.

 PSR you can get range and azimuth position, 15KW maximum power
for PSR (Lagos) Kano is 16KW

 MDRP = MDR + MMXC

 Reply from air craft is coded in F1, F2.

 Mode S – is a selective interrogation and is use in congested traffic

mode S – is cable free

Radar quality-- For good quality noise level must be adjusted to 20

quantum

 GRU- generation reception unites.

 CPIS – Coherence processing interface system

 SST – replace magnets: It generate pulse.

 DACF-Data acquisition control function

64
5.2.2 PROTOCOL USED IN EUROCAT-C

 TELNET: Users begins a telnet session by running the telnet client

software and then logging into the telnet server.
 File transfer protocol (FTP): is not just a protocol, it is also a program
operating as a protocol, FTP teams up with telnet to transparently
log you into the FTP server and then provides for the transfer of files.
 Network server software is running on an NT server and the network
file system NFs client software is running on a unix host. 10 base 5
networks we have 1,640 feet maximum for each segment of 2, the
distance between work stations is 8 feet and each work station is link
to each segment with transceiver cable.

5.2.2.1 LAN SWITCH

Switches either forward or filter layer 2 frames. The way they make the
forwarding / filtering decision can lead to loops in a network with
redundant links. Spanning tree is a protocol that detects potential loops
and breaks them.

A layer 2 switches (LAN) is functionally the same thing as a transparent

bridge.

5.2.2.2 TRANSPARENT BRIDGES

 Learn MAC (media access control) addresses by looking at the
source addresses of incoming frames. They build a table mapping
MAC address to port number.
 Forward broadcast and multicast out all ports except the one which
they come. (This is called flooding).
 Forward unknown uni-casts out all ports except the one on which
they came. An unknown uncast is a message bound for a uni-cast
MAC address that is not in the switches table of addresses and ports.
 Do not make any change to the frames as they forward them.
5. Spanning tree protocol (STP) works by selecting a root bridge. Then
selecting one loop free path from the root bridge to every other switch.

65
 6. Port fast is for access (user) ports only. It causes the port to bypass
the STP listening and learning states and transition directly to
forwarding, connecting a switch to a port fast can cause loops to
develop.
7. VLANS divide the network into smaller broadcast domains but also
prohibit communication between domains. To enable communication
between those groups – router is used.

5.3 UNDERSTANDING THE SWITCHING PROCESS

Steps involved in layer 2 forwarding are as follow:
 Receive frame
 Verify frame integrity
 Apply in bound VLAN ACL (virtual local area network access list)
 Look up destination MAC address (media address code)
1. Apply outbound VLAN ACL
2. Apply outbound QOS ACL
3. Select output port
4. Queue on port
5. Rewrite
6. Forward.

5.3.1 WIRELESS LAN OVERVIEW

Devices on a wireless LAN (WLAN) transmit and receive data using radio or
infrared signals sent through an access point (AP). WLANs function
similarly to Ethernet LANs with the access point providing connectivity to
the rest of the network as would a hub or switch do.
Wireless LAN is local to a building or a campus use customer owned
equipment and is not usually required to have radio frequency licenses.
SERVICE SET IDENTIFIER (SSID): This correspond to Vlan and can be
used to segment users. SSID can be broadcast by the access point or
statically configured on the client but they must have the same SSID as the

66
access point with it. SSID are case sensitivity. Client associate with access
point as follow:
Step 1: The client send a probe request
Step 2: The access point send a probe response
Step 3: The client initiate an association to an access point .Authentication
and any other security information is sent to the access point
Step 4: The access point accept the association
Step 5: The access point add the client’s MAC address to its association
table.
WLAN use carrier sense multi-access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA).
Wireless data is half-duplex. CSMA/CA uses request to send (RTS) and clear
to send (CTS) messages to avoid collision.
 WLAN use a different frame type than Ethernet.
 Radio waves have unique potential issues. They are susceptible to
interference, multipath distortion and noise. Their coverage area can
be blocked by building features, such as elevators. The signal might
reach outside the building and lead to privacy issue.
 WLAN hosts have no physical network connection, they are often
mobile and often battery powered.
 WLANs must adhere to each country’s RF standard.

Client can roam between APs that are configured with the same SSIDs /
VLANs. Layer 2 roaming is done between AP on the same subnet. Layer 3
roaming is done between AP on different subnet.
5.3.2 WIRELESS SECURITY
 Wired equivalent privacy (WEP) – It uses static keys, weak
authentication and is not scalable.
 802.1x extensible authentication protocol (EAP) uses RADIUS for
authentication, dynamic key and stronger encryption.
 WIFI protocol protected access (WPA) – This is a WI – FI alliance
standard. It uses temporal key integrity protocol(TKIP) for
encryption, dynamic keys and 802.1x weight

67
  WPA 2 – The WIFI alliances implementation of the 802.11i standard,
which specifies the use of advanced encryption standard (AEs) for
data encryption and uses 802.2xx authentication methods it can also
use temporary key integrity protocol.

5.3.2.1 WIRELESS LAN ANTENNA

Several concepts are important in understanding wireless
antennas:
 GAIN: The energy on antenna adds to the RF signal.
 DIRECTIONALITY: How the radio coverage is distributed.
 POLARIZATION: The physical orientation the RF element. use
vertical polarization.
 MULTI PATH DISTORTION: Receiving both direct and reflected
signals arriving from different direction.
 EFFECTIVE ISOTROPIC RADIATED POWER (EIRP): The AP radios
effective transmission power, includes gain from the antenna and
loss from the antenna’s cable.

5.4 INTERNET CONNECTION

Connecting to the internet is easy. This is done through VSAT and dial – up
connection; In all case you use the following processes:
 TCP / IP protocol that is enable for your network connection.
 A modem or other connection to an internet service provider (ISP).
 An account with an ISP.
 Phone number to call your ISP.
 Specific IP address.
 An IP address for the default gate way.
 DNS address and domain names.

5.4.1 ETHERNET

68
Ethernet is a family of frame-based computer networking technologies for
local area networks (LAN).It defines a number of wiring and signaling
standards for the physical layer of the OSI networking model, through
means of network access at the media Access Control l/Data link layer, and
a common addressing format.
Ethernet is standardized as IEEE 802.3.The combination of the twisted pair
version of Ethernet for connection end systems to the network along with
the fiber optic versions for site backbones. It is the most widespread wired
LAN technology.

Ethernet is a multipoint data communication system with collision

detection. Twisted pair Ethernet system have been developed since the mid
80´s beginning with star LAN, but becoming widely known with 10BASE-T
that replace the coaxial cable on which early Ethernets were deployed
with a system of hubs linked with unshielded pair (UTP),ultimately
replacing the CSMA/CD scheme in favors of a switched full duplex system
offering higher performance. The common cable providing the
communication channel was link to the Ethernet and it was from this
reference that the name “Ethernet” was derived. Ethernet involved into the
complex networking technology that today underlies most LAN, the coaxial
cable was replace with point to point link connected by Ethernet hub or a
switches to reduce installation costs, increase reliabilities, and managed
twisted-pair network. The advent of twisted pair wiring dramatically
lowered installation costs relative to competing technologies including the
older Ethernet technologies.

Ethernet station communicates by sending each other data packets or block

of data that are individually sent and delivered. Ethernet station is given a
single 48 bit MAC address, which is used both to specify the destination and
the source of each data packet network interface cards (NIC). Chip that
does not normally accept packet addressed to other Ethernet station
Adapters generally come with programmed with a globally unique address
but this can be override either to avoid an address change when an adapter
is replaced, or to use locally administered address.
Despite the significant changes in the Ethernet from coaxial cable bus
running at 10mbits to point to point links running at 1Gbits and beyond, all
generations of Ethernet (excluding early experimental versions) shared the

69
same frame formats and hence the same interface for higher layers, and can
be readily interconnected.
Due to the ubiquity of Ethernet, the ever decreasing cost of the hardware
needed to support it and the reduced panel space needed by twisted pair
Ethernet manufacturers now build the functionality of an Ethernet card
directly into pc motherboards aviating the need to installation of a separate
network card.

5.4.1.1 TYPE OF ETHERNET

 10mbits Ethernet
 10BASE-T
 FOIRL----Fiber-optic inter-repeater link .Is the original standard for
Ethernet over fibre optic

 10BASE-F
 10BASE-FL
 10BASE-FB
 10BASE-FP
a. FAST ETHERNET
Under Fast Ethernet we have;
(1) 100BASE-T
(2) 100BASE-TX
(3) 100BASE-T4
(4) 100BASE-T2
(5) 100BASE-FX
b. GIGABIT ETHERNET
Under Gigabit Ethernet we have:
 1000BASE-T
70
  1000BASE-SX
 1000BASE-LX
 1000BASE-CX
c. 10 GIGABIT ETHERNET
Under 10Ggabit Ethernet we have:
 10BASE-SR
 100BASE-LR AND 10GBASE-LW AND 10BASE-LW AND 10GBASE-EW
 10 GBASE-T.

5.5 NETWORK CONNECTIVITY DEVICE

There are various network devices in use in Tracon these are:
(1)Network interface cards (NIC)
(2) Hub
(3)Bridges
(4)Switch
(5) Router
(6)Repeater
(7)Gateways
(9)Fire wall
(10)WAP Wireless Access Point
5.5.1 NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
This is an Hardware device that provide an interface for computer to log on
to the network. On any hardware device include network interface card
there is MAC address. It is a Hexadecimal address assigned to the device by
the hardware manufacture to give a unique identity number. No two
devices must have the same network interface card or MAC address.
M=media, A=access, c=layer

71
A network interface card is an expansion card in computer is used to
connect to the physical network media.
5.5.1.1 HUB
This is devices that connect all segment of a network together. It act like
repeater. It replicate signal in all the port. Hub also known as concentrators
or multiple repeaters and is used in star/hierarchical networks to connect
multiple stations/cable segments. There two type of hub Active and
passive. An active hub takes the incoming frames amplifies the signal and
forwards it to all other ports while Passive hub simply splits the signal and
forwards it
5.5.1.2 ROUTER
Router is a network layer device that connect multiple segment into an
internetwork .It is used to interconnect multiple sub –networks and route
information between these networks by choosing an optimal path“route” to
the destination base on addressing information from protocols such as fault
tolerance by using a dual counter –rotating ring configuration, an active
primary ring and a secondary ring used for backup.
5.5.1.3 REPEATER
Repeater is used to extend the maximum distance a cable segment can
span. It grabs the incoming electrical signal from cable, amplify it and send
it out.
5.5.1.4 WIRELESS ACCESS POINT
A wireless Access Point is a device that provide network Access for
wireless device on a LAN.

5.5.1.5 WIRELESS
Infrared (IR) communication is typically used between devices such as
PDAs laptops and printer. An advantage of IR communication is that it is
not susceptible to electrical interference but it has short maximum
supported distance between devices and there must be a clear path
between the devices and it supported data transfer rate up to 4mbps.
5.6 WEATHER CHANNEL ON THE RADAR SCREEN

72
From Radar Control Monitor weather clutter can be shown on the screen as
following:
(1)From RCMS windows go to utility
(2) Login RSM
(3)Go to connection synoptic
(4)Go to Lagos Radar station
(5)Double click on circular wait for two or three minute OR
(1)Double click on Antennal
(2)Go to control and then double click on circular, wait for two to three
minutes.
5.6.1 IP ADDRESS USED IN TRACON

OPERATIONAL NETWORK (202.1.1)

202.1.1.1 wkelvisu1 TSUP visu1.cfg
202.1..1.2 wkelvisu2 SUP visu2.cfg
202.1.1.3 wkelvisu3 ACC1 visu3.cfg
202.1.1.4 wkelvisu4 ACC2 visu4.cfg
202.1.1.5 wkelvisu5 ACC3 visu5.cfg
202.1.1.6 wkelvisu6 APP visu6.cfg
202.1,1.7 wkelvisu7 BAK1 visu7.cfg
202.1.1.8 wkelvisu8 BAK2 visu8.cfg
202.1.1.9 wkelvisu9 FIC visu9.cfg
202.1.1.10 wkelvisu10 TWR visu10.cfg
202.1.1.11 wkelvisu11 RCC1/SIM visu11.cfg
202.1.1.12 wkelvisu12 RCC2 /SIM visu12.cfg
202.1.1.13 wkelvisu13 RCC3/SIM visu13.cfg
202.1.1.14 wkelvisu14 RCC4/SIM visu14.cfg
73
202.1.1.101 wkeldp1
202.1.1.102 wkeldp2
202.1.1.111 wkelrfp1
202.1.1.112 wkelrfp2
202.1.1.121 wkelrdp1
202.1.1.122 wkelrdp2
202.1.1.131 wkelfdp1
202.1.1.132 wkelfdp2
202.1.1.141 wkelagdp1
202.1.1.142 wkelagdp2
202.1.1.150 wkelsim
202.1.1.160 wkelsimrec
202.1.1.170 wkelvoice
202.1.1.201 wkelrec1
202.1.1.202 wkelrec2
202.1.1.207 wkeloff
202.1.1.220 ntp1
202.1.1.221 ntp2
202.1.1241 lansw1 switches on operation lan
202.1.1.242 lansw2 ,, ,, ,,
202.1.1.251 lansw1
202.1.1.252 lansw2
202.1.1.243 lansw3 ,, ,, ,,
202.1.1.244 lansw4
202.1.1.245 lansw5
202.1.1.246 lansw6 , ,,

74
 202.1.1.241 rlansw1 switches on radar lan
202.1.1.242 rlansw2
202.1.1.243 rlansw3
202.1.1.244 rlansw4
202.1.1.245 rlansw5
202.1.1.246 rlansw6
202.1.5.181 wkelxterm1
202.1.5.182 wkelxterm2
202.1.5.183 wkelxterm3
202.1.5.184 wkelxterm4
202.1.5.192 wkelpil2
202.1.5.193 wkelpil3
202.1.5.194 wkelpil4
202.1.1.190 ptg
202.1.1.230 wallclock1
202.1.1.231 wallclock2
202.1.1.235 printer1
202.1.1.236 printer2

5.6.2 NETWORK SETTING USE MICROSOFT

Using Microsoft window to examine your network and automatically
discover network connection setting:
 Click the tools menu, and then click internet options
 On the connection tab, click LAN setting
 Select automatically detect setting and click ok

75
5.6.3 COMPUTER SYSTEM
Computer system suitable for connection to the internet is essentially as
follows:
 1.2 GB hard disk
 32 MB RAM
 24 x CD – ROM
 120 W speaker
 3.5” floppy disk drive
 14” SUGA colour monitor
 Mouse + pad
 Window 95 keyboard
 56 KBPS internet modem
 Printer

5.6.4 POLLING
Polling is a LAN line sharing method where primary network devices “ask”
all the devices attach to a network. If they have data to transmit, this
method given each device a fair chance to use the network.

5.6.5 MODEM
To transmit bits over analogue links, like telephone like a device for
converting digital signal to analogue signals and vice versa is needed and is
called modem. It comes from a words “modulator” and demodulator. A
modem is a network adaptor as with the network interface card (NIC) for
connecting the node to an analogue link.

76
You may lay the cable and use it to connect computer to the network nodes
via (NIC) by yourself. If the network cover one floor. If the network nodes
are distributed very far apart, you may need to make use of one of the
cabling systems developed by other companies (ISP).
Telephone network is designed to transmit sounds which are analogue
signal and therefore a modem is needed in order to transmit computer data
over it.
5.6.5.1 MODE OF DATA TRANSMISSION
SIMPLEX: Simplex links only allow data flow in one direction. Radio set and
TV set are example.

Source Destination

HALF DUPLEX
If a link allows data to be transmitted in both directions but only in one
way at one time it is called half duplex. E. g. Walkie – talkie communication
system.

Half duplex

FULL – DUPLEX
If two (2) streams of data can be transmitted over the link in opposite
direction at the same time, the link is said to be full – duplex. E. g telephone
network.

77
LINK
A link is implemented by cabling, in case of wireless networks, it is infrared
light or radio waves for transmission through space.
BIT
The bit which is the fundamental unit of information in a digital system is
simply a logical 1 or 0.
PULSE
Pulse in digital electronic represents bits and so the description of a bit
includes rise and fall of time pulse width or period.
DATA RATE
Data rates are often expressed in bits per second PBS, kilobit per second
kbps, megabit per second, mbps, etc.
BYTE
A byte is a digital work composed of eight (8) bits and most digital system
handle data in byte size units or multiples of a byte. i. e Kbyte, mbyte,
A2mbps data rate is the same as a 200 kbps data rate.
Byte rates are most often used for parallel transmission where each bit of a
byte is sent on a separate line.
BAND
A band is a unit of signaling speed in seconds for the shortest signal
element. i.e unit of modulation rate. A baud is the reciprocal of the narrow
pulse width.
Baud = narrowest pulse width
The distinction between bit rate and baud rate lies in the encoding format
of the binary data.
Baud rate is a true measure of a system signaling speed. Since it is
independent of data format and timing.
Data rate is influenced by format, which is a method of encoding bits for
transmission.

THE THREE (3) POPULAR FORMATS ARE:

78
  Non-return to zero (NRZ)
 Return to zero (RZ)
 Manchester

INTERNET
Internet is a system of worldwide assemblage of inter-connected computer
network for information interchange. The computer are permanently
joined together through high speed connecting for information super high
way.
Most ISP operates a space to earth internet access through a satellite
known as VSAT (very small aperture terminal). Some ISPs in Nigeria are:
 NITEL
 SKANNET
 INFOWED
 LINK SERVE
 NOVA
 SUPERNET
 NICOL
 CYBER SPACE
 PINET INFORMATION
 HYPERIA BROAD BAND

Other notable foreign ISPs are:

 AOL (worldwide)
 ET internet (Britain)
 Cable and wireless (Britain)
 Telenordia (Europe)
 Easy net (Europe)
 World net (North America)
 AAPT (Australia)
 Imp set.

5.6.6 TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTIVITY

79
These are:
 Dialup connectivity
 Wireless connectivity
 VSAT connectivity

5.6.6.1 DIALUP INTERNET CONNECTIVITY

This type of internet access requires a stand-alone or personnel computer,
a modem and telephone line for its connectivity. The computer to be used is
connected with a device known as a modem (modulator, demodulator),
This could be an internal modem (a card fixed on a slot on the mother
board of the computer or an on board modem) or an external modem (an
external device) connected to the computer.

The telephone line is connected to the modem. At the location of your ISP,
the ISP has a ‘large’ computer known as server, which is hooked up to the
internet by satellite.
On the server is connected the clients telephone lines through a modem as
well, although with other communication equipment.
As a subscriber, whenever you want to connect to the internet, you are
indirectly dialing the telephone lines of your ISP, when it is connected your
input your user-name and pass-word. This type of internet connectivity is
very cheap to set up. You only need a registration and installation fee.
5.6.6.2 WIRELESS INTERNET CONNECTIVITY
The wireless internet connectivity, otherwise known as the broad band is
the most common type of the internet access. This is the type that exists in
most Cafes (a place with large number of computers connected to the
internet for commercial purposes), companies and other organizations.
The ISP connected to the internet by satellite (VSAT) in turn gives access to
other subscribers through the high frequency radio signal, infrared light
beams, or lasers to infrared light beams or lasers to communicate between
the ISP and the subscriber. At both ends of the networks are some sorts of
transceivers / antenna to send and receive the data. Information is relayed
between transceivers as if they were physically connected.

80
5.6.6.3 THE LINE OF SIGHT
The line of sight communication means that there must be an unblocked
direct line between the ISP antenna and that of the subscriber; otherwise
the information would need to be sent again. This type is synonymous with
a most (long pole) on which the subscriber places the antenna for
reception.
5.6.6.4 THE SCATTERED INFRARED
The scattered infrared communication on the other hand is a broadcast of
infrared transmission sent out in multiple directions that bounces off walls
and objects until it eventually hits the receiver. This type is not as common
as the previous one described.
Wireless is better used in a LAN environment (Local Area Network) where
a large computer known as server houses the radio equipment or other
communication equipment. The server is in turn connected to other chain
of computer HUB or concentrator.
The wireless or broadband access is more efficient and effective than the
dialup access, but also more expensive.
5.6.6.5 VSAT INTERNET CONNECTIVITY
The VSAT (Very Small Aperture Technology) connection is a satellite
technology. It is the most advanced internet connectivity where there is
complete absence of masts and telephone lines. The internet access is
provided directly via satellite without any other physical structure. This is
a type that allows ISPs internet access directly with their VSAT and a back
bone directly from overseas country. The ISPs further sell the bandwidth
received through this mean to other users by wireless or dialup
connectivity.
5.7 COMPUTER VIRUSES
Viruses as we know them are micro – organisms causing various diseases
in human body computer too do have viruses. However, computer viruses
are just a genetic term used to describe a group of wastefully written
destructive computer programmed. Computer viruses are to computer
what micro – organisms are to human body.

81
Computer viruses are pieces of computer codes rather than living micro –
organisms. But they share several attribute of the biological virus hence
they have been referred to as computer viruses.
There are several types of computers viruses. Some of them are
 Stone virus
 Vankidoodo virus
 Jerusalem virus
 Tuesday virus
 Worm Virus
 Trojan horse virus

5.7.1 EFFECTS OF THREE (3) MAJOR VIRUSES

The most destructive viruses are “a Trojan horse” “a worm” and a bomb”.
 A Trojan horse virus behaves like the Trojan horse of Greek
Mythology. A malevolent program is hidden inside of a useful
program, while the useful program is running; the destructive
potently of the Trojan horse becomes alive and erases some of your
computer files.
 A computer worm virus replicates itself. It create its own image
either in a file or a particular section of the disk (hard Disk) and from
that position pollutes the system.
 A computer Bomb virus is a piece of code tactically embedded in a
program or the operating system itself that waits for an opportunity.
When the opportunity occurs, the logic bomb “goes off which results
to some kind of damage to the computer.

5.7.2 CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES

Virus can be classified by their habitant. Some virus inhibit in other
programs. These are known as parasitic viruses. Others prefer the boot
sector of the floppy or hard disk and are known as boot sector viruses.

82
Parasitic viruses begin when the executable file to which they are present is
run. The boot sector viruses enjoy the hard drives section, the viruses
become damaging active.
Viruses are destructive software that spread from program or from disk to
disk. Computer viruses like biological viruses need a host (victim) to infect.
In the case of computer viruses, this host (victim) is an innocent program. If
a corrupt program is transferred to another system, the programs in the
system will become infected.

CHAPTER THREE (SUB VI)

6.1 OPERATING MODES AND SWITCHIING
6.1.1 PRIMARY RADAR
Transmission sequences are controlled by the followings:
 TMR unit
 TMR – PC
 Low level RF signal generation in GRA 2500.
 Amplification is SST 2000
 Coverage switching, amplification, reception in MWA and GRA
 Air craft and weather signal processing
 Data processing in TMR unit and TMR – PC
 Air dryer installed in AE 2000

6.1.2 SECONDARY MODE S - RADAR

 Interrogation and reception in TRC cabinet
 Management of the transmission and reception by MMX – C installed
in TRC cabinet
 Secondary plot extraction, P+S combining and tracking in DPC – PC,
management of the output lines in DPC – PC and in P – lines

83
  Management of a long loop test using a mode S site monitor by DPC –
PC

6.1.3 RCMS

(1) DRU: Regrouping of build in test of equipment by LAN or by opt-

Couplers on DACF
(2) DRU: Communication with operator positions.
(3) XOP: 1 local and 1 remote operator position through modems.
(4) DRU function is included into the LTM computer

6.1.4 DUAL CHANNEL SYSTEM

Three groups of dual channel system
 Azimuth distribution
 Primary radar head and processing
 Secondary channel and tracking unit.

6.2 PRIMARY RADAR HEAD AND PROCESSING

In operational mode: The primary 1 and Q video at the output of the master
receiver are distributed to the processing units TMR of both channels. The
automatic switch over is managed by TMR – PC of slave channel in case of
NOGO in the master channel crossed configurations are possible between
TMR and DPC.
In maintenance mode: The primary plots are not delivered to the DPC – PC
and the channel unavailable.
Local manual switchover from CBP and remote manual switchover from
RCMS are possible between TMR and DPC-PC.
In maintenance mode (if both channels in Maintenance) manual switch
from CBP and remote manual switchover from RCMS are possible from the
slave channel.
6.3 SECONDARY CHANNEL AND TRACKING UNIT
In operational mode: The secondary replies are delivered from the MDRP
of the TO ANTENNA channel to its DPC – PC. The primary plots are

84
delivered from one of the TMR – PC (automatic or manual selection at the
input of DPC – PC) to the TO ANTENNA DPC – PC via LAN switches. The TO
ANTENNA DPC – PC exchanges its plots with the DPC – PC of the TO LOAD
channel. So as the two channels process the same plots to compute tracks.
Primary combined and secondary tracks are formatted and output from the
DPC – PC of the TO ANTENNA channel to the P – lines of both channels.
 IN MAINTENANCE MODE: The channel in maintenance does not
transmit any data to ATC and is declared unavailable.
 AUTOMATIC SWITCH OVER: In case of NOGO on TO ANTENNA
channel and local manual switch over from CBP remote manual
switch over from RCMS and always from the TO LOAD channel

6.3.1 FUNCTION OF TOP PC

 Primary track management function, including:
 Plots to track correlation
 Air craft windows prediction

 Merging weather data with tracks

 External interface management function including

 Plots reception from TMR PC (multi radar processor computer)
 Time synchronization data reception from the NTPS

4. Track / weather/TSF) time stamping function data output toward air

traffic control center (ATCC) by means of power lines devices (p lines)
NOTE: Data exchanges between TMR PC, TOP- PCs, NTPs and the p -lines
are carried out through the 1/0 Ethernet network.
The two (2) TOP PC, the two (2) NTPs and two (2) p lines are located in the
TOM cabinet.
The four LAN switches two for the 1/0 network and two for the
supervision network which constitute the Ethernet networks are located
at the back of the PRP – A cabinet.

85
6.3.1.1 AIR DRYER
The purpose of the air dryer (pressuring system) is to maintain supply of
dry air inside the wave guide line.
Humidity in the desiccated air is maintained at a sufficiently low level to
avoid any condensation, moisture and flashes inside the wave guide line.
The air dryer unit is mounted in the AE 2000R cabinet.
The following functions are performed at the level of the BITE of each
equipment:
 Acquisition of digital and analogue statuses
 Processing of the information to check the correct operation or, in
the event of a failure to determine the faulty unit
 Management of front panel indicators
 Continuous monitoring of the configuration status.
 Management of control from / to remote control function.

The following data exchanged with the DRU (bit result centralization).
 Correct operation statuses
 In case of a failure, a code corresponding to the faulty function.
 Command and acknowledgement of remote control orders.
 Any equipment status or parameter requested by the operator.

6.3.1.2 DACF

The DACF (discrete acquisition and control function unit which is part of
RCMS) unit interfaces auxiliary units such as mains and antenna control
cabinets, air cooling system, UPS safety devices using opt – coupler and
relays. All information is transmitted to / from the DRU (data regrouping
unite) via a supervision Ethernet network carrying the following
information:

 Correct operate codes In case of a failure, code corresponding to the

faulty function
 Command and acknowledgement of remote control orders

86
  Any equipment status or parameter requested from the local or
remote computer.

6.3.2 EUROCAT-C HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE (HMI)

The human machine interface provides the following applications:
 Radar controller’s application
 Operational supervisor’s application
 Technical supervisor’s application

 RADAR CONTROLLER’S APPLICATION: This position displays the

radar air situation of the Centre in one radar window and also
displays a list of active flight plans. Other functions are:
 General display: adjusting the general and specific brightness
Managing attitude and SSR code filtering, etc
Time (clock)
Windowing (removals, etc)
 Operational data display: By displaying the configuration of
the sectors allocated to the position.
 Graphic interface: adjusts the range and off – centering of the
radar picture (window)
 Reverts to the default range and off centering
parameters
 Selects or deselects predefined maps
 Creates or cancels local maps and distributed test
marking
 Displays range markers (scale vectors)
d) Air craft – dependant facilities:
Track interface: Displays tracks with labels containing
radar data (e. g. present / past position velocity, vector,
SPI, etc) and when correlated, the associated flight plan
data. Manages radar tracks and flight plans.

87
 Flight plan interface: Create / consults / modifies of flight
plan.
 Performs manual correlation and de-correlation
coupling / decoupling of a flight plan with a system
track
 Terminated or initiate hand off (transfer) for a
flight plan.
 Accepts a flight plan
 Opens or closes the active flight plan window.
 Opens or closes the planning window.
3. Electronic strip facilities: Displays the strip in mini or
expanded format.
4. Play back session: prepare, replay and Handles play
back session management (freeze, start, speed up, etc)
 OPERATIONAL SUPERVISOR’S POSITION:
Only one operational supervisor position is allowed at any one time
in the Lagos Eurocat system.
The operational supervisor functions enable an operator to modify
operational parameters, such as QNH/TL
It also performs the following:
 Operational data management: Select/modifies
sectorization.
 Manages SSR mode A codes
 Enables / disable warning
 Manages QNH/QFE data
 Operational data display application: Manage, Sectorization
configuration, presentation of sectors, controlled by the
position
 Operational supervision application: Time facilities
application (clock)
 Windowing facilities application (removal)

88
  Flight plan management facilities by creates /
configure / modifies a flight plan.
The operational supervisor can modify any flight plan in the data base,
regardless of sectorization.
3) TECHNICAL SUPERVISOR’S POSITION:
Only one technical supervisor position is allowed at any one time in the
Lagos Eurocat system.
6.3.2.1 FUNCTION OF TECHNICAL SUPERVISOR’S POSITION
 The technical supervisor sub – function enables:
 System surveillance facilities to display the status of each radar
To handle warning, etc.
 Verification of the physical system configuration
To display the configuration status of each controller’s
position
 Work station control and monitoring
To start / stop the controller work station
To change the controller work station to air traffic control
or
To change the controller work station to replay mode
 Computer control and monitoring:
To cold start the computer (using new data)
To hot start the computer ( using data stored on disk)
To stop the computer
To switch the standby computer into operational mode in
the case of redundant computer.
 Single net monitoring:
Requests the work station’s network state .
 External lines monitoring:
The following external lines are monitored:

89
 AFTN: Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network
Message
OLDI: Adjacent centers
Gorgy clock: Universal time Control (UTC)
GRIB: Gridded Meteorological data
 Radar line control:
Attaches / detaches a line,
 Radar line management: radar line may be single or
duplicated. When a radar line is duplicated, one line runs
in operational mode and the other runs in standby mode.
 Application commands:
Several application commands can be entered from the
technical supervisor’s position. Application command enables
the following operation to be performed.

1 To select or deselect a radar for multi-radar processing

 To displays the radar selection state
3 For each radar, to display or modify the radar bias values
4 To request change of the computation mode of radar
bias correction (automatic or manual)
 Play back:
The air situation play back function enables the replay of the air
situation. Play back can be done using data prepared from archives or
data already on the disk. Only one radar controller’s position can be
put in the replay mode at any one time.
Replayed data is either system tracks with the correlated flight data
displayed in their labels, or local tracks without the correlated flight
data.
The recording function uses the REC, HWCI (hardware configuration
items)
The air situations play back function utilizes controller position.

90
 6.4 TIME MANAGEMENT
The time management function uses the external time provided by
the master clock in order to synchronize the system time on the
entire computer. The time is expressed in universal time control
(UTC) throughout the system.

6.4.1 SYSTEM HARDWARE COMPONENT

The distributed architecture of the Lagos Eurocent system is built
around a local area network (LAN), using two interconnected LAN
switch units associated with personal computers operating under the
Thales operating system. All the hardware resources (hardware
configuration item) HWCI are connected directly to the LAN hub.

6.4.2 HARDWARE CONFIGURATION ITEMS

The following HWCI are used in the Lagos Eurocat system:

HWCI NO. DESCRIPTION

OFF
DP1, 6 The positions are composed of a PC with P4, 3GH2, 1mb
DP2,RFP1,RFP2,AGDP1, caches, 512mb memory, 40GB, CD – RW, Linux, Dual
AGDP2 Ethernet, AGP graphic card 7/c
REC 1, REC 2 2 The position are composed of a PC with P4, 3GH2, 1mb
caches, 512mb memory, 40gb, CD – RW, Linux, dual
Ethernet, AGP graphics card 7/c, PCI SCSI adaptor, DAT
drive, DAT (SCSI)
APP1, SUP, ACC1, ACC2, 12 The positions are composed of a PC with P4, 3GH2, 1mb
ACC3, BAK 1, BAK 2, cache, 512mb memory, 40gb, CD – RW, Linux, Dual
F/C, RCC1, RCC2, RCC3, Ethernet, AGP graphic card 2/c x 2/c.
RCC4.
The equipment includes a 28 – inch display monitor plus
a key board and a mouse for the human machine
interface (HMI) dialogue. The positions also include a
strip printer.
TSP, TWR, (APP1 & 14 The positions are composed of a PC with P4 3GHZ, 1mb

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ACC1)assistant ACC2 cache, 512mb memory 40gb, CD – RW, Linux, Dual
assistant FIC assistant Ethernet, AGP graphics card 1k.
SIM (pilot / leader /
The equipment includes a keyboard and a mouse for the
data prep)
HMI dialogue and the following monitors.
3 pilot positions 4 RCC
* 20 – inch display monitor for the tower
assistants
* I9 – inch display monitor for the other HWCIs
The TSP position also includes a strip printer the tower
position also includes a strip printer
BMS 2 A PC with P4 3GH2, 1mb cache, 1024mb memory, 40gb,
CD – RW, XP pro, Dual Ethernet AGP graphics card 1k.
* I9 – inch display monitor plus a keyboard, mouse the
position also include a laser printer

DAIGRAM OF LAGOS EUROCENT SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

 CONTROLLER WORKSTATION
These comprises of APP; (approach position), ACC1 to 3 – (area control
centre), BAK 1 to 2, (back up position), TWR, RCC 1 to 4 – rescue – co –
ordination centre.
The system tracks (local track correlated with flight plan are sent to the
operation copntroller workstation, which process and display the air

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situations and the local flight plan list. The purespose of track/flight plan
correlation is to create an association between a system track, maintained
by the radar processing function and a flight plan handled by the flight plan
data processing function. This involve the mono – radar display process.
The first mono – radar mode offfers the capacity to display local tracks
without flight plan information according to the multi – radar mosaic, the
local track that is displayed is the first one and attached to this mosaic cell.,
The second mono – radar mode consists of bypassing the mosaic treatment
and presenting the tracks of one or two selected radars.
 FLIGHT DATA OPERATORS (FDO)
The FDO has the responsibility for entering and modifying flight plans and
also assists the automatic processing of messages coming from the AFTN
(aeronautical fixed telecommunication network) by correcting erroneouits
flight plans.
 ADS – B SERVERS (AGDP 1 AND AGDP 2)
The system receives automatic dependent surveillance broadcast messages
from air craft filted with the appropriate ADS – B avionics for position data
generation and communication via a data link.
The module interfaces with the receiving ground station via a suitable
communication network, processes the received data and outputs it on to
the local area networks in the ATC centre. The ADS – B information can be
correlated with the flight data processing (FDP) information by using
common identifiers (call sign), which are present in the flight plan and in
the ADS – B track.
6.5 DATA PREPARATION
The off – line data presentation configuration tools that available in
Eurocatic – C system in Lagos are:
 Radar mosaic generation
 Data generator
 Map generator
 Paper strip format generator.
a. RADAR MOSAIC GENERATOR: The mosaic (side by side pattern fixed
generator off – line tool defines the radar mosaic. To defined the radar

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mosaic the characteristics of each radar have to be entered before the
mosaic cells.
b. DATA GENERATOR: The data generator otherwise called DATA GEN
enbles the operator to generate, update and manage the following
databases.
1. Point data base management
2. Airway
3. RFL – Repetitive flight plan data management
4. SSR data bases management. Such as :
a. SSR group definition
b. Category allocation
5. Air craft databases management. Such as:
a. Air craft class definition
b. Air craft definition
6. FIR – Flight information region data base management. Such as:
a. Distance to FIR
b. FIR boundary
c. FIR parameter
7. AFTN address data base management
8. sector data bases management
9. FPL – Flight plan parameter data bases management.
10. METEO – Meteorological area databases management
11. STCA – Short term conflict alert parameter data bases management.
12. System data bases management.
c. MAP GENERATOR: This enables aeronautical maps for air traffic control
to be built and special format files to be generated, that can be used by
various systems for air traffic displays.

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d. STRIP FORMAT GENERATOR: The strip format generator enables a
flight strip to be displayed with a different format on the screen. It
produces special format files that can be used by different operational
systems for ATC and also provides the ability to design and print the flight
strip.

7.0 COMMON ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES AND THEIR MEANING

VARIABLE NAME EXPLANATION
User This is your current user name. It is a variable
that is maintained by the system.
Shell This variable holds the path to the current
command shell.
PWD This is the present working directory. This
environment variable is maintained by the system.
Programs may use it to search for files when you
don’t provide a complete path name. A shell is
sometime referred to a command – line interface
(CLI), shell are not quite the same as the GUI
desktop environment.
Types of Shell A vast majourity of Linux systems include bash,
which is usually the default shell for new users.
Other common shell is tcsh, 2sh, csh and ash.
Host name This is the current TCP / IP host name of the
computer.
Path This is a usually important environment variable, it
sets the path for a session, which is a colon –
delimited list of directories in which Linux
searches for executable programs. when you type a
program name. For instance, if PATH is /bin:
/usr/bin and you type ls, Linux looks for an

95
 executable program called ls in /bin and then in
/usr/bin. If the command you type is not found
error. The PATH variable is typically built up in
several configuration files, such as /etc/profile and
the bashrc file in the user’s home directory.
Home This variable points to your home directory. Some
programs use it to help them for configuration files
or as a default location in which to store files.
Editor Some programs launch the program pointed to by
this environment variable. When they need to call a
text editor for you to use, thus changing this
variable to your favourite editor can help you work
in Linux. It is best to set this variable to a text –
mode editor, though; GU 1 editor might cause
problems if they are called from a program that
was launched from a text – mode login.
 SHELL
A shell is referred to as command –line –interface (CLI), shells are not the
same as the GUI desktop environment.
 STARTING AN XTERM
An xterm is a CLI program in which text – based programs can run. By
default, Xterms usually start your default shell unless told to do otherwise.
 Explicitly launching a shell
You can start one shell from within another. This can be helpful if you find
you need features of one shell but are running another. Type the new shells
name to start it.
When you start a shell, you will see a command prompt. This is one or more
characters that indicate the shell is waiting for input. Command prompts
often (but not always) include your user name, the computer’s hostname,
or the directory in which the shell is operating. For instance, a command
prompts might resemble the followings:

[rod smith@nessus/mnt]$
The final character is often a dollar sign ($) for ordinary users or a hash
mark, (#) for root. This serve as a visual indication for super user status;

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You should be caution when entering commands in a root shell, because it
is easy to damage the system from a shell, when the command is one that
an ordinary user might issue it is preceded by a $ prompt. When only root
should be issuing the command, it is preceded by a # prompt. Because the
username, computer name and directory are usually important.
The super user account: Super user account is very important. Super user
account is referred to as administrator. The account used by super user is
normally known as root. Whenever you perform system administration
tasks on a Linux computer, you do so as root. You can do this in any of
several ways:
1. Direct administrative login: You can log into the computer as root.
There after any action you perform will be done as the super user. Most
systems contain restrictions on root logins, they can be done only from
console. This help prevent outsiders from gaining access to a system over a
network by using a stole password.
2. Switching identities after login: The SU program lets you temporarily
acquire super user priviledge or take on any other user’s identity. Type SU
and press enter key after loggin on as an ordinary user, and the system will
prompt you for the root password. If you type the password correctly,
subsequently commands will be executed as root. Type exit to return to
your normal user priviledge.
7.1 SHORT RANGE WAVEFORM (SR1/SR2)
 Short range waveform operates with un- modulated (1.33) pulses
and covers 128 range units (r) from 0 up to 8 (10.66) nautical miles
in order to provide detection of targets up to the end of the blind
zone due to the long range pulse. This waveform consists of two
coherent burst (SR1 and SR2) and two different frequency’s (F2 and
F1) respectively.
This specific short range management enable the short range
detection performance to be improved with enhance integration gain.
The frequency diversity between SR1 and SR2 highly improves the
detection probability.

7.2 LONG RANGE WAVEFORM (lr1 / lr2)

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  The long range waveform operates with 75 s pulses and covers 832
range units from 8NM (10.66NM) up to end of range.
 The long pulses is non linear frequency modulated (NLFM) encoded
such as to provide, after pulse compression. The desire 1μs (1.33)
pulse duration required to achieve the target range resolution.
 The specific design of the encoding / compression techniques gives
very low side lobes and minimal loss for the target of interest.
This waveform consists of two coherent burst (LR1 and LR2) of eight
and ten pulses generated at two different frequencies (F1 and F2).
 The two different PRF used provide an efficient staggering effect
between these two burst to achieve a no blind speed performance in
clutter conditions for radial speed.
 The frequency diversity between LR1 and LR2 is also a major mean
to improve detection probability.

7.3 SCAN TO SCAN STAGGERING

An additional scan to scan PRF staggering is used to extend the visibility
domain in clutter condition up to + 2000 knots.
SCAN = North to North antenna rotation

PRI n0
SCAN n

PRI n1

SCAN n+1

PRI n0

SCAN n+2

PRI n1

SCAN n+3

PRI n0

SCAN n+4

PRI n1

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 SCAN n+5

PRI

CHAPTER THREE (SUBVII)

7.1 EUROCAT-C SYSTEMS AND SUB-SYSTEMS

TECHNICAL SUPERVISION WINDOW

7.1.1 PROCEDURE TO STOP EUROCAT- C SYSTEMS

This procedure is applicable to all the servers and all the controller
working position and modem/splitter in the following order:.
 In the technical supervision window show above, click on REC1, then
click on down _ cmp.

Note:
1. Two buttons’ will be displayed at the bottom of the

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 Windows: YES and NO.
2. Click on YES, and after a few seconds, the state goes off.
The procedure must be repeated in the same way in this order.

1. REC 2
2. RDP SBY and OPER
3. RFP SBY and OPER
4. AGDP SBY and OPER
5. SYSTEM – Click WOWN-ALL-CP to stop all controller position. Click YES.
6. TSP – click on TSP then click on down – cp, then click on YES

In all the above case, after a few seconds, the state goes OFF. The Eurocat
application will now stop running in all the systems.

7.1.2 TO SHUT DOWN THE WORKSTATION

Stopping the thalix operating system. To stop thalix operating system on

REC 1, REC2, DP1, AGDP1, AGDP2, etc. Open an xterm on technical
supervisor position, select xterm, type rlogin wkelrec1 (or weklrec2,
wkeldp1, etc. as applicable), then type SU -,then enter. passwordxxxxx
then type halt or shut down, then wait until the message system halted is
displayed at the work station. Then manually remove or switched the
power off in the following area:

1. Modem

2. Splitter

3. P – lines

4. LAN switch. Finally, switch off all the monitor;

(1.) 2k by 2k

(2.) 1k by 1k

7.1.3 PROCEDURE TO START UP THE EUROCAT SYSTEM

The devices are to be powered ON in the following order. Some devices

have no power switch; check that the power cord is correctly inserted.

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1. Time equipment – NTP

2. All the modems

3. All the splitters

4. The four P – lines

5. Both switches

6. The line – printers

7. All the monitors

8. All the work stations (the order does not matter), wait for approximately
five (5) minutes. Monitor all the screens and check that thalix operating
systems are started with ok status. The synchronization time server may be
displayed failed; this is normal. The thalix application has now started but
not the Eurostat application.

7.1.4 STARTING THE EUROCAT APPLICATIONS

Some screens (e. g. technical supervisor) show the login window and some
do not (e. g. controller’s screen). If the login window is available on a
screen, enter the login and the password.

Login: Eurocat – press enter

Password: Eurocat – press enter

7.1.5 START THE TECHNICAL SUPERVISOR POSITION

1Press and hold down the right button of the mouse.

2. While still holding down the right button, drag the cursor to start
position.

3. When the cursor is on start position, release the mouse button.

4. Wait one minute.

The technical supervisor graphic window will be displayed. If a button

displays FAILED, the corresponding position is not reachable via the
network, due to the:

a. Network cable being disconnected or

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b. The position is powered off or the position is faulty.

Note: If a button displayed OFF the position is reachable via the network
(Thalix is started) but EUROCAT software is not started.

7.2 STARTING THE OTHER POSITIONS FROM THE TECHNICAL

SUPERVISOR POSITION

From the technical supervisor position, start the other positions as follows:

Note: If any button is pressed in error, continue the procedure until YES
and NO are displayed. Click NO to exit. Some devices have no power switch;
check that the power cord is correctly inserted, start all the work stations
in the following order:

1. DP 1

2. RFP 1

3. All CPs (or single CP)

4. AGDP 1

5. REC 1

6. DP2 in SBY

7. Single CP (example)

8. RFP2 in SBY

9. AGDP2 in SBY

10. REC 2

 START DP 1

For DP1, nothing is displayed on its monitor, only OPER on the

corresponding button at the TSP position. In the technical supervision
window click on DP1 two buttons will be displayed at the bottom of the
windows:

 HOT – START and COLD – START

Click on COLD – START, then click on YES, after one minute, the status
change to OPER while DP1 is starting, proceed with the next step.
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  START RFP1

In the technical supervision window, click on RFP1 then click on START,

then click on YES. After two minutes, the status changes to OPER, while
RFP1 is starting, proceed with the next step.

7.2.1 PROCEDURE FOR DISABLELING THE ON BOARD DEVICES FOR

(2K BY 2K AND 1K BY 1K)

This procedure is taken if either 2k by 2k or 1k by 1k scope failed to boot

on powering ON:

Step 1: Press the DELETE key on the keyboard immediately after powering
the CPU to enter SYSTEM SET UP:

Step 2: Select the “integrated peripherals” press enter key.

Step 3: Select “onboard devices” press enter key.

Step 4: Select CSA LAN (Giga – LAN).

Step 5: Select “Disable”

Step 6: Save and Exit set up.

7.2.2 DISABLING THE FLOPPY OR CD DRIVES FOR UNAUTHORIZED

USER

The following procedure will disable the floppy or CD drives for

unauthorized user:

Step 1: Press the DELETE button on the keyboard immediately after power
ON the CPU.

Step 2: On CMOS set up main menu, select standard CMOS set up.

Step 3: Select floppy drive or CD drive.

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Step 4: Use page up to highlight and select disable.

7.2.3 PSR AND MSSR OPERATION COMMMAND

 Failure code reset

 Reset/off-line test (in maintenance only)

 Reset statistics

 Maintenance operating state

 Operational operating state

 Switchover to on-line/master state (for stand-by/slave channel only)

 Computer shutdown

 Computer clear day map for the current polarization [for weather
channel only]

 Save clear day map on TMR disk

Selected command

Close Save

7.2.4 PSR AND MSSR OPERATION COMMAND IN DETAIN

 Operational operating state: Enables the operator to set the TMR

channel in operational mode if there is no memorized failure on this
channel.

 Failure code reset: Enables the operator to erase a memorized

failure in the stored in the memory.

 Reset/off line test: (in maintenance mode only) enables the

operator when the TMR channel is in maintenance mode, to stop the
TMR applicative software, reboot the TMR operating system and
restart the application. During the boot sequence, off-line tests are
performed before restart.

104
  Reset statistic: Enables the operator to reset the pages of
measurements, including the number of occurrences of the measure,
the current value, the average value the number of occurrences, the
standard deviation, the min and the max value.

 Maintenance operating state: It enables the operator to set the

TMR channel in maintenance mode. If only 1 channel is in
maintenance mode, it will inhibit the automatic switch over in case of
failure on the master channel. The maintenance operating state is a
NOGO state.

7.2.5 SWITCH OVER TO ON-LINE/MASTER STATE

 It enables the operator to manually request a channel switch – over

from the standby/slave channel only.

 Computer shut down: It enables the operator to correctly stop the

TMR application and the operating system.

7.2.5.1 COMPUTER CLEAR DAY MAP FOR THE CURRENT

POLARISATION

 This is a command dedicated to the weather channel; it enables the

operator to create a filter selection map used by the weather
processing to discard the echoes of ground clutter. It should be
computed by a clear day (without rain precipitation)

 Save clear map on TMR disk: When the clear day map has been
computed, it is necessary to save the file on the TMR PC hard disk

 Standard Alone mode: It enables the operator to force a standalone

of operation when the mode S - radar is in a network aided mode of
operation (control to be used in case of SCN)

 Network aided mode: Enables the operator to force a network aided

mode S - radar is in a standalone mode of operation (control to be
used in case of SCN)

Maintenance operating state: Enables the operator to set the DPC_PC

channel in maintenance mode. If only channel one is in maintenance
mode it will inhibit the automatic the automatic switchover in case
of failure on the two antenna channel, the maintenance operating
state is a NOGO (UNAVAILABLE) state.

105
 Operational operating state: It enables the operator to set the DPC –
PC channel in operational mode if there is no memorized failure on
this channel.

I/R channel switchover (for to LOAD channel only): It enables the

operator to manually request a channel switchover from the TO
LOAD channel only. This control is authorized if both channels are in
operational operating state or in maintenance operating state.

 Enable deferred parameter application: It enables MRP/MRC to take

into account the new cluster dependent parameter files, (CMP, RPS,
and COV) at the deferred parameter application date, if valid CDP
files are present in MRP deferred parameter account.

 Disable deferred parameter application: Inhibits the previous control

 Computer shutdown: It enables to correctly stop the DPC – PC

application and the operating state.

106
7.2.5.2 PROCEDURE TO SHUTDOWN PRIMARY SURVEILLANCE
RADAR (PSR)

 LOGON TO RCMS

1). Click utility at the main menu

2). Click on the user login then type the user name and the password
as follow:

User name RCMS upper case

Password XXXX upper case

3. Click OK

107
 REQUEST A CONTROL FROM STM

1). Double click connection synoptic on the drop down menu

2). Click request control

3). Control transfer duration window appears

4). Specify for how long you need to be in control. i. e.

New Duration

1 hour 0 minute then

OK

5). Wait for control

6). Your control request for station, Lagos radar station has been
accepted by system for a duration of one hour, control has been
granted, click OK.

 RELEASE A CONTROL FROM LTM

1). Double click connection synoptic

2). Right click radar station (the station)

3). Click release control

108
 7.3
DIFFERENTATION BETWEEN PSR, CBP AND MSSR,

Note: Cabinet parameter (CBP) TMR is for primary surveillance radar,

while CBP, RSM is for secondary surveillance radar.

 SHUTDOWN PSR AND MSSR

Before shutting down any channel, you must first put the channel
into maintenance state then shutdown the channel.

109
  PUTTING A CHANNEL INTO MAINTENANCE

Request connection to channel A and B, set the TMR of the standby

channel to maintenance operating state by:

1). Click on start button, then

2). Click on CBP, TMR V10.00.exe, then

3). Click on command button , on the drop down menu

4). Click on command to radar, then

5). Click on maintenance operating state, then

6). Click on send, then

7). Click yes

OR

 WITH RCMS

1). Right click TMR- PC or DPC – PC

2). Click configuration, then

3). Select and click on operating state operational to maintenance.

4). Click sends, after successfully putting the channel to maintenance,

you then apply a computer shutdown command to the TMR- PC and
DPC – PC as follows:

1). Click command to radar

2). Click computer shutdown

3). Click send

4). Click Yes.

When both TMR- PC and DPC – PC are shutdown as stated above;

Go to the back of TMR- PC for channel A & B, put the power switch to off
position.

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 INTERFACE AND SAFETY INDICATOR

At the front of the Thomson CSE, TCC 2000 the above (interface and
safety card)

(1). Put the white switch to off position,

(2). Switch off the RF switch

(3). Switch to LOC the switch LOC/REM

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 PREAMPLIFIER AND 8 POWER MODULE

Off the breakers that control the FAN of the preamplifier modules above:

 Switch off the TMR switch at the front of TMR, PC (A & B) and DPC –
PC (1 & 2)

 Turn the black switch on the PSR transmitter from remote position to
local position

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  Switch off:

(1). PSR transmitter air-dryer

(2). Control and maintenance

(3). Channel A &B

(4). IRIS, DRU – RCMS, HUB – SUP

(5). Local display

(6). SST 2000 transmitter air-dryer

(7). Channel A PSR receiver and processor

(8). Channel 1 SSR – TRC

(9). Channel A low noise amplifier

(10). Channel 1 TOM cabinet

(11). Channel B, PSR receiver and processor

(12). Channel 2 SSR – TRC

(13). Channel B low noise amplifier

(14). Channel 2 Tom cabinet

(15). pedestrian

(16). Antennal and motor 1 & 2

7.3.1 PROCEDURES FOR FAILURE RESET, SHUTDOWN, ETC OF THE

CBP – TMR AND CBP – RCMS

When TMR fan or other unit is faulty and it replaced a failure resets is
necessary and perform as follow:

(1) Click on START

2). Select CBP TMR

3). Click on command

4). Select the channel A or B (you need to do)

113
5). Go back to command

6). Select command to radar (a window appears)

7). Select maintenance operating state

8). Send

9). Yes

10). Then select the option you want to carry out from the window (e.g
failure reset, reset/off-line test, shutdown, etc)

11). after executing step 10, return the channel to operating mode by
selecting operational operating mode.

The above is for PSR and it is basically the same for MSSR except in step 2
where CBP, RCMS is selected.

7.3.2 HOW TO SWITCH CHANNELS

WITH CBP

1). Main menu: click on the command

2). Click command to radar

3). Click on the I/R channel switchover for to load channel

WITH RCMS

1). Right click on the DPC – PC/TMR, PC

114
 2). Click configuration

3). Configuration state, drop down choose to ANTENNA

4). Click send

Configuration state To Load To antenna

HOW TO RESET CODE FAILURES

1. Main menu: command

2. Click command to radar

3. Click failure code reset

4. Click send

HOW TO RESTART A CHANNEL

1. Click command to radar

2. Click reset/off – line test (in maintenance only)

3. Click send

HOW TO SHUTDOWN A CHANNEL

1. Click command to radar

2. Click computer shutdown

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 3. Click send

CHECK THE VERSION OF RCMS

1 From the main menu: go to Help

2. Click about RCMS

3. Click OK

7.3.2 HOW TO PUT A CHANNEL INTO MAINTENANCE

 WITH CBP

1. Main menu: click command

2. Click command to radar

3. Click maintenance operating state

4. Click send

5. Click yes

 WITH RCMS

1. Right click DPC – PC / TMR, PCs

2. Click configuration3. Click drop down arrow on the operating state,

Operating state operational maintenance

Choose maintenance

4. Click send

7.3.3 HOW TO PUT CHANNEL BACK TO OPERATIONAL

 WITH CBP

1. Main menu: Click command

116
 2. Click command to radar

3. Click operating state

4. Click send

5. Click yes

 WITH RCMS

1. Right click DPC – PC/ TMR, PC

2. Click configuration

3. Click drop down arrow on the operating state, choose operational

4. Click send

7.3.4 HOW TO BACK-UP RADAR PARAMETERS FOR PSR & MSSR

1. Main menu: click command

2. Click transfer from radar
3. Tick current parameters and all parameters
4. Destination directory; choose a path where you want to store
parameters, e. g.
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( A) Create a folder and name it as radar parameter, put the date and time
Note: You must create two folder for PSR channel A & B, MSSR
channel 1 & 2

7.3.5 LOW – NOISE AMPLIFICATION FUNCTION

 BITE INDICATORS

 DS 1 – Green: Low voltage power supply present

 DS 2 – Green: Clock signal present

 DS 3 – Red: Low noise amplifier (LNA) failure

 DS 4 – Red: Sensitivity time control (STC) failure

 DS 5 – Red: Limiter failure

The RF 822 has the following function housed in a single casing.

1. Micro wave sensitivity time control (STC) consisting of limiter diodes

in an air coaxial line structure.

2. A ferrite isolator at the low – noise amplifier input.

3. A transistorized low – noise amplifier.

4. A ferrite isolator at the low noise amplifier output.

5. A control card also generating the BITE signals.

6. A main power supply providing the various DC voltages required.

The low – noise amplification is ensured by the RF 822s LNAs (Low noise
amplifier) designed for use on ATC radars operating in the 2700 – 2900
MHz band.

7.3.5.1 The role of the RF 822s LNA in the radar system is:

 To adopt by means of the microwave sensitivity time control

(Microwave STC), the gain and dynamic range of the reception
system as a function of the distance. The control of the STC
attenuation is done by the radar signal processor.
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  To amplify, at level of microwave frequencies, the RF signal captured
by the antennal with a very low – noise level and sufficient gain to
make the negligible the degradation of the signal – to – noise ratio
caused by switching filtering and demodulating operations.

7.6 RCMS EQUIPMENT

The RCMS allows the operator to perform locally and remotely:

1. Monitoring

2. Control

3. Management facilities for events related to monitoring and control.

Due to its important role, the RCMS is also monitored.

The RCMS is based on two main equipment –

1. One 1/0 data acquisition and control function unit (DACF).

2. Two personal computers, each one associated with a printer.

(a) A Local Terminal Monitor (LTM)

(b) A Supervisor Terminal Monitor (STM)

Note: The data regrouping unit (DRU) software is installed on the LTM.

RCMS can be disconnected from the radar without impact on radar services
and still provide ATC services.

7.4.1 RCMS MONITORING

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 RCMS WINDOW

The synopsis of the station is displayed in the form of a block diagram. The
selection of any part of the system is possible using the mouse. Pull out
menus allow for presentation of more detailed information.

THE CONSOLE PROVIDES:

1. A graphic coloured status indication for equipment elements, showing

particularly faults and unavailability.

a. Light green indicate operational status.

b. Deep green indicate standby status

c. Yellow colour indicates warning status.

d. Red colour indicates fault status.

e. Grey colour indicates mask status

2. Pull out menus showing functions and monitored parameters where

appropriate displaying their current values.

3. System status codes.

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 RCMS ARCHITECTURE

STM/SOC

Modem

Black box

Black box Telecom network with X25 protocol

Modem

LTM/Loc DACF

DRU 98

SUPERVISED SYSTEM RADAR TYPE

7.5 SDPT

Site dependant parameters tool (SDPT). The TMR central BITE and
supervision functions:

 Each TMR is remotely monitored and controlled by the RCMS via the
supervision Ethernet network to which the TMR PC is connected.

 The operator can adjust the adaptable parameters according to the

site (site dependant parameters tool - SDPT) by using the CBP
(cabinet parameters) setting tools via the supervision Ethernet
network.

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  The plots supplied by the TMR as well as the processed video and the
maintenance video may be displayed on the IRIS maintenance
display.

IRIS WINDOW

7.6 MAINTENANCE DISPLAY CONSOLE IRIS

The Indicator Radar and information System (IRIS) Display console

function is provided for maintenance purposes by mainly displaying
information extracted at different points of the radar chain so that:

 Fault isolation is easier

 Radar performance can be checked

The mains following different types of data are deployed from the TMR:

 An analog processed video from channel A or channel B.

 An analog maintenance video from channel A or channel B.

 LB/HB aircraft/weather radar coverage.

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  STC aircraft/weather radar coverage.

 Video selection at the output of a specific filter.

With the maintenance video, IRIS enables the display of radar adjustment
patterns. The A/B video selection channel is carried out by means of the
IRIS selections switching box.

The mains following different types of data are displayed from the TOP PC
or DPC PC via the supervision Ethernet network.

7.7 P –LINES- E

The power lines (p- lines- E) unit consists of an embedded communication

processor which main purpose is to provide an interface communication
between up to 8 serial links and Ethernet network.

The p -lines -E units are also used in the system as data transfer function
between radar data processor and ATC central via modem or as protocol or
format converter.

The p –lines- E family is an enhancement of the previous µ- lines / p-lines

based on 68k/mpc860 processors and supersedes it up to 6 p -lines 4 units
can be used in the radar system. The p -lines 8 unit is an extended version
of these p-lines 4. This processor provides 280 MIPS @ 200 MHZ in the
basic version and up to 630 MIPS for the high range version.

The main features of p-lines E4 are:

1. One asynchronous port, controlled by SMC 1, with a RS 232 interface

accessible on the front panel.

2. Three Ethernet 10/100 MBPS channel

3. Four multi mode asynchronous mode and asynchronous protocols such

as HDLC, Basic, Transparent, UART, Isochrones, etc.

4. LCD display and key board

5. Status led for serial / Ethernet communication fails and power supply.

6. One “auxiliary port” consisting of two (input and two output lines with a
RS 422 transceiver is available on the rear panel.

7.7.1 MAINTENANCE FUNCTION

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When using RCMS, SDPT / CBP and IRIS

MAINTENANCE RCMS SDPT/CBP IRIS

FUNCTION

Monitoring

Operational X X
status

Performance X X

Control X X X

Parameter X
adjustment

7.7.2 DPC PC – DATA PROCESSOR COMPUTER

 Data link supervision

 SMS and long loop test management

 Channel BITE control

 Interface with the other equipment

1. TMR PC

2. MMXC via the 1/0 Ethernet LAN

3. NTPs

4. ATCC

5. SCN and GDCP

RCMS via the supervisor Ethernet LAN

7.7.3 IRIS VIDEO SWITCHING BOX

This unit is used to select independently the video to be displayed.

124
a. The PSR video

b. The video coming from channel A or channel B

c. The PSR trigger

d. The ACP/ARP signal delivered by the TMR unit.

The IRIS PC and the IRIS video switching box are mounted inside the tom
cabinet.

7.7.4 MANAGEMENT OF A/B CHANNEL AUTOMATIC SWITCHING

For high availability purpose, the star 2000 radar configuration has a
redundant architecture with two A and B channels, that allows a automatic
switch over function (hot switch over) which reconfigures the radar station
in case of failure of one of its duplicated component without any date
transmission disruption.

The primary radar head switchover capability is entirely managed by the

TMR (multi radar processor). The standby / slave in CBP terminology TMR
detects the faults of the on –line (master in CBP terminology) channel and
controls the automatic switchover.

In maintenance mode the A/B channel switch over can also be performed
manually via the:

1. TMR of the slave channel with RCMS control mode (LTM on STM)

2. With SDPT control by use of the CBP

The switch over concerns the primary radar head which allows
transmission / reception using the channel A or B. The channel switchover
is operating according to a master /slave philosophy. The selection of the
ACP / ARP signals is managed by each TMR which receives azimuth
message from one dedicated optical encoder, channels switchover includes
optical encoders switchover.

NOTE: The two TMRs must be in “OPERATIONAL” mode to have an

automatic logic switching.

This logic is inhibited as soon as one of the TMR is in MAINTENANCE mode.

7.7.5 ATCC INTERFACE – RADAR DATA

125
The radar and ATCC rooms are not in the same building. The data transfer
between the two sides is usually ensured by the telephone link equipped
with modems. Four serial output lines of each plines can be used for
transmission of radar output data (plots, tracks, weather and TSF (time
stamping function) data to the ATCC through modems as shown in the of
RCMS above.

STM (supervision terminal monitor) position is also installed in a technical

room. The interface between the LTM position installed in the radar a

7.7.5.1 Ж IF A POSITION DOES NOT CHANGE FROM START TO

RUNNING

If a node or a position does not start, off does not change to starting
perform the following command?

#rlogin wkel dp1 or rsh wkeldp1

# cd /tmp

# ls

If bslock is among the files displayed, remove it as follows:

# rm -f bslock

# ls (to check that bslock has been removed)

#exit

$exit

Until the window is closed.

7.7.5.2 REBOOTING A NODE ON DEMAND OF MNCUPTIME

SCRIPT-EUROCAT-C

. /mncuptime

If uptime is more than 60 days-CWP´s and 45days-servers,then stop

Eurocat and reboot the node at time of low traffic.

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Perform the following from T-SUP:

Select the desired node to be rebooted. In this case we are using agdb1

Once you have clicked on the node, at the bottom of the T-SUP, you can
switch between agdb1and agdb2 if AGDB1was OPER at the time. Do that.
We need the server node to be in SBY mode before rebooting.

Then we select AGDP1 again this time to stop CMP. These procedures stop
EUROCAT from running.

rlogin agdp1 (we are only using agdp1 as an example. It can be any other
node specified). Now you are in a terminal window on
wkelagdb1.EUROCAT is not supposed to run anymore but to ensure
EUROCAT is actually not running, type the command:

ipcs (to make sure that EUROCAT is NOT running)

if still running enter:

bsabort

Then:

Reboot

The node will restart and EUROCAT will start up by itself.

 If EUROCAT DOES NOT START UP DO:

(1)Start the EUROCAT-C for AGDP1 from the TSUP on VISU1

(2) Cick on the AGDP1button on the TSUP

(3) At the bottom start AGDP1,If it does not start, reboot the position
AGDP1, and it should start

(4) Now you have restored the AGDP1

(5) The AGDP1 should go into standby SBY status on the TSUP

(6) You can now switch again in between OPER and SBY for the AGDP´s and
reboot the other AGDP by following the same procedure.

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  IF A POSITION DOES NOT START

If one position does not start: OFF does not change to STARTING. This
normally occurs when the position has not been stopped cleanly causing
the “bslock” or “runlock” file, which is created in the directory ´.tmp´ when
the position was running the EUROCT-C application. If it was abruptly
stopped it would remain in the directory. However, it would have been
deleted if it was stopped cleanly. When restarting a position, if the file exits
the EUROCAT-C application will not startup. Therefore, the file has to be
deleted. SEE THE Ж ABOVE ON HOW TO REMOVE IT.

7.8 WHEN LAN SWITCH FAILED ALL THE NETWORK

NODE/POSITION NOT SEE ON THE NETWORK

Open an xterm window goes to supper user then

#cd /tmp

#ls

#cd critical

#./mnc reboot

#exit

$exit

All the position will now be on the network.

 HOW TO CHECK EVENT HAPPEN ON A PARTICULAL POSITION

Opon an xterm rlogin to the position eg TSUP

$rlogin wkelvisu1

$./chkmustlog

$exit

 TO KNOWN IF APOSITION IS ON LINE

Open an xterm window

128
$cd tmp

$ls

$cd ON_LINE . back_3

$cd ..

$ls

OR

$cd tmp

$ls

$cd Readme First

$ls

$exit

OR

$cd tmp

$cat readme

$cat readme first

$cd ..

$exit

 HOW TO READ NODESTATUS OF ALL THE POSITION O THE

NETWORK

$rlogin wkelvisu1

$cd tmp

$ls

$./nodetatus

Here you see the status of the position

 HOT START OR COLD START DP COMPUTER

129
 Click on the computer Push button (state is off):select the desired
starting mode

 Click on START pushbutton to start the computer

 Click on COLD_STRT push button This start the DP with a new

global initialization

 Click on HOT_START pushbutton This start the DP keeping

previous flight plan

 Click on START_SBY push button This start the DP in standby

mode

 Click on YES

 Click on the NO pushbutton to abort command if desire.

 HOW TO ACCESS DAILY LOG REPORT ON THE VSAT STM

On the VSAT STM window:

 Click on report

 Select daily log

 Select supervisor station

 Select Advance

 Select the radar station eg Lagos Radar

 Select surveillance

 High light the equipment by pressing up Arrow and down

Arrow

 Input Date Time

 Click on start

 WHEN LABEL DISAPPEARING FROM THE SCREEN

 Press the BYEPASS (MCTD) button to seen label on the

screen

130
  Then press GIW button to see if RDP is off. It is off reset the
DP or RFP

 To reset the DP switch off DP then switch it on

 HOW TO SELECT INDIVIDUAL RADAR STATION

 Press Bye-pass

 Press setup button then select Sensor on the setup window then
click RADAR, then chosen any station (ie ABUJA LAGOS
PH .ILORIN OBUBRA ETC) that you want to monitor on the
coverage

 Remove the Bye-pass

The reason you press the Bye-pass is to enable you monitor radar
station without affecting operation.

 STATION WITHOUT AFFECTING OPERATION.

DAILY ARCHIVING:

After the archiving is shown as completed on the RECORDIO window, go

to the xterm window on the REC1 (and afterward REC2) to run the
check archive

On the REC1, run the check archiving script as follow:

#rlogin rec1

#./check archive

Checking the number of blocks archived on the DVD please wait while
still loading….

Verifying mounting of device /dev/dvd………….

Mounting DVD on /mnt/cdrom now…………..ok

Now, checking number of archived blocks……….49 directories found on

DVD

Blocks archived successfully.

CHAPTER THREE (SUBVIII)

131
8.1 SIMULATOR
The purpose of the simulator is to allow controllers to perform training in
conditions similar to operational ones, by generating simulated tracks and
related flight plans and providing these for radar data and flight data
processing as for an operational system.

8.1.1 PILOT

The pilot position is a specific graphical interface providing a way to pilot

aircraft according to the controllers’ instructions. The interface allows
direct interaction with the simulated aircraft and control of its heading,
level and speed.

DIAGRAM OF PILOT CONTROLWINDOW AREA SHOWING ABOVE

The pilot control area is the main contact of the pilot position. It allows the
piloting of an aircraft. All pilot commands are supported by the PCA. The
figure above shows the general layout.

SIMU: Set controller position to simulation

SIMU

132
Purpose: Enable the simulation mode on a controller position. This
command can only be performed if the controller position is in OFF – LINE
state [“OFF”] and from controller positions RCC11 to RCC 14.

8.1.2 SEQUENCE:

1. [PDL – “cp name”]: press the left PD button with the PD indicator on the
push – button corresponding to the desired controller position.

2. [PDL – SIMU]: Select the SIMU function

3. [PDL – YES]: Perform the SIMU function

4. [PDL – NO]: Abort function

Description: After clicking on the component push – button (in OFF – LINE
state), the operator commands area lists become:

SET POS RCC12 TO SIMU

YES NO

After clicking on the YES push – button, the controller position will change
to the “SIMU_OFF” state.

ATC: Set controller position to ATC mode

ATC

Purpose: Enables the ATC (Normal operation) mode on a controller

position. This command can only be performed if the controller position is
in a simulation state (“SIMU_ OFF”) and from controller positions.

133
RCC 11 RCC 12 RCC 14

SIM SIM to SIM

If the simulator is running it will first have to be stopped.

8.1.3 FUNCTION OF THE SIMULATOR – LAGOS ONLY

Leader
Pilot 1 Pilot 2 Pilot 3

 Flight plan is getting from the leader position of the simulator.

 Simulator uses simulator Kinatic flight plane (SKPL). The SKPL is a

software that is use to create the simulated flight plane while the
operational position use different flight plane that is correlated at the
pilot position.

 The data set for simulator consist of ASTERIC’ files. i. e.

1. Map of Nigerian

2. Wind

3. Type of air craft

4. Exercise of game

5. Data security

6. Coding of the exercise or game.

 In pilot position you can change the:

1. The flight level of the air craft

2. The speed of the air craft

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 3. The altitude of the air craft

4. The wind direction.

 With the use of SKPL on the simulator, it give you opportunity to

control an air craft from Lagos airspace to London or from Lagos air
space to as far as U. S. A.

 Simulator data set consist of:

a. Weight of the air craft

b. Type of the air craft

c. Position of the air craft

d. Place of the Air craft

 On the DATA PREPP start up, the file running is EUROCAT traces.
8.1.4 LOGIN TO SIMULATOR
Leader

On the leader position of the simulator, press F1 button of the keyboard it

lead you to drop down menu, right click on the xterm this lead you to shell
mode (#) then type

a. #IPCS (Inter processing communication system. This is use to

know if the EUROCAT is running on the system.

b. # bsabort – Is use to clear the memory segment or past events on

memory.

c. Right click on the empty space of the leader position screen, then select
DATA PREPP and click on it, wait for some minutes, the data prepp window
will appear.

d. On the DATA PREPP window type in the following:

username: EUROCAT………………………………….. in upper case

135
Password: EUROCAT …………………………………. in. upper case

e. Press enter

You see LAG 1 and LAG 2, open LAG1, then select file or Air route,

1. Press EDIT

2. Press distribute

3. Then press EXIT or press ESC button go to the T-SUP window

On the T-SUP window set controller position (RCC11 TO RCC14) to ATC

mode then set it to SIMU by clicking on SIMU. The state of SIMU will
change from OFF to ON status. Then set controller position RCC11 TO
RCC14 sequentially and then change the status from OFF to SIMU

8.2 STARTING A GAME ON THE SIMU

 Go to T-SUP and put RCC11 to RCC14 in ATC mode then (after 3/5
minutes), stop RCC11 TO RCC14 to OFF position and bring them
on SIMU_OFF by pressing SIMU after they have stopped

 Go to leader screen at the simulator room, click START POSITION

wait for 4/5 minutes. The leader position window(blue) will pop
up then type the following ( press ALT+TAB to navigate).Ensure
that message displays GAME_STARTED

 BE/G=1/H=1200 4

 Go to controller working position at the simulator room check that

simulation in progress is displayed on the 2k by 2k monitor

 To stop the game type

EE 1 enter

STOP enter

Ensure that MESSAGE displays GAME_STOPPED in 2/3 munities

136
 8.3 HOW TO PUT LEADER POSITION INTO SIMULATOR MODE
FOR ATC TO CARRY OUT THEIR GAME

TO CARRY OUTTHERE GAME

(1).On the screen of leader position open an XTERM (see login to simulator
above)

(2) press F1 OPEN XTERM

(3) #IPCS press enter

(4)#bsabort ,,

(5) Wright click anywhere on screen and click DATAPREP wait for 2/3
minutes, until the DATAPREP window come up (purple color)

USER NAME EUROCAT press F1

PASSWORD EUROCAT press enter

(6)No need to do anything as controller will carry on the rest press, To exit
DATAPREP window press ESC button (window will disappears)

8.4 SIMULATION IN BRIEF

On the T – SUP window click on the SIMU. The state of SIMU will change
from OFF to ON status.

Then set controller position to SIMULATION by left clicking on ACC11,

ACC12, ACC13 and ACC14 sequentially and then change the status from
OFF to SIMU..

Purpose: Enables the simulation mode on a controller position. This

command can only be performed if the controller position (i. e. RCC 11, RCC
12 to ACC 14) is in OFF LINE state [“OFF”].

8.4.1 SEQUENCE:

137
1. [PDL – Cp name]: Press the left PD button with the pD indicator on the
push – button corresponding to the desired controller position, e. g. (ACC11
to ACC 14).

2. [PDL – SIMU]: Select the SIMU function

3. [PDL – YES]: Perform the SIMU function

4. [PDL – NO]: Abort function

Description:

After clicking on the component push – button (in OFF LINE state), the
operator lists the possible command. After clicking on the SIMU function,
the operator or commands area becomes:

SET POS ACC 1 TO SIMU

YES NO

After clicking on the YES push – button, the controller position will change
to the “SIMU-OFF” state.

f. On the T – SUP window set controller position (i.e. ACC11 to ACC 14) to
ATC mode.

ATC

Purpose: Enables the ATC (Normal operational) mode on a controller

position. This command can only be performed if the controller position is
in a simulation state (“SIMU – OFF”) and from controller positions SIM 1,
SIM 2 or SIM 4. If the simulator is running, it will first have to be stopped.

Sequence:

1. [PDL – “CP name”]: Press the left PD button with the PD indicator on the
push – button corresponding to the desired controller position.

138
2. [PDL – ATC]: Select the ATC function.

3. [PDL – YES]: Perform the ATC function.

4. [PDL – NO]: Abort function.

Description:

After clicking on the component push – button (in simulation state), the
operator commands area displays the ATC command. After clicking on the
ATC function, the operator command area becomes:

SET POS SIM 1 TO ATC

Yes No

After clicking on the YES push – button, the controller position will
change to the “OFF” state, do same for each position. (RCC 11 to RCC 14),
then this position will show SIMU - OFF.

Go to the leader position, right click on the leader position screen space,
select and click START POSITION, wait for some minutes for the window
pop up window to come ON. Then type Start 4, this will start the four pilot
position including the leader, then press ENTER, on the leader position key
board; press the key ALT + TAB or [ ], this command above is used to
navigate. when you press enter you will see the leader position window
again, then on the window command line, type BE/G=1/H = 12.00 4

NB BE =beginning, G = game, H = hour, the current time 4 = exercise, then

wait for some time and go to the 2 k by 2 k screen .

On the above screen you will see simulator in progress

i. On the keyboard of each 2k by 2k, press MAP button, you see MAP
window then select or left click on any of the following, you required:

139
1. AERON AIRSPACE

2. NAVAIDS MSAW

3. COAST PROHIBIT

4. ROUTES RESTRICT

5. AIRPORTS DANGER

6. AIRSPACE GRIB

7. LAG – FR TEST

8. RUNWAY 18R

9. RADAR CORRIDOR

10. DAIW SID STAR

J. The aircraft displayed on the 2k by 2k are the one installed on the DATA
PREP while on the pilot positions, click on AIR – FRANCE in pilot 1, click on
BRITISH AIR in pilot 2, etc to display the aircraft that are to be control

To end the Game or exercise; from the leader position type

EE 1 OR stop then press ESC key.

If the Game or exercise is still not stop type from the shell mode # bsabort
then type #exit.

8.5 ADMINISTRATION OF SIMULATION GAME DATA IN LAGOS 1 OR

LAGOS 2

Two data set Lagos 1 and Lagos 2 can be administered after ATC have
played a game for possible backup. Meanwhile it is the duty of technical
officer to do a backup data set after ATC have completed the playing of
game. We should endeavor to save the file on daily basis. The procedures
are as follow:
 Go to Xterm window
$bsabort
$ sµ -
Password xxxxx

140
 #cd / to enter root directory
#pwd to know where you are
#cd/home/EUROCAT/tmp
#ls
#./simadmin – To run the script as simadmin; the display option are
as follow:
1. Backup the current dataset
2. List the archive dataset
3. Restored to a previous dataset
4. Restored to a file save data set.

Then you observe on the screen, are you sure you want to proceed
Y/N, type Y in lower case.

NB: Press ctrl + backspace to continue.

Press ctrl + mouse right click select HUGE the window will be
large.

Chosen the option you want to perform.

8.5.1 RESTORED TO FAIL SAFE DATASET

Fail safe dataset was used to demonstrate site acceptance text and is
not dataset to train ATC. Restored to fail safe dataset is what
simulator uses to known exactly what pilot and ATC have done or is
doing when play / practice game.

Procedure:

Open xterm by pressing F1

$pwdTo know the present working direction

$cd / home / EUROCAT / temp

$ ls

$./simadmin you see option 1, 2, 3, 4

141
 NOTE:To runn the script you need to be a switch user i. e. supper
user.

sµ

password xxxx

#pwd

#cd / home / EUROCAT / temp

#ls

#./simadmin:

1. Backup the current dataset

2. List the archive dataset

3. Restored to a previous dataset

4. Restore to a failsafe dataset,

Enter one of the option or type q to quite, type 2 for list the archive
dataset. Or,

#./simadmin:

Restored a failsafe a dataset with 4 pilots / controller, enter option4 press

enter. It will indicate failsafe dataset restored successfully restored.

# exit from the window or press ESC button.

8.5.2 STEP TAKING TO RESTORED DATASET ON HARD DISK OF

LEADER POSITION
1. Press F1
2. $ cd temp
3. $ ls
4. $ ./cksim Is used when you have power failure. It check whether
EUROCAT is running. If LAN is OK. If the LAN on the network is not OK it

142
Means the CIMOS battery is not OK.

NOTE: If the simulator is not running, go to leader position and do

Cksum as shown in 4 above..

NOTE: When a controller assistance position showing a network error,

check the network cross cable between the CMP and controller work
station. If the network ports used for the cross cable connection is not on
the same LAN use if configure command..

8.5.3 RESTORE REPLICATION

Replicate command will send every dataset and every game played on the
leader position to be transfer to T – SUP.

On the leader position,

1. Press F1

2. $cd temp

3. $ls

4. $ su -

5. Password

6. temp] # cd /home/EUROCAT/temp

7.] #ls

8.]#./replicate Is use to replicate everything on the hard disk on the

leader position to visu 7 (RCC3).

8.5.4 HOW TO RESTORED DATASET IF HARD DISK CRASHES

On the leader position

1. Press F1

2. $ su -

3. Password

143
4. #./restore_rep Is used to replicate everything on visu 7 back to leader
position.

5. temp # cd /

6. temp]#ls

7. temp]#cdDSBACKUP to backup Dataset

8. temp]#rshvisu 7ls –ll / DSBACKUP

9. .]#ll to see the script you backup

8.5.5 BACKUP DATASET IN T-SUP OR IN VISU1

On the leader position perform the follow

1. Press F1

2. $sµ -

3. Password

4. #r login Visu1

5. #cd/home/EUROCAT/temp

6. #ls

7. #su - EUROCAT

8.6 MONTHLY BACKUP OF EUROCAT –C SYSTEM

From TSUP position opens an XTERM

#./mnc_backupec This command bring the data and stored in visu1

#ls l /BAKEC This display the date and position for the backup

#date Wed Dec 11:44 UTC 2012

#./replicate This enable you to replicate the backup in visu7

NOTE: You have to installed WIN SCP software on the laptop before you
can be able to perform the backup on your laptop.

144
 CHAPTER FOUR

9.0 CONCLUSION

This report has shown my involvement in many area of Computer Science Works,

ranging from Radar frequency Reading, Coding and Data Analysis as a graduate engineer.

In the areas mentioned above, I involved in the following:

 Programming and Coding of Basic Computer Languages.

 Better the life of the Nigeria populace and the world as a whole.

In summary, being in this professions has been challenging and fulfilling. Therefore, no

doubt or regret in chosen this profession. I hope to o more and submit myself tutelage under

senior colleagues.

145
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Endorsement

I, the undersigned, have gone through the report that has been prepared and we endorse
the experience attained and reported by the writer. Based on our personal knowledge of
the character and professional reputation of the applicant, I recommend for acceptance
of this Work Experience report by the COREN in Partial fulfillment of the requirements
for registration as Registered Engineer.

Name Stamp and Signature

146