ELE

SUBMITTED

TO

THE COUNCIL FOR THE REGULATION OF ENGINEERING

IN NIGERIA (COREN)

IN PARTIALFULFILMENT AS A REQUIREMENT FOR

REGISTRATION AS AN ENGINEER

, 2025

1
DEDICATION

2
 CERTIFICATION

------------------------------ ---------------------------
Signature Date

3
1.2 Aim of the Report

This report is written as one of the basic requirement for full enrolment as a member of council

for the regulation of engineering in Nigeria (COREN)

4
CHAPTER

5
 Knowledge of budgeting and financial monitoring of projects
 Communication

Personal Skills
 Ability to understand and present others point of view
 Skills at analyzing and interpreting information
 Good communication skills when dealing with clients, developers, consultants
and the public
 Having clarity and sound judgment
 Familiar and competent with Microsoft Office Suit programs
 Having a natural drive with a loyal, strong and proactive work ethic
 Creative and innovative
 Proven motivational and leadership skills
 A team player with an enthusiastic attitude

Education
Landmark University November 2011 - July 2016
B.Eng. Civil Engineering
Second Class Upper Division

Igbinedion Education Centre September 2005 - July 2011

WEST AFRICA SENIOR SCHOOL CERTIFICATE, 2011

6
 CHAPTER TWO

Period Detail of Projects/Activities Durati Supervisor

on
(Years) Name Signature

Dec., 2017- EMPLOYER Moina- Sai Nigeria Limited

March, POSITION: Member, Engineering Team
2024 Activities carried out:

Managed construction activities for 20 units of flat

project, and the development of 6 units of semi-
detached duplexes in Sangotedo, Lagos State. My
primary role was ensuring adherence to project
specifications. Both projects were executed
simultaneously, thus, the attribute of multitasking
was of uttermost priority. The project duration was
24 months

 Designed and analysed structural components for a

4units of 4-bedroom apartments in Benin City, Edo
State.

 Collaborated with architects, contractors, and other

stakeholders to ensure successful project completion
of a fully automated 5 Bedroom duplex in Benin-
City with a gym facility, a functional swimming
pool, and a 10-sitter cinema

April, 2024- EMPLOYER: Presence Developers and

till date Management Inter Biz
POSITION: PROJECT SITE SUPERVISOR
Activities carried out:
I constantly work in partnership with the architect's
designs, analyse, and ensure the safety and
structural integrity of projects, often collaborating
with construction teams and other engineers to meet
functional and aesthetic requirements.
This partnership involves developing detailed
designs, performing complex calculations, and
liaising with various stakeholders, while adhering to
safety standards and regulations. This has been
utilized repeatedly in numerous construction
projects such as construction of multiple units of
semi-detached, fully detached, and terrace duplexes
across Nigeria

7
 EMPLOYER: Federal Roads Maintenance
Jan., 2017- Agency (FERMA)
Nov., 2017 POSITION: Graduate Intern
Activities carried out:
 Identified failed sections in road structure which
posed imminent danger to road users
 Supervised patching of potholes which included
removal of water and debris, making clean cuts
along the sides of prospective patch area,
application of sufficient stone base, compaction
and asphalt filling
 Ensured free flow of traffic during road
maintenance
EMPLOYER: PRIVATE PRACTISE
POSITION: SITE ENGINEER
Activities carried out:
Inthe construction of a two-storey college building,
and an administrative block for Delta State College
of Education Mosogar, I ensured the project was
completed in time, within budget, and met quality
and safety standards as an independent while
working sin collaboration with Independent
Engineers on the project.

8
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 POST GRADUATE EXPERIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

Project : MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPACTED
SOIL CEMENT USING ACOUSTIC VIBRATORS
Employer : LAGOS, NIGERIA
Position held : Civil Engineer

3.1. INTRODUCTION

Deep foundations are frequently used when the surface soil has insufficient load-
bearing capacity, consequently rendering shallow foundations unsuitable for
structural support [1]. Although deep foundations address this issue, their
prohibitive costs make them financially impractical for numerous small and
medium-sized projects [2] . In such scenarios, soil cement mixtures have
emerged as a viable alternative, offering a more cost-effective means of
improving soil stability and load-bearing capacity [3–7].
Soil-cement mixtures are experiencing increased utilization in a broad range
of civil engineering applications, such as earthworks, road subgrades, platforms,
and railway tracks [8–12]. These mixtures are highly valued for their improved
load-bearing capac- ity and durability relative to untreated soil. Given their
extensive application, a precise characterization of the mechanical properties of
soil-cement mixtures is imperative to ensure the safety and efficacy of
construction projects [13]. However, traditional meth- ods for determining these
properties frequently involve intricate and expensive testing procedures.
Dynamic properties can be indirectly inferred through nondestructive testing
methodologies [14]. Among the nondestructive techniques utilized to determine
mechanical properties are the analysis of resonant frequency [15], the
measurement of the velocity of the ultrasonic pulse [16], and the impulse
excitation technique (IET) [17].

The resonant frequency is determined by the vibration of the object under

9
 examina- tion, thus establishing its inherent vibration frequency. This frequency
can be induced by modulating mechanical vibrati vibrations. Thus, mechanical
vibrations are generated using an acoustic vibrator, which continuously varies
its frequency [18]. Therefore, resonant frequency testing typically requires
sophisticated equipment and expertise. The ultra- sonic pulse velocity (UPV)
technique involves measuring the propagation speed of high-frequency
ultrasonic waves through a material sample [19]. Ultrasonic testing is widely
utilized to evaluate the elastic properties of materials, determine material qual-
ity, and conduct indirect strength assessments [20, 21]. However, the UPV
technique can be intricate and time consuming.
The Impulse Excitation Technique (IET) offers a more straightforward and
eco- nomical alternative. The technique involves impacting the material and
capturing the resultant acoustic response using a microphone, allowing the
measurement of dynamic properties with relatively inexpensive equipment and
simple procedures [22– 24]. Although advantageous, IET has been largely
limited to concrete applications, with little research on its applicability to soil
and soil cement mixtures [15, 25, 26].
This study addresses the existing literature gap by investigating the feasibility
of using acoustic testing to characterize the mechanical properties of soil and
compacted soil cement (CSC). Specifically, the research aims to determine the
dynamic modulus of elasticity and damping ratio for soil-cement mixtures
with varying cement doses (0%, 6%, 9% and 12% by weight). Using acoustic
vibration for the mechanical char- acterization of these mixtures, this
investigation presents a novel approach that may offer a more efficient and cost-
effective alternative to conventional methods. Further- more, by establishing
correlations between the results of the acoustic test and static mechanical
properties, such as the static modulus of elasticity and maximum compres- sive
strength, this research promotes the use of acoustic testing as a complementary
or alternative technique for evaluating the properties of soil and soil cement.
1 Testing Program

10
 In accordance with the objectives related to soil testing and analysis of soil
cement material, the proposed methodology can be delineated into three primary
stages. The initial stage focuses on the acquisition of materials and their
qualitative and quanti- tative assessment. This includes tests such as the
Atterberg limits test, sieve analysis, compaction test, and specific gravity test.
The second stage involves the compaction and sampling of blocks with varying
soil-cement proportions (0%, 6%, 9% and 12%) over several days. Key tests
performed during this stage include the Acoustic Vibra- tion Test (IET) and the
Axial Compression Test. The final stage involves systematic analysis of the
collected data to determine the mechanical properties of the materials. Figure 1
illustrates a structured flow chart detailing this methodology.
1.1 Materials

The soil samples used in this investigation were obtained from the state of
Parana´, Brazil, and are classified as silt-clay soil. The region was examined,
revealing surface soils with N SPT (Standard Penetration Test) values less
than or equal to 5, which classifies them as soft according to the standard
NBR6484. The cement used was type CP-V ARI, distinguished by its high
strength attributable to its elevated resistance during the initial stages of
curing.

1.2 Testing of Specimens

Characterization tests were conducted on the soil and compacted soil cement, which
included the determination of the specific gravity of the grains, granulometric
analysis, Atterberg limits and compaction tests, all according to the ABNT
standard [27–30]. Subsequently, the soil and soil cement samples were prepared
and molded manually. The samples were statically compacted into ten layers
within a cylindrical mold of 7.6cm in diameter and 17 cm in height, resulting

in a volume of 771.20 cm*. The weight of each layer was calculated, such as.

γd · (1 + h) · V · GC (1)
PC =

11
 Nc

Here, γd denotes the specific dry weight; h signifies the moisture

content; V rep- resents the volume; GC indicates the degree of compaction; ω
= PC · Nc refers to the total weight of the specimen; PC pertains to the weight of
a single layer; and Nc corre- sponds to the number of layers. The optimal moisture
content and maximum dry unit

Fig. 1 Flowchart for the methodology

weights are presented in Table 1. The data in this table were derived from
standard automated Proctor Normal Compaction tests conducted on both soil and
soil-cement mixtures. Finally, the samples were stored in a humid room for
curing periods of 7, 14 and 21 days inside the water tank, before testing.

Table 1 Physical properties of the prepared specimens

12
 Cement γd h V GC PC ω
(%) (g/cm3) (%) (cm3) (%) (g) (g)
0 1,623 21,3 771,2 0,98 1487,9 148,79

6 1,539 23,4 771,2 0,98 1435,31 143,53

9 1,598 21,5 771,2 0,98 1467,39 146,74

12 1,574 21,6 771,2 0,98 1446,54 144,65

1.1 Impact Acoustic Tests

The acoustic test was performed using UNILAstic equipment [31].The
UNILAstic sys- tem is composed of a specimen support unit, a measurement unit
and complementary software designed for signal analysis and calculation of
mechanical properties. This equipment facilitates non-destructive testing of small
to medium cylindrical samples of various materials.The support unit is
characterized by a lightweight yet robust aluminum structure to secure the
specimen. The measurement unit includes a micro- phone, an interface for
computer connection, a microphone stand, and a hammer with a spherical tip (see
Figure 2).
For the execution of the test, the mass and dimensions of the specimen were
initially determined. The specimen was then supported at the nodal points
located 0.224 * L from its ends, where L represents the length of the sample.
Following accurate positioning, a microphone was placed at one end of the
longitudinally aligned sample, approximately 1 cm from the surface, and in an
eccentric position relative to the center of the cylinder (see Figure 3).
Subsequently, the sample was manually excited using an impact hammer at the
opposite end of the microphone for a duration of 30 seconds. Eccentric impacts
were also administered to the center of the cylinder. This specific arrangement of
the microphone and impact locations facilitates the detection of the first flexural
frequency (F1) and its first natural longitudinal frequency (L1).

13
 For satisfactory results, it is imperative that impacts are not applied
transversely to the specimen, due to the potential for damage arising from the
weight and low flexural strength of the samples. Furthermore, careful moderation
of the impact force is essential to prevent it from being excessively weak, which
may result in the failure to obtain a sound record, or excessively strong, which
could jeopardize the sample’s integrity.

Fig. 2 Equipment for vibration acoustic test (UNILAstic)

Fig. 3: Tests configuration

14
During the recording period, multiple impacts were applied to the specimen, and
the resulting sound was captured using a high-precision microphone and
processed with UNILAstic software. This software performs a spectral analysis
of the signal, establishing a spectral density function that facilitates the
identification of the natu- ral frequencies of the specimen. The generated spectra
exhibit peaks that correspond to the natural frequencies of the investigated body.
To present an example of the fre- quency spectra obtained from the tests, Figure
4 shows the relevant spectral density functions for samples with compacted soil
cement (CSC) 0%, 6%, 9%, and 12% after 7 days of curing. In this figure, the
first and second peaks represent the first flex- ural frequency and the first
longitudinal frequency, respectively. The analysis of the spectra obtained from
the tests on the samples revealed that the natural longitudi- nal frequency
displayed more distinctly defined peaks, attributable to the longitudinal direction
of excitation. Consequently, it is recommended to use the first longitudinal
natural frequency to calculate the damping ratio at this frequency. This process
was replicated for all specimens with 0%, 6%, 9%, and 12% CSC at various
curing times (7, 14, and 21 days). In addition, to ensure repeatability of the results
and mitigate uncer- tainties arising from external variables, the acoustic testing
procedure was performed four times for each sample.
Identification of damping ratios associated with longitudinal frequencies is
enabled by the UNILAstic software, which employs modal identification
techniques. The damping ratio is calculated using the frequency curve fitting
method, which fits a single-degree-of-freedom system close to a resonance
frequency [32]. To determine the mechanical properties of the sample, such as
the dynamic modulus of elasticity, the equations delineated in the standard
ASTME1876 are employed. This procedure requires the geometric parameters of
the cylinder, its mass, and the natural flexural or longitudinal frequency obtained
experimentally. The following formula is used to calculate the dynamic modulus
of elasticity (Ed) based on the fundamental longitudinal frequency of a bar with

15
a circular cross section.

L
E = 16 · (f )2 · M · (2)
d l π · (de)2 · K2
where fl denotes the fundamental longitudinal frequency of the bar (Hz), L
rep- resents the length of the bar (mm), M corresponds to the mass of the bar
(gr), and K signifies the correction factor for the fundamental longitudinal
mode, which takes into account the finite length-to-diameter ratio and the
Poisson’s ratio. The correction factor K is given by

K = 1 −π2 · µ2 · (de)2 (3)

8·L

where µ is the Poisson’s ratio and de is the diameter of the bar (mm). For the
calculation of the dynamic modulus of elasticity, employing the fundamental
flexural frequency of a bar with a circular cross section, the following equation
is utilized.
L3 2
Ed = 1.6067 (f ) .M .T (4)
(d e)4 f 1

where ff is the fundamental flexural frequency of the bar 1(Hz) and T ′ is

1

the correction factor for the fundamental flexural mode, which accounts for the

length-to-diameter ratio of the bar and the Poisson’s ratio. T ′ is given by.

16
and then used to calculate the dynamic modulus of elasticity (Ed). In this
study, the identification of Poisson’s ratio was not considered. According to
ASTME1876 stan- dards, the determination of the Poisson’s ratio requires the
identification of torsional and flexural frequencies. These frequencies are
incorporated into an iterative proce- dure that leverages both the dynamic
modulus of elasticity and the dynamic shear modulus to determine the Poisson’s
ratio. However, acoustic evaluations conducted on multiple samples of
compacted soil cement encountered difficulties in accurately identifying
torsional frequencies. Consequently, for the reasons mentioned above, a
constant Poisson’s ratio of 0.2 was assumed.

Fig. 4 Spectral densities functions with 0%, 6%, 9%, 12% of cement and 7
days of curing time. L1=First longitudinal natural frequency, F1= First
flexural natural frequency.

1.2 Uniaxial Compression Test

The axial compression test was performed according to the NBR12025 standard
for soil cement. The static triaxial equipment consists of a triaxial press with a
capacity of 5000 kgf, equipped with a servo-controlled system that allows digital
monitoring and adjustment of the piston displacement speed through ded icated

17
software. The system includes a load cell and a displacement transducer, LVDT
(linear variable differential transformer). The piston displacement speed can be
set between 0.0001 and 15.00 mm/min (see Figure 5).
For this test, a constant load was applied at a rate of 0.14 mm/min, as recom-
mended for clay soils [33]. Cylindrical samples measuring 170 mm in length and
76 mm in diameter were used. The procedure was performed in 50 samples,
including all per- centages of soil cement (0%, 6%, 9% and 12%) at various
curing ages, to evaluate and determine the maximum compressive strength and
the static modulus of elasticity.
The static modulus of elasticity was obtained through the uniaxial compression
test, based on the analysis of the stress-strain curve. Following the procedure
described in NBR8522, a tangent line was drawn to the linear elastic region of
the stress-strain

Fig. 5 Equipment for the Axial Compression Test

18
 curve. After the deformations were measured, the modulus of elasticity was
determined using Hooke’s law.

2 Test Results and Analysis

This section presents an evaluation of soil and soil cement materials through a
series of experimental tests and analyzes. The discussion begins with an
assessment of the results derived from various soil characterization tests.
Subsequently, the effects of different cement contents on soil-cement mixtures
will be examined. This quantitative analysis includes samples with varying
cement percentages to evaluate critical parameters such as maximum
compressive stress, static and dynamic moduli of elasticity, and damping ratios.
Furthermore, correlations among static and dynamic moduli of elasticity,
damping ratios, and maximum compressive stresses will be investigated.

2.1 Soil Characterization Test

Based on the soil particle size distribution curve (see Figure 6), the proportions
of each grain size fraction were determined. The soil composition was found to
be 20% clay, 66% silt, and 14% sand. With a fine content (silt and clay) ranging
from 86%, the soil is classified according to NBR6502 as Silt-Clay soil, with
a noticeable red coloration.

19
 Fig. 6 Particle size distribution curve of the soil

Cohesive soils are also categorized according to the plasticity index [34].
According to the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), the soil is
designated CL (Lean- Clay). The unmodified soil and the soil containing a
cement mixture 6% exhibit medium plasticity, whereas the soil with cement
mixtures 9% and 12% exhibit low plasticity. The integration of cement
leads to a reduction in the plasticity index (PI) (see Table 2).
The solids specific gravity tests (see Table 2) show that as the cement
percentage increases, the solids specific gravity also increases. This is because
the specific gravity of the cement is higher than that of the soil solids (3.12
g/cm3). However, in the compaction test (Figure 7), a decrease in dry density
was observed with an increase in cement percentage. Figure 7 also shows the
behavior of the saturation curve (S=100%), which is positioned above the
compaction curves.

20
 Table 2 Results of the soil characterization test
Description Soil CSC 6% CSC 9% CSC 12%
P. L. (%) 23,98 27,57 28,94 32,12

L. L. (%) 36,60 37,80 33,70 34,70

P. I. (%) 12,62 10,23 4,76 2,58

USCS CL ML ML ML

w(g/cm3) 2,74 2,79 2,83 2,87

Fig. 7 Compaction Curves of CSC with Different Cement Percentages

From the compaction test, the optimal moisture content and maximum dry densi-
ties were determined for different percentages of cement in the soil, as shown in
Table 3. These values were crucial for molding the specimens used in the
compression tests.

2.2 Maximum Compression Stress (MCS)

Figure 8 presents the maximum uniaxial compressive stresses for different

21
percentages of cement and curing durations, derived from the compression
tests. The findings show that cement incorporation leads to an increase in
rupture stress, which is further increased with prolonged curing periods.
However, the marginal increase in rupture stress observed between the
mixtures containing 9% and 12% cement is not significant. The occurrence of
outliers in Figure 8 was noted across varying curing durations and cement
proportions. Notably, outliers were detected in soil cement samples with 6%
and 9% cement additions after 7 days of curing, as well as in samples with 6%
and 12% after 21 days of curing. These outliers signify samples that markedly
diverge from
Table 3 Compaction test parameters

Material Max. Dry Density (γd) (g/cm3) Opt. Moisture Content (W opt ) (%)
Soil 1.631 21.3
CSC 6% 1.549 22.4
CSC 9% 1.598 21.5
CSC 12% 1.574 21.9

the prevailing trend, lying outside the interquartile range (IQR), which
represents the central distribution of data. Such outliers may indicate
inherent variability within the sampled materials or external factors that
impacted the results during testing. While conducting a greater number of
tests would be beneficial to verify these deviations and refine the result
trends, this approach was impractical due to limitations in time and
resources, which extended beyond the scope of this research.

22
Fig. 8 Maximum uniaxial compression stress of CSC.

23
2.3 Static and Dynamic Properties
The static modulus of elasticity (Es) was determined by averaging the
results of five samples for each curing period (7, 14, and 21 days) and for
various cement percentages (0%, 6%, 9%, and 12%), resulting in a total
of 50 samples. The soil without cement was not subjected to curing
periods; therefore, for visual comparison in the following figures, the
results for the soil without cement are the same for all curing times. Figure
9 shows the static modulus of elasticity as a function of cement percentage
and curing duration. Thus, the results show that the static modulus of
elasticity increases with higher cement percentages and longer curing
times.

Fig. 9 Static Modulus of Elasticity of CSC with curing times of 7, 14, and 21 days for 0%, 6%,
9%, and 12% cement percentages

The analysis of the dynamic modulus of elasticity (Ed) showed a

24
behavior consis- tent with that of the static modulus. However, the
dynamic modulus is 3 to 17 times greater than the static modulus.
Consequently, as the cement content and the cure time increase, the
ratio Ed/Es tends to increase. As shown in Figures 10 and 11, the
dynamic modulus increases with higher cement percentages and longer
cure times. Figure 10 shows the dynamic modulus derived from the first
longitudinal frequency,

25
while Figure 11 shows the modulus calculated from the first flexural
frequency. It is important to note in Figures 10 and 11 that no outlier data
were identified. The flexural and longitudinal dynamic moduli were
generally coincident, with an average variation of 8%, as shown in Figure
12. Assuming this proportionality, a strong correlation was achieved,
with a coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.9936.

Fig. 10 (a)Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity from longitudinal frequency of CSC with curing times
of 7, 14, and 21 days for 0%, 6%, 9%, and 12% cement percentages

The influence of impact in the longitudinal direction resulted in a more

precise delineation of the longitudinal frequency peaks within the spectral
density function. In light of this, the damping ratios associated with the
longitudinal frequencies were evaluated. The analysis indicates that the soil
lacking cement demonstrates elevated damping ratios, which diminish
significantly with the incorporation of cement and over the course of
curing, as shown in Figure 13.
Variability analysis showed that the dynamic elastic modulus from

26
longitudinal frequency, derived from acoustic tests, generally exhibits less
dispersion than the static elastic modulus obtained from simple
compression tests. For soil without cement, the coefficient of variation for
the static elastic modulus was 32.07%, while for the dynamic elastic
modulus it was lower at 25.28%. In the case of compacted soil cement
(CSC) with cement content 6%, 9% and 12% and 21-day curing period,
the coefficients of

27
Fig. 11 (a)Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity from flexural frequency of CSC with curing times of
7, 14, and 21 days for 0%, 6%, 9%, and 12% cement percentages

variation for the static elastic modulus were 9.13%, 10.37% and 6.03%,
respectively. By comparison, the coefficients of variation for the dynamic
elastic modulus of CSC under the same conditions were significantly
lower, at 1.65%, 3.23%, and 5.07%. The only exception where the dynamic
elastic modulus showed greater dispersion was for CSC with a cement
content of 12% and a curing period of 14 days. The observed trend of
reduced dispersion in the dynamic elastic modulus is attributable to the
lower susceptibility of acoustic impact tests to procedural errors, as
evidenced by the repeatability of the results. The variability results were
similar for the dynamic modulus of the flexural frequency.

2.4 Correlation Analysis

Using the complete dataset, various functions can establish correlations
between parameters from acoustic and simple compression tests. The
dynamic modulus calcu- lated from the longitudinal frequency was used to
perform the following correlation analyzes.
A key correlation examined refers to the dynamic modulus of elasticity
and Max- imum Compression Stress (MCS), as shown in Figure 14. In this

28
analysis, two data points identified as outliers in Figure 8 were excluded,
which exhibited minimal impact

29
Fig. 12 Longitudinal vs. Flexural Frequency in the Determination of Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity

on the model fitting. The figure indicates that an increase in the modulus
of elasticity generally corresponds to an increase in the maximum
compression stress. However, at elevated values of the dynamic modulus
of elasticity, the maximum compression stress exhibits a tendency to
stabilize. This relationship can be accurately represented using a bilinear
function, yielding an adjusted R2 of 0.9059. Data from soil without cement
were included in this model. In the figure, the fitting constants are a0
= 26.8981, a1 = 0.0118, b0 = 59.0337, b1 = 0.0017, and x0 = 3188.84
MPa, the latter defining the intersection point between the two linear
segments of the bilinear function. The constants and intercepts of the
bilinear model were selected to minimize the sum of squared errors
between the MSC data and the corresponding projection line.
Another investigated correlation relates to the damping ratio and the
dynamic modulus, as illustrated in Figure 15. In this case, all acoustic tests
were used, including the four repetitions performed for each sample. The
data indicate that as the dynamic modulus increases, the damping ratio
exhibits a tendency to diminish. A power model was used for this
correlation, resulting in a determination coefficient R2 = 0.7898.
30
 The correlation between the dynamic modulus Ed (MPa) and the static
modulus Es (MPa) is highly relevant in studies of the mechanical behavior
of the material. In this context, three distinct approaches were proposed to
explore this relationship. The

31
Fig. 13 Damping ratios for first longitudinal natural frequency of CSC with curing times of 7, 14,
and 21 days for 0%, 6%, 9%, and 12% cement percentages

first approach establishes a direct correlation between the dynamic and

static moduli, as shown in Figure 16. The fit is represented by a power
function with a determination coefficient (R2 = 0.7618). This indicates a
positive, non-linear relationship, where an increase in the dynamic
modulus is associated with a rise in the static modulus, but at a
decelerated rate. This is reflected in the exponent of 0.5207, which is less
than 1. Another approach considers the correlation between the
dynamic modulus and the product of the elastic modulus, Es (MPa),
and the density of the material, w (g/cm3 ), as shown in Figure 17. The
fit is also represented by a power function, with a determination
coefficient (R2 = 0.7648). The results suggest that the relationship
between Ed and Es ∗ w follows a nonlinear trend, characterized by a
decelerating
increase.
A third approach was defined by correlating the dynamic modulus with
the product (Es · w/D), where Es is the static modulus, w is the density
of the material, and D is the damping ratio of the first longitudinal
frequency, as shown in Figure 18. The resulting fit also follows a power
32
curve, with a determination coefficient (R2 = 0.7764), slightly higher than
the previous models. These three approaches are summarized in Table 4,
which presents the correlations shown in Figures 16, 17, and 18.

33
Fig. 14 Correlation between maximum compression stress and dynamic modulus of elasticity of
CSC.

Table 4 Summary of equations and

coefficients of determination

Equation R2
E S = 3.6721Ed0.5207
0.5260 0.7618

ES · w = 6.7504E 0.7648
E = 171.1639( ES ·wd)0.5281 0.7764
d D

3 Conclusions
The present article examines the feasibility of employing nondestructive
techniques, such as impact acoustic testing, for the mechanical
characterization of clay soils sup- plemented with cement. The findings
suggest that the acoustic vibration method is effective in characterizing
both cement-enhanced and noncement soils, depending on the soil
exhibiting adequate cohesion for the procedure. This methodology
appears to be inappropriate for non-cohesive soils. For cohesive soils,
as demonstrated in this investigation, characterization remained feasible

34
due to the detection of the first

35
Fig. 15 Correlation between Damping ratio and Dynamic Elasticity Modulus of CSC

longitudinal and flexural resonance frequencies. Consequently, it is evident

that soil cohesion was a critical factor in its effective characterization in a
compacted state.
In this context, an experimental study was carried out that involved
various pro- portions of soil cement and different curing durations to assess
the dynamic modulus of elasticity and damping ratios, using the first
longitudinal natural frequency derived from acoustic tests. In addition,
static tests were administered to all samples. The find- ings of static and
dynamic testing facilitated the development of several correlations to
estimate the static modulus of elasticity and rupture stress, employing
variables such as the dynamic modulus of elasticity, damping ratio and
material density. These cor- relations exhibited determination coefficients
of approximately 77% for static moduli and 90% for rupture stress.
Although the proposed correlations offer reliable estima- tions for the static
modulus of elasticity and maximum uniaxial compressive stress, it is
crucial to acknowledge their specific applicability to the type of soil
studied.
In addition, conclusions have been reached on the influence of cement
36
incorporation on the mechanical characteristics of the soil. An increase in
the cement content within the mixture markedly improves the mechanical
properties of the soil. This increase in the proportion of cement results in
an increased compressive strength and an increase

37
 Fig. 16 Correlation between Static Elasticity Modulus and Dynamic Elasticity Modulus of CSC

in dynamic and static moduli of elasticity, suggesting that the soil exhibits enhanced
resistance and rigidity with a higher cement content.
The findings represent a preliminary investigation into the application of nonde -
structive techniques, specifically impact acoustic testing, for the evaluation of the
mechanical properties of soil cement composites. This method presents a promising and
efficient alternative for the characterization of such materials in civil engineering
practices. However, additional investigations are necessary involving various types of
soils to determine the broader applicability of the proposed approach.

3.1.1. OBJECTIVE
Following are the objectives
1. Modeling the building using the software ETABS 2016
2. Applying gravity loads and different load combinations as per BS 5502-50
codal provision.
3. Analyzing and designing of residential building for worst case of load
combination.
4. Design of footing using STAAD foundation.

3.1.2. PLAN OF THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

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 The residential building 2bhk flat is taken for analyzing and designing. The architect plan
was modeled in Revit and a realistic 3d image of structure is obtained. Placements of
column were done keeping in mind the orientation and the distance between the columns.
After placement of column the beams were run parallel to columns to form structure layout

Fig 1.1 Plan of residential building Fig 1.2 3D of residential building using Revit software

3.2. MODELLING RCC FRAMES

An RCC framed structure is basically an assembly of slabs, beams, columns and
foundation inter- connected to each other as a unit. The load transfer mechanism in these
structures is from slabs to beams, from beams to columns, and then ultimately from
columns to the foundation, which in turn passes the load to the soil. In this structural
analysis study, we have adopted a regular geometry with dimension 11.09x12.25M. A
floor to floor height of 3m is assumed. Structural Plan of the building is shown in the
following figure.

Fig 2.1 Structure layout of residential building Table 1 Building Description

Table 1 Building Description

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 Length x Width 12.25x11.09m
No. of storeys 4
Height of similar storey 3m
Height of parapet wall 1m
Thickness of outer wall 230mm
Thickness of inner wall 125mm
Beam dimension 230x450mm
Column dimension 250x450mm

Table 2 material specification

Grade of concrete,M25 fck= 25N/mm2

Grade of steel fy= 415N/mm2

Density of brick ϒbrick= 20kN/m

Density of concrete ϒc= 25kN/m

3.2.1. LOADING
Loads acting on the structure are dead load (DL), Live load and Earthquake load (EL).
I.Dead load: Wall load, Parapet load and floor load (IS 875(Part1))

The dimensions of the cross section are to be assumed initially which enable to estimate
the dead load from the known weights of the structure. The values of the unit weights of
the structure and the values of the unit weight of the materials are specified in IS
875:1987(Part-I). As per IS 875: 1987 (part I). The dead load assigned in the ground floor
is shown in the figure 3.
 Unit weight of brick = 20 kN/m 3

 Unit weight of concrete = 25kN/m

a) Wall load= (unit weight of brick masonry X wall thickness X wall height)
= 20 kN/m3 X 0.230m X (3-0.45) m = 11.73 kN/m (acting on outer beam)
= 20 kN/m3 X 0.125m X (3-0.45) m = 6.375 kN/m (acting on inner beam)
b) Wall load (due to Parapet wall at top floor) = (unit weight of brick masonry X parapet
wall thickness X wall height) = 20 kN/m3 X 0.125m X 1m= 2.5 kN/m

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 Fig 2.1 Details of wall load on frames

II. Live Load:

They are also known as imposed loads and consist of all loads other than the dead loads of
the structure. The standard values are stipulated in IS875:1987 (part II).The live loads
considered are given in table. The assigned live load on ground floor in Etabs will be as
shown in the figure. Live load: 2kN/m2 (acting on slab)
Table 3 live loads (IS875:1987 (part II)
Area Live load ( kN/m2 )
All rooms and kitchens 2
Toilet and bathrooms 2
Corridors, Passages, 3
Staircases
Balconies 3
Parking 5
Electrical Room 5
Machine room 5

Fig 2.2 Details of live load on shells

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III. Floor Finnish: 1 kN/m

Fig 2.3 Details of floor finish on shells

IV. Seismic Load:

Earthquakes generate waves which move from the origin of its location with velocities
depending on the intensity and magnitude of the earthquake. The impact of earthquake on
the structures depends on the stiffness of the structure, stiffness of the soil media, height
and location of the structure, etc. the earthquake forces are prescribed in IS 1893:2002

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 (part-I).
Seismic zone: V (Z=0.36), Soil type: I, Importance factor: 1, Response reduction factor: 5,
Damping: 5%. IS 1893(Part-1):2002
Here Seismic load is considered along two directions EQlength and EQwidth.

3.2.2. Load Combination

The structure should be analyzed for different load combination as different types of loads
are acting on a structure throughout the life of structure. The different types of loads on
the building are
1. Dead load
2. Live load
3. Eq X
4. EQ Y
The beams, column and slab are designed for factored load combination whereas footings
are to be designed for factored load combination. Geotechnical engineer has already taken
factor of safety into account while determining the safe bearing capacity (SBC) of soil .
3.3. ANALYSIS

Fig 3.1 Displacement of joints

It can be seen that the displacement increase while going up as the fixity of column
decreases as we go up as there is no floor on the top. The displacement at top floor is

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minimum.

Fig 3.2 Bending moment diagram

Colorful image of bending moment is obtained from software. The BM at the ends are
hogging which means reinforcement is to be provided at the top while in the middle
portion BM is sagging, the reinforcement provided at bottom. The BM at the Centre is
maximum as we go up due to decreases in fixity of joints.

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Fig 3.3 Axial force diagram Fig 3.4 Details of axial force due to seismic load

The axial force for the bottom stories is more than the top stories. Structures experiencing
earthquake forces, axial force for external column is high while internal column
experience less force as shown in above figure.

3.4. CONCRETE FRAME DESIGN

The design methods used for the design of reinforced concrete structures are working stress
method, ultimate load method and limit state method. Here we have adopted the limit state
method of design for slabs, beams, columns and stairs. In the limit state method, the
structure is designed to withstand safely all loads liable to act on it through its life and also
to satisfy the serviceability requirements, such as limitation to deflection and cracking.
After the analysis and interpretation of result, the concrete frame design is carried out by
selecting the design load combination. The structural member (column and beam) is said
to be failed if it is shown in red color. The minimum reinforcement of columns should be
0.8% of cross section and maximum should be 6% of cross section but practically 4% of
cross section is taken into consideration. The minimum reinforcement in beams should be
0.4bd and maximum of 4% of cross section. All the structural members passed the design
check in this project as shown in figure.

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 Fig 4.1 concrete frame design

Fig 4.2 check for concrete frame design

3.4.1. DETAILING
The final step after designing is to generate rebar tables for structural members. The
detailing process helps us to generate drawing sheets, floor plans, reinforcement cage
view etc.

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3.4.2. Design
Table of Slab
4: Concrete beam rebar table
The slabs were designed using spread sheet in which length and width were used to
check the minimum required thickness and reinforcement of slab. The minimum
thickness was takes as 125mm for whole structure. The minimum steel for slab should
be 0.12%of c/s area of slab.

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 Fig 6.1 Spread sheet for designing of slab

3.5. DESIGN OF FOUNDATION

The footings were designed using staad foundation. The FZ forces were imported to
staad foundation to design all footing at once. The footing should be designed as
isolated in the beginning; if the footings are overlapping then we should design for
combined footing. The SBC of soil was taken as 150kpa and the depth of soil above
footing as 2000mm.In this project we are designing isolated footing as the exaction
plan does not coincide. The different sizes of footing were obtained from the
software.

Fig 7.1 Excavation plan for residential building

Table 5 Details of size of footing

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 3.6. CONCLUSSIONS
1. This project has given an opportunity to re- collect and co-ordinate the various
methods of designing and engineering principles which we have learnt in our lower
classes.
2. Analysis was done by using ETABS software and successfully verified manually
as per IS456.
3. Calculation by both manual work as well as software analysis gives almost same
result.
4. Shear force and bending moment increases for both beams and columns as the
storey height Increases.
5. Design of isolated footing was done successfully.

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4.1.1 PROJECT: CONSTRUCTION OF 4 NO.S OF 3-BEDROOM
RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT

4.1.1 PROJECT PARTICULARS:

Client: BARRISTER NELSON OTAJI

Contractor: CLASSIC WALL LIMITED, LAGOS, NIGERIA

Position held: Civil Engineer

Period: 4 Months

Completion: 100%

4.1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

The site is situated at Along Happy Land Road, Ogombo, Lagos State, Nigeria. The
project is a residential housing development mainly for commercial purposes. This
project spanned for a period of 4months. The soil bearing capacity is 75kn/m2.
Courtesy of this, raft foundation was constructed. Depth of beam 900mm and 200mm

thick slab. The built of area is about 45m2.

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4.1.3 SCOPE OF THE WORK:
The scope of this work is construction of the building substructure to finishing.
4.1.4 MY INVOLVEMENT IN THIS PROJECT:
1. Preparation of the structural design and detailing of this project
 Building material procurement and supervision of site activities.
 Supervision of molding of Sand Crete blocks
 Interpretation of drawings to workers; Structural and Architectural plans.
 Determination of levels on site with level instrument.
 Setting out of partition wall blocks.
 Confirmation of smooth rendering of wall.
 Confirmation of alignment of carpenter’s form work.
 Supervision of roof trusses and roofing sheet installation

2. Participated in the evaluation of material quantities.

 Preparation of Bill of quantity for materials to be used during construction,

Calculation of number of sandcrete blocks, reinforcement and wood for formwork to

be supplied to site at different milestones of the project.
3. Site accounts officer/Paying of workers’ wages.
 Counting numbers laid blocks to determine the mason’s wage

 Calculation of square area of carpenter’s form work to determine carpenter’s wage

 Recording of site wages for both daily paid laborers and sub-contractors

 Paying site wages to site workers.

4.1.5 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED AND SOLUTION:

 Some stake holders with key information kept disengaging themselves at some point

fromthe project and it posed some problems.

 Theft case was recorded on site from site workers this led to distrust among

teammembers especially the casual workers.

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  Non provision of PPE. The site workers had to provide their own PPE.
 Conflict always arose between site workers. To halt this, we dismissed anyone

who attempted to physically assault another.

4.1.6 EXPERIENCE GAINED
 I learnt the various stages of the design process, gained a knowledge of the overall

project life cycle and appreciated the practice of value engineering, I utilized the
BS8110 in the structural design of the building
 I learnt the basic block molding technology
 I polished my experience on finishing especially plastering and dressing
 I learnt that integrity is a priceless virtue in and out of site
 I was exposed to more complex structures like raft foundation, retaining wall e.t.c

Fig.6.3:carcass of 3 bedroom units under construction

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 CHAPTER FOUR

5.1 CONCLUSION
This report has shown my involvement in many area of Civil Engineering Works, ranging from
composition, In the areas mentioned above, I involved in the following:
 Formulating and Supervision of Civil Engineering works.

 Construction of residential housing units

 Construction pavements and culverts

 Better the life of the Nigeria populace and the world as a whole.

In summary, being in these professions has been challenging and fulfilling. Therefore, no doubt or
regret in chosen this profession. I hope to o more and submit myself tutelage under senior colleagues.

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 .1 Endorsement

I, the undersigned, have gone through the report that has been prepared and we endorse the
experience attained and reported by the writer. Based on our personal knowledge of the
character and professional reputation of the applicant, I recommend for acceptance of this Work
Experience report by the COREN in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for registration as
Registered Engineer/Technologist.

Name Stamp and Signature

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