CHEMISTRY

REFERENCE STUDY MATERIAL

for
Summative Assessment -II

CLASS – IX
2016 – 17

CHAPTER WISE CONCEPTS, FORMULAS AND

QUESTIONS INLCUDING HOTS QUESTIONS

Prepared by

M. S. KUMARSWAMY, TGT(MATHS)
M. Sc. Gold Medallist (Elect.), B. Ed.

Kendriya Vidyalaya gachibowli

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths)

 PREFACE
It gives me great pleasure in presenting the Study Material in Chemistry for Summative Assessment
(SA) - II. It is in accordance with the syllabus of the session 2016–17 for second term (CCE pattern).
Each chapter has a large number of questions along with all concepts and descriptions of topics in
such a simple style that even the weak students will be able to understand the topic very easily. The most
important feature of this material is that NCERT book questions(intext questions) and exercises included
along with answers.
Keeping the mind the mental level of a child, every effort has been made to introduce simple
questions in starting before HOTS questions so that the child solve them easily and gets confidence.
I avail this opportunity to convey my sincere thanks to respected sir, Shri U. N. Khaware, Additional
Commissioner(Acad), KVS Headquarter, New Delhi, respected sir, Shri S. Vijay Kumar, Joint
Commissioner(Admn), KVS Headquarter, New Delhi, respected sir Shri P. V. Sairanga Rao, Deputy
Commissioner(Acad), KVS Headquarter, New Delhi, respected sir Shri. D. Manivannan, Deputy
Commissioner, KVS RO Hyderabad, respected sir Shri Isampal, Deputy Commissioner, KVS RO Bhopal,
respected sir Shri Jagdish Mohan Rawat, Director, KVS ZIET Chandigarh, respected sir Shri P. Deva Kumar,
Deputy Commissioner, KVS RO Bangalore, respected sir Shri Nagendra Goyal, Deputy Commissioner, KVS
RO Ranchi, respected sir Shri Y. Arun Kumar, Deputy Commissioner, KVS RO Agra, respected sir Shri
Sirimala Sambanna, Assistant Commissioner, KVS RO Jammu, respected sir Shri. K. L. Nagaraju, Retd-AC,
KVS RO Bangalore and respected sir Shri M.K. Kulshreshtha, Retd-AC, KVS RO Chandigarh for their
blessings, motivation and encouragement in bringing out this project in such an excellent form.
I also extend my special thanks to respected sir Shri. P. S. Raju, Principal, KV Gachibowli, respected
madam Smt. Nirmala Kumari M., Principal, KV Mysore & respected sir Shri. M. Vishwanatham, Principal,
KV Raichur for their kind suggestions and motivation while preparing this Question Bank. I would like to
place on record my thanks to respected sir Shri. P. K. Chandran, Principal, presently working in KV
Bambolim. I have started my career in KVS under his guidance, suggestions and motivation.
Inspite of my best efforts to make this notes error free, some errors might have gone unnoticed. I
shall be grateful to the students and teacher if the same are brought to my notice. You may send your valuable
suggestions, feedback or queries through email to kumarsir34@gmail.com that would be verified by me and
the corrections would be incorporated in the next year Question Bank.

M. S. KUMARSWAMY

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths)

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths)
 DEDICATED
TO
MY FATHER

LATE SHRI. M. S. MALLAYYA

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths)

 CHAPTER – 3

ATOMS AND MOLECULES

ATOMS AND MOLECULES

LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS

Before Dalton concept of atom was mere philosophical. Dalton explained about atom on the
basis of Laws of Chemical Combinations.
There are three laws of chemical combination.

1. Law of Conservation of Mass

2. Law of Constant Proportions
3. Law of Multiple Proportions

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

Antoine L. Lavoisier, a French scientist, established the theory of Law of Conservation of

Mass. The law of conservation of mass states, “Mass can neither be created nor destroyed
in a chemical reaction”.

All matters in the universe exist in three states. There are two ways of classification of matter.
1. According to physical state as solid, liquid or gas.
2. According to its composition as element, compound or mixture.

According to this law mass of an isolated system will remain constant over time. This means
when mass is enclosed in a system and none is allowed in or out, its quantity will never
change. That is mass will be conserved, and hence this is called Law of Conservation of Mass.
This means total mass of products is always equal to the total mass of reactants. As there is no
loss of mass of substances, i.e. mass is conserved, that’s why Lavoisier called this the law of
conservation of mass.

REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS:

In a chemical reaction the substances that combine or react are known as reactants and the new
substance/substances formed are called product or products.
A chemical reaction can be represented in general as follows:

Example: When calcium oxide is dissolved in water calcium hydroxide is formed. The reaction
involve in this can be written as:
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In this reaction calcium oxide and water are reactants while calcium hydroxide is product.
In this reaction 74 g of calcium hydroxide is obtained when 56 g of calcium oxide reacts with
18 g of water, which is proved by experiment.

Here the total mass of reactants, i.e. calcium oxide and water is equal to 74 g. And the mass of
product, i.e. calcium hydroxide is also equal to 74g. This proves that the total mass of reactants
is always equal to the total mass of product, which proves the Law of Conservation of Mass.

LAW OF CONSTANT PROPORTIONS

Law of Constant Proportion states that a chemical compound always contains exactly the
same proportion of elements by mass.
This law is also known as Law of definite proportions. Joseph Louis Proust gave this law
hence, this law is also known as Proust’s Law.

Explanation of the law:-

Compounds are formed by the combination of two or more elements. In a compound the ratio
of the atoms or element by mass remains always same irrespective of the source of compound.
This means a certain compound always formed by the combination of atoms in same ratio by
mass. If the ratio of mass of constituent atoms will be altered the new compound is formed.

Examples:-

Water is formed by the combination of hydrogen and oxygen. The ratio of masses of hydrogen
and oxygen is always in 1:8 in water irrespective of source of water. Whether you collect the
water from a well, river, pond or from anywhere the ratio of their constituent atoms by mass
will always same.

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Nitrogen dioxide is a compound, which is formed by the combination of nitrogen and oxygen.
The ratio of nitrogen and oxygen by mass in nitrogen dioxide is in 7:16.
Nitrous oxide is a compound which is also formed by the combination of nitrogen and oxygen.
The ratio of nitrogen and oxygen in nitrous oxide is in 28:16.
Nitric oxide is a compound, which is also formed by the combination of nitrogen and oxygen.
The ratio of nitrogen and oxygen in nitric oxide is in 7:8.
From the above three examples it is clear that if the ratio of the atoms by mass is altered then
the new compound is formed, such as in the case of nitrogen dioxide, nitrous oxide, nitric
oxide. These three compounds are formed by the combination of same atoms but because of
combination of the constituent atoms in different ratios by mass new compound is formed.

DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY

John Dalton, a British Chemists and scientists gave the Atomic Theory in 1808. This theory is
popularly known as Dalton’s Atomic Theory in the honour of John Dalton. He gave the theory
on the basis of Laws of Chemical Combination and explains them properly. In his theory he
explains about atom.

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Main postulates of Dalton's atomic theory

1. Elements are made of extremely small particles called atoms.

2. Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties;
3. Atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties.
4. Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed.
5. Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to form chemical
compounds.
6. In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged.

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 32

Q1. In a reaction, 5.3 g of sodium carbonate reacted with 6 g of ethanoic acid. The
products were 2.2 g of carbon dioxide, 0.9 g water and 8.2 g of sodium ethanoate. Show
that these observations are in agreement with the law of conservation of mass.
sodium carbonate + ethanoic acid → sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water
Answer:
In the given reaction, sodium carbonate reacts with ethanoic acid to produce sodium ethanoate,
carbon dioxide, and water.
sodium carbonate + ethanoic acid → sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water
Mass of sodium carbonate = 5.3 g (Given)
Mass of ethanoic acid = 6 g (Given)
Mass of sodium ethanoate = 8.2 g (Given)
Mass of carbon dioxide = 2.2 g (Given)
Mass of water = 0.9 g (Given)
Now, total mass before the reaction = (5.3 + 6) g = 11.3 g
And, total mass after the reaction = (8.2 + 2.2 + 0.9) g = 11.3 g
Therefore, Total mass before the reaction = Total mass after the reaction
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Hence, the given observations are in agreement with the law of conservation of mass.

Q2. Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1:8 by mass to form water. What mass
of oxygen gas would be required to react completely with 3 g of hydrogen gas?
Answer:
It is given that the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen by mass to form water is 1:8.
Then, the mass of oxygen gas required to react completely with 1 g of hydrogen gas is 8 g.
Therefore, the mass of oxygen gas required to react completely with 3 g of hydrogen gas is
8 × 3 g = 24 g.

Q3. Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory is the result of the law of conservation of
mass?
Answer:
The postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory which is a result of the law of conservation of mass is:
Atoms are indivisible particles, which can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction.

Q4. Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory can explain the law of definite
proportions?
Answer:
The postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory which is a result of the law of conservation of mass is:
Atoms are indivisible particles, which can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction.

ATOMS
On the basis of Dalton’s Atomic On the basis of Dalton’s Atomic Theory atom can be defined
as the smallest particles of matter are called atoms.
Characteristics of atoms:

 Atom is the smallest particle of matter.

 All elements are made of tiny particles called atom.
 Atoms are very small in size and cannot be seen through naked eyes.
 Atom does not exist in free-state in nature. But atom takes part in a chemical reaction.
 The properties of a matter depend upon the characteristics of atoms.
 Atoms are the building block of an element similar to a brick which combine together
to make a building.
 The size of atoms is indicated by its radius.
 In ancient time atoms was considered indivisible.

SYMBOLS OF ATOMS OF ELEMENTS

Dalton was the first scientist to use the symbols for elements in a very specific sense. When he
used a symbol for an element he also meant a definite quantity of that element, that is, one
atom of that element. Berzilius suggested that the symbols of elements be made from one or
two letters of the name of the element.

Many of the symbols are the first one or two letters of the element’s name in English. The first
letter of a symbol is always written as a capital letter (uppercase) and the second letter as a
small letter (lowercase).

For convenience elements are represented by unique symbols. For example: Hydrogen is
represented by ‘H’. Oxygen is represented ‘O’. Nitrogen is represented by ‘N’. Iron is
represented by ‘Fe’. ments are represented by unique symbols. For example: Hydrogen is
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represented by ‘H’. Oxygen is represented ‘O’. Nitrogen is represented by ‘N’. Iron is
represented by ‘Fe’.

His worked proved as boon to science. For his marvelous work Berzilius, together with John
Dalton, Antoine Lavoisier, and Robert Boyle is considered as the Father of Modern Chemistry.

Symbol of many elements are taken from their English name, while symbol of many elements
are taken from their Greek or Latin names.

Symbol of some element which are derived from their Latin name

Several elements are named after the place where they discovered, such as ‘Copper’ which was
taken from Cyprus. Some elements are named after their colour, such as ‘Gold’ which means
yellow.

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ATOMIC MASS
Mass of atom is called atomic mass. Since, atoms are very small consequently actual mass of
an atom is very small. For example the actual mass of one atom of hydrogen is equal to 1.673 x
10-24 g. This is equal to 0.000000000000000000000001673 gram. To deal with such small
nuber is very difficult. Thus for convenience relative atomic mass is used.
Carbon-12 is considered as unit to calculate atomic mass. Carbon-12 is an isotope of carbon.
The relative mass of all atoms are found with respect to C-12.
One atomic mass = 1/12 of the mass of one atom of C-12.

Thus atomic mass is the relative atomic mass of an atom with respect to 1/12 th of the mass of
carbon-12 atom. ‘amu’ is the abbreviation of Atomic mass unit, but now it is denoted just by
‘u’.

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The atomic mass of hydrogen atom = 1u.
This means one hydrogen atom is 1 times heavier than 1/12th of the carbon atom.

The atomic mass of oxygen is 16u, this means one atom of oxygen is 16 times heavier than
1/12thof carbon atom.

Absolute mass or Actual atomic mass:

It is found that, the actual atomic mass of a carbon-12 atom is equal to 1.9926 X 10-23g.

Thus by multiplying the relative atomic mass with 1.6605 × 10-24g we can get the absolute or
actual mass of an atom.

Example -1 - Find the absolute mass oxygen.

Solution:
The atomic mass of oxygen is 16u
We know 1u = 1.6605 x 10–24 g
Therefore, Absolute mass of oxygen = 1.6605 x 10–24 x 16 g
= 26.568 x 10–24 = 2.6568 x 10–25 g

Example – 2 – Find the absolute mass of Sodium.

Solution:
The atomic mass of Sodium is 23u
We know 1u = 1.6605 x 10–24 g
Therefore, Absolute mass of Sodium = 1.6605 x 10–24 x 23 g
= 38.191 x 10–24 = 3.8191 x 10–25 g

Example – 3 – Calculate the absolute mass of hydrogen atom.

Solution:
The atomic mass of hydrogen is 1u
We know 1u = 1.6605 x 10–24 g
Therefore, Absolute mass of hydrogen = 1.6605 x 10–24 x 1 g = 1.6605 x 10–24 g

Example – 4 - Calculate the absolute or actual mass of Nitrogen atom.

Solution:
The atomic mass of Nitrogen is 14u
We know 1u = 1.6605 x 10–24 g
Therefore, Absolute mass of hydrogen = 1.6605 x 10–24 x 14 g
= 23.247 x 10–24 g = 2.3247 x 10–25 g

EXISTENCE OF ATOMS

Atoms of most of the elements exist in the form of molecule or ion, since they are most
reactive. For example, hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, etc. However, atoms of some elements,
which are non-reactive, exist in free-state in nature. For example helium, neon, argon, etc.
Usually atoms are exist in following two forms -
• In the form of molecules
• In the form of ions

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INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 35

Q1. Define the atomic mass unit.

Answer:
 1 
Mass unit equal to exactly one-twelfth  th  the mass of one atom of carbon-12 is called one
 12 
atomic mass unit. It is written as ‘u’.

Q2. Why is it not possible to see an atom with naked eyes?

Answer:
The size of an atom is so small that it is not possible to see it with naked eyes. Also, the atom
of an element does not exist independently.

MOLECULE
Molecule is the smallest particle of a compound.
Atoms exist in free states in the form of molecule.

 A molecule may be formed by the combination of two or more similar atoms of an

element, such asoxygen molecule is formed by the combination of two oxygen atoms,
molecule of hydrogen which is formed by the combination of two hydrogen atoms.
 Molecules may be formed by the combination of atoms of two or more different
elements. For example molecule of water. It is formed by the combination of two atoms
of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. Molecule of Nitric oxide or nitrogen monoxide. It
is formed by the combination of one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom.
 A molecule takes part in chemical reaction.

Most of the atoms exist in the form of molecule. Molecules are formed by the combination of
two or more elements.
Example: Molecule of hydrogen (H2, Molecule of oxygen (O2), Molecule of nitrogen (N2), etc.
• Molecules of elements
• Molecules of Compounds

MOLECULES OF ELEMENTS

When two of more atoms of same element combine to form a molecule these are called
molecules of element.
Example:
Hydrogen molecule (H2). Hydrogen molecule (H2). Molecule of hydrogen is formed by the
combination of two hydrogen atoms.
Oxygen molecule (O2). Molecule of oxygen is formed by the combination of two oxygen
atoms.
Sulphur molecule (S8). Molecule of sulphur is formed by the combination of eight sulphur
atoms.
Phosphorous molecule (P4). Molecule of phosphorous is formed by the combination of four
phosphorous atoms.

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Molecules of some non-reactive elements are formed by single atom. For example – helium,
neon, argon, etc. molecules: Molecules of metals formed as big cluster of atoms. They are
represented by their symbols simply. For example: Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), etc.
These molecules are known as giant molecules.
Carbon is a non-metal, but it also exists as giant molecule and represented by its symbol ‘C’.

ATOMICITY

Monoatomic:
When molecule is formed by single atom only, it is called monoatomic molecule. Generally
noble gas forms monoatomic molecules. For example: Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar),
Kr (Krypton), Xenon (Xe), Randon (Rn).

Diatomic
When molecule is formed by the cDiatomic: When molecule is formed by the combination of
two atoms of it is called diatomic molecule. For example: Hydrogen (H2), Oxygen (O2)
Nitrogen (N2), Chlorine (Cl2), etc.

Triatomic
When moleucule is formed by the combination of three atoms it is called triatomic molecule.
For example: molecule of ozone (O3

Tetra-atomic
When molecule is formed by the combination of four atoms it is called tetra-atomic molecule.
For example: Phosphorous molecule (P4)

Polyatomic
When molecule is formed by the combination of more than two atoms, it is called polyatomic
molecule. For example: Sulphur molecule (S8)

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MOLECULES OF COMPOUNDS

When molecule is formed by the combination of two or more atoms of different elements, it is
called the molecule of compound.
Example:Molecule of water (H2O). Molecule of water is formed by the combination of two
hydrogen and one oxygen atoms.

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IONS
Atoms of several elements exists in the form of ion. Atoms or molecule with negative or
positive charge over them are called ions.

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Cations:
Ions having positive charge over them are called cations.
For example: sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+), etc
Anions:
Ions having negative charge over them are called anions.
For example: Chloride ion (Cl–), Fluoride ion (F–), etc
Monoatomic ions:
Ions formed by one atom are called monoatomic ions.
For example: sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+), Chloride ion (Cl–), Fluoride ion (F–), etc.
Polyatomic ions:
Ions formed by two or more atoms are called polyatomic ions. These are group of atoms of
different elements which behave as single units, and are known as polyatomic ions.
For example: Ammonium ion (NH4+), Hydroxide ion (OH–), etc

WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA

Chemical formula of the compound is the symbolic representation of its composition. To write
chemical formula of a compound, symbols and valencies of constituent elements must be
known. The valency of atom of an element can be thought of as hands or arms of that atom.

Points to remember
The symbols or formulas of the component radicals of the compound are written side
by side.
Positive radicals are written left and negative radicals on the right.

The valencies of the radicals are written below the respective symbols.
The criss-cross method is applied to exchange the numerical value of valency of each
radical. It is written as subscript of the other radical.

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 The radical is enclosed in a bracket and the subscript is placed outside the lower right
corner.
The common factor is removed.
If the subscript of the radical is one, it is omitted.
The rules that you have to follow while writing a chemical formula are as follows:
the valencies or charges on the ion must balance.
when a compound consists of a metal and a non-metal, the name or symbol of the metal is
written first. For example: calcium oxide (CaO), sodium chloride (NaCl), iron sulphide
(FeS), copper oxide (CuO) etc., where oxygen, chlorine, sulphur are non-metals and are
written on the right, whereas calcium, sodium, iron and copper are metals, and are written
on the left.
in compounds formed with polyatomic ions, the ion is enclosed in a bracket before writing
the number to indicate the ratio.

The simplest compounds, which are made up of two different elements are called binary
compounds. While writing the chemical formulae for compounds, we write the constituent
elements and their valencies as shown below. Then we must crossover the valencies of the
combining atoms.

The formulae of ionic compounds are simply the whole number ratio of the positive to negative
ions in the structure. For magnesium chloride, we write the symbol of cation (Mg2+) first
followed by the symbol of anion (Cl–). Then their charges are criss-crossed to get the formula.

EXAMPLES
Formula of Sodium oxide Formula of Sodium hydroxide

Formula of Sodium Chloride Formula of Calcium chloride

Formula of Potassium hydroxide Formula of Zinc hydroxide

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 Formula of Zinc chloride Formula of Aluminium hydroxide

Formula of Calcium oxide Formula of Aluminium oxide

Formula of Silver oxide Formula of Silver chloride

Formula of Ammonium Choride Formula of Ammonium carbonate

Formula of Silver Carbonate Formula of Silver Sulphate

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 Formula of Calcium hydroxide Formula of Ammonium sulphate

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 39

Q1. Write down the formulae of

(i) sodium oxide
(ii) aluminium chloride
(iii) sodium suphide
(iv) magnesium hydroxide
Answer:
(i) Sodium oxide → Na2O
(ii) Aluminium chloride → AlCl3
(iii) Sodium sulphide → Na2S
(iv) Magnesium hydroxide → Mg(OH)2

Q2. Write down the names of compounds represented by the following formulae:
(i) Al2(SO4)3
(ii) CaCl2
(iii) K2SO4
(iv) KNO3
(v) CaCO3.
Answer:
(i) Al2(SO4)3 →Aluminium Sulphate
(ii) CaCl2 → Calcium Chloride
(iii) K2SO4 → Potassium sulphate
(iv) KNO3 → Potassium nitrate
(v) CaCO3. → Calcium carbonate

Q3. What is meant by the term chemical formula?

Answer:
The chemical formula of a compound means the symbolic representation of the composition of
a compound. From the chemical formula of a compound, we can know the number and kinds
of atoms of different elements that constitute the compound.
For example, from the chemical formula CO2 of carbon dioxide, we come to know that one
carbon atom and two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded together to form one molecule of
the compound, carbon dioxide.

Q4. How many atoms are present in a

(i) H2S molecule and
(ii) PO43– ion?
Answer:
(i) In an H2S molecule, three atoms are present; two of hydrogen and one of sulphur.
(ii) In a PO43− ion, five atoms are present; one of phosphorus and four of oxygen.
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MOLECULAR MASS

Atomic mass: The atomic mass of an element is the mass of one atom of that element in
atomic mass units or (u).

Atomic mass unit (amu): 1/12th of the mass of an atom of carbon-12 is called atomic mass
unit. It is a unit of mass used to express atomic masses and molecular masses.

Molar mass: The molar mass of an element is equal to the numerical value of the atomic
mass. However, in case of molar mass, the units change from ‘u’ to ‘g’. The molar mass of an
atom is also known as gram atomic mass.
For example, the atomic mass of carbon =12 atomic mass units. So, the gram atomic mass of
carbon = 12 grams.

Molecular mass of the molecule: The sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a
molecule of a substance is called the molecular mass of the molecule.

Molecular mass - calculation: Generally we use relative atomic masses of atoms for
calculating the molecular mass of 1 mole of any molecular or ionic substances.
Example: Molecular mass of H2SO4
Atomic mass of Hydrogen = 1
Atomic mass of sulphur = 32
Atomic mass of oxygen = 16
Molecular mass of H2SO4 = 2(Atomic mass of Hydrogen) + 1 (Atomic mass of sulphur) + 4
(Atomic mass of oxygen) = 2×1 + 32 + 4× 16 = 98 u.

Calculation of molecular mass of hydrogen chloride:

Atomic mass of hydrogen + Atomic mass of chlorine = 1 + 35.5 = 36.5 u.

FORMULA UNIT MASS

The formula unit mass of a substance is the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a formula
unit of a compound. The term ‘formula unit’ is used for those substances which are made up of
ions.

Formula unit mass of NaCl: 1 x Atomic mass of Na + 1 x Atomic mass of Cl

1 x 23 +1 x 35.5 = 58.5 atomic mass units.

Formula unit mass of ZnO:

= 1 x Atomic mass of Zn + 1 x Atomic mass O
= 1 x 65 + 1 x 16 = 81 u.

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 40

Q1. Calculate the molecular masses of H2, O2, Cl2, CO2, CH4, C2H6, C2H4, NH3, CH3OH.
Answer:
Molecular mass of O2 = 2 × Atomic mass of O = 2 × 16 = 32 u
Molecular mass of Cl2 = 2 × Atomic mass of Cl = 2 × 35.5 = 71 u
Molecular mass of CO2 = Atomic mass of C + 2 × Atomic mass of O = 12 + 2 × 16 = 44 u
Molecular mass of CH4 = Atomic mass of C + 4 × Atomic mass of H = 12 + 4 × 1 = 16 u
Molecular mass of C2H6 = 2 × Atomic mass of C + 6 × Atomic mass of H = 2 × 12 + 6 × 1
= 30 u
Molecular mass of C2H4 = 2 × Atomic mass of C + 4 × Atomic mass of H = 2 × 12 + 4 × 1
= 28 u
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Molecular mass of NH3 = Atomic mass of N + 3 × Atomic mass of H = 14 + 3 × 1 = 17 u
Molecular mass of CH3OH = Atomic mass of C + 4 × Atomic mass of H + Atomic mass of O
= 12 + 4 × 1 + 16 = 32 u

Q2. Calculate the formula unit masses of ZnO, Na2O, K2CO3, given atomic masses of Zn
= 65 u, Na = 23 u, K = 39 u, C = 12 u, and O = 16 u.
Answer:
Formula unit mass of ZnO = Atomic mass of Zn + Atomic mass of O = 65 + 16 = 81 u
Formula unit mass of Na2O = 2 × Atomic mass of Na + Atomic mass of O
= 2 × 23 + 16 = 62 u
Formula unit mass of K2CO3 = 2 × Atomic mass of K + Atomic mass of C + 3 × Atomic mass
of O = 2 × 39 + 12 + 3 × 16 = 138 u

MOLE CONCEPT

Mole: Mole is the measurement in chemistry. It is used to express the amount of a chemical
substance.
One mole is defined as the amount of substance of a system which contains as many entities
like, atoms, molecules and ions as there are atoms in 12 grams of carbon - 12".

Avogadro number: The number of the particles present in one mole of any substance is equal
to 6.022x1023. This is called avogadro’s number or avogadro’s constant.

Number of particles in 1 mole:

1 mole of hydrogen atoms represents 6.022 × 1023 hydrogen atoms.
1 mole of hydrogen molecules represents 6.022 × 1023 hydrogen molecules.
1 mole of water molecules represents 6.022 × 1023 water molecules.

Conversion of moles to mass and vice-versa

The key concept used in these kind of problems is that a mole of any substance contains gram
formula mass or molecular mass of that substance i.e. molecular mass of Hydrogen is 2 a.m.u.

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so mass of 1 mole of hydrogen which is also known as molar mass will be 2 gram. Similarly if
we have 2 moles of hydrogen, it will weigh 2*2 grams which is equal to 4 grams.

MOLE CONCEPT CALCULATION

This is the most basic and the most used calculation that a student comes across while solving a
mole concept problem. Most of the times, moles or number of atoms or molecules are given in
the question and the mass is needed to be calculated. In that case proceed as shown in the
above example. In rest of the cases, mass will be given and moles or number will be needed to
be calculated. In those questions also, proceed by:

STEP 1:- Establishing relationship between molar mass and the number (NA) or moles of that
particular entity (atom, molecule or ion).

STEP 2:- Use unitary method to calculate what is asked in the question.

NOTE: – When we say oxygen gas weighs 32 gram then we mean to say that 1 mole of
oxygen molecule (O2) weighs 32 grams and not 1 mole of oxygen atom which is O. This is
because in natural form, oxygen exists as O2 molecule.

PROBLEMS (BASED ON MOLE CONCEPT)

1. When the mass of the substance is given:

given mass
Number of moles =
atomic mass

Example 1. Calculate the number of moles in 81g of aluminium

given mass 81
Number of moles = = = 3 moles of aluminium
atomic mass 27

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Example 2. Calculate the mass of 0.5 mole of iron
Solution: mass = atomic mass x number of moles
= 55.9 x 0.5 = 27.95 g

2. Calculation of number of particles when the mass of the substance is given:

Avogadro number  given mass
Number of particles =
gram molecular mass

Example 1. Calculate the number of molecules in 11g of CO2

Solution: gram molecular mass of CO2 = 44g
6.023 10 23  11
Number of particles =  1.51  1023 molecules
44

3. Calculation of mass when number of particles of a substance is given:

gram molecular mass  number of particles
Mass of a substance =
6.023 1023

Example 1. Calculate the mass of 18.069 x 1023 molecules of SO2

Sol: Gram molecular mass SO2 = 64g
64 18.069  1023
Mass of SO2 =  192 g
6.023 10 23

Example 2. Calculate the mass of glucose in 2 x 1024 molecules

Gram molecular mass of glucose = 180g
180  2 1023
Mass of glucose =  597.7 g
6.023  1023

4. Calculation of number of moles when you are given number of molecules:

Number of molecules
Number of moles of atom =
Avogadro Number

Example 1. Calculate number of moles in 12.046 x 1022 atoms of copper

Number of molecules 12.046  1022
Number of moles of atom = =  0.2 moles
Avogadro Number 6.023  1023

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 42

Q1. If one mole of carbon atoms weighs 12 gram, what is the mass (in gram) of 1 atom of
carbon?
Answer:
One mole of carbon atoms weighs 12 g (Given)
i.e., mass of 1 mole of carbon atoms = 12 g
Then, mass of 6.022 1023 number of carbon atoms = 12 g
12
Therefore, mass of 1 atom of carbon  23
g  1.9926 1023 g
6.022 10

Q2. Which has more number of atoms, 100 grams of sodium or 100 grams of iron (given,
atomic mass of Na = 23 u, Fe = 56 u)?

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Answer:
Atomic mass of Na = 23 u (Given)
Then, gram atomic mass of Na = 23 g
Now, 23 g of Na contains = 6.022 1023 number of atoms
6.022 1023
Thus, 100 g of Na contains  100  2.6182 10 24 number of atoms
23
Again, atomic mass of Fe = 56 u(Given)
Then, gram atomic mass of Fe = 56 g
Now, 56 g of Fe contains 6.022 1023 number of atoms
6.022 1023
Thus, 100 g of Fe contains  100  1.0753 1024 number of atoms
56
Therefore, 100 grams of sodium contain more number of atoms than 100 grams of iron.

EXERCISE QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 43, 44

Q1. A 0.24 g sample of compound of oxygen and boron was found by analysis to contain
0.096 g of boron and 0.144 g of oxygen. Calculate the percentage composition of the
compound by weight.
Answer:
Mass of boron = 0.096 g (Given)
Mass of oxygen = 0.144 g (Given)
Mass of sample = 0.24 g (Given)
0.096
Thus, percentage of boron by weight in the compound   100 = 40%
0.24
0.144
And, percentage of oxygen by weight in the compound   100 = 60%
0.24

Q 2. When 3.0 g of carbon is burnt in 8.00 g oxygen, 11.00 g of carbon dioxide is

produced. What mass of carbon dioxide will be formed when 3.00 g of carbon is burnt in
50.00 g of oxygen? Which law of chemical combination will govern your answer?
Answer:
Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide
3 g of carbon reacts with 8 g of oxygen to produce 11 g of carbon dioxide.
If 3 g of carbon is burnt in 50 g of oxygen, then 3 g of carbon will react with 8 g of oxygen.
The remaining 42 g of oxygen will be left un-reactive.
In this case also, only 11 g of carbon dioxide will be formed.
The above answer is governed by the law of constant proportions.

Q 3. What are polyatomic ions? Give examples.

Answer:
A polyatomic ion is a group of atoms carrying a charge (positive or negative). For example,
ammonium ion (NH4+), hydroxide ion (OH−), carbonate ion (CO32−), sulphate ion(SO42– )

Q 4. Write the chemical formulae of the following.

(a) Magnesium chloride
(b) Calcium oxide
(c) Copper nitrate
(d) Aluminium chloride
(e) Calcium carbonate.
Answer:
(a) Magnesium chloride → MgCl2

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(b) Calcium oxide → CaO
(c) Copper nitrate → Cu(NO3)2
(d) Aluminium chloride → AlCl3
(e) Calcium carbonate → CaCO3

Q 5. Give the names of the elements present in the following compounds.

(a) Quick lime
(b) Hydrogen bromide
(c) Baking powder
(d) Potassium sulphate.
Answer:
(a) Quick lime
Chemical formula : CaO
Elements present: Calcium, Oxygen
(b) Hydrogen bromide
Chemical formula : HBr
Elements present: Hydrogen, Bromine

(c) Baking powder

Chemical formula : NaHCO3
Elements present: Sodium, Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen

(d) Potassium sulphate.

Chemical formula : K2SO4
Elements present: Potassium, Sulphur, Oxygen

Q 6. Calculate the molar mass of the following substances.

(a) Ethyne, C2H2
(b) Sulphur molecule, S8
(c) Phosphorus molecule, P4 (Atomic mass of phosphorus = 31)
(d) Hydrochloric acid, HCl
(e) Nitric acid, HNO3
Answer:
(a) Molar mass of ethyne, C2H2 = 2 × 12 + 2 × 1 = 26 g
(b) Molar mass of sulphur molecule, S8 = 8 × 32 = 256 g
(c) Molar mass of phosphorus molecule, P4 = 4 × 31 = 124 g
(d) Molar mass of hydrochloric acid, HCl = 1 + 35.5 = 36.5 g
(e) Molar mass of nitric acid, HNO3 = 1 + 14 + 3 × 16 = 63 g

Q 7. What is the mass of ______

(a) 1 mole of nitrogen atoms?
(b) 4 moles of aluminium atoms (Atomic mass of aluminium = 27)?
(c) 10 moles of sodium sulphite (Na2SO3)?
Answer:
(a) The mass of 1 mole of nitrogen atoms is 14 g.
(b) The mass of 4 moles of aluminium atoms is (4 × 27) g = 108 g
(c) The mass of 10 moles of sodium sulphite (Na2SO3) is
10 × [2 × 23 + 32 + 3 × 16] g = 10 × 126 g = 1260 g
Q 8. Convert into mole.
(a) 12 g of oxygen gas
(b) 20 g of water
(c) 22 g of carbon dioxide.
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Answer:
(a) 32 g of oxygen gas = 1 mole
12
Then, 12 g of oxygen gas  mole = 0.375 mole
32
(b) 18 g of water = 1 mole
20
Then, 20 g of water  mole = 1.11 moles (approx)
18
(c) 44 g of carbon dioxide = 1 mole
22
Then, 22 g of carbon dioxide  mole = 0.5 mole
44

Q 9. What is the mass of:

(a) 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms?
(b) 0.5 mole of water molecules?
Answer:
(a) Mass of one mole of oxygen atoms = 16 g
Then, mass of 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms = 0.2 × 16g = 3.2 g
(b) Mass of one mole of water molecule = 18 g
Then, mass of 0.5 mole of water molecules = 0.5 × 18 g = 9 g

Q 10. Calculate the number of molecules of sulphur (S8) present in 16 g of solid sulphur.
Answer:
1 mole of solid sulphur (S8) = 8 × 32 g = 256 g
i.e., 256 g of solid sulphur contains = 6.022 × 1023 molecules
6.022 1023
Then, 16 g of solid sulphur contains  16 molecules
256
= 3.76 × 1022 molecules (approx)

Q 11. Calculate the number of aluminium ions present in 0.051 g of aluminium oxide.
(Hint: The mass of an ion is the same as that of an atom of the same element. Atomic
mass of Al = 27 u)
Answer:
1 mole of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) = 2 × 27 + 3 × 16 = 102 g
i.e., 102 g of Al2O3 = 6.022 × 1023 molecules of Al2O3
6.022 1023
Then, 0.051 g of Al2O3 contains   0.051 molecules
102
= 3.011 × 1020 molecules of Al2O3
The number of aluminium ions (Al3+) present in one molecule of aluminium oxide is 2.
Therefore, the number of aluminium ions (Al3+) present in 3.011 × 1020 molecules (0.051 g ) of
aluminium oxide (Al2O3) = 2 × 3.011 × 1020 = 6.022 × 1020

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 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS SET – 1
CHAPTER – 3
ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Calculate the mass of one mole of these substances.
1. AlCl3 14. Ba(SCN)2 27. LiH 40. Ba(BrO3)2 53. AlBr3 66. HCl
2. TeF4 15. K2S 28. CO 41. Hg2Cl2 54. P2O5 67. K2SO4
3. PbS 16. NH4Cl 29. SnI4 42. Cr2(SO3)3 55. NH4NO3 68. NaCl
4. Cu2O 17. KH2PO4 30. KOH 43. Al(MnO4)3 56. Ba(OH)2 69. LiI
5. AgI 18. C2H5NBr 31. K2O 44. CoSO4 57. PbSO4 70. Hg2O
6. N2O 19. Ba(ClO3)2 32. H2SO4 45. Ca(NO3)3 58. Ba3(PO4)2 71. HF
7. MoCl5 20. Fe(OH)3 33. Hg3N2 46. NaH2PO4 59. NaC2H3O2 72. FeCl3
8. Hg2Br2 21. (NH4)2S 34. SiF4 47. (NH4)3PO4 60. Ba(OH)2 73. NaHSO4
9. Ta2O5 22. CoCl2 35. NH4OH 48. KAl(SO4)2 61. NaHCO3 74. Ag2O
10. HgF2 23. KMnO4 36. N2O5 49. Hg2SO4 62. Al(OH)3 75. Pb(ClO2)2
11. KCl 24. CaSO4 37. SnCrO4 50. Al2(SO4)3 63. NH4MnO4 76. CoF3
12. KF 25. H2CO3 38. Al2O3 51. FePO4 64. Fe2O3 77. Al(C2H3O2)3
13. ZnO 26. CO2 39. CuCO3 52. Ca(C2H3O2)2 65. CaCO3
78. Na2Al2(SO4)4
79. (HOOCCH2)2NCH2CH2N(CH2COOH)2
80. (NH4)2CH(CH2)5COOH

Answers (each answer has the units g/mol)

1. 133.34 14. 255.26 27. 7.95 40. 393.1314 53. 266.69 66. 36.461
2. 203.59 15. 110.26 28. 28.01 41. 472.09 54. 141.944 67. 174.25
3. 239.3 16. 53.49 29. 626.31 42. 344.1666 55. 80.04 68. 58.443
4. 143.09 17. 136.08 30. 56.106 43. 383.788 56. 171.34 69. 133.846
5. 234.77 18. 122.97 31. 94.20 44. 154.99 57. 303.26 70. 417.179
6. 44.01 19. 304.23 32. 98.07 45. 226.09 58. 601.93 71. 20.006
7. 273.20 20. 106.87 33. 629.78 46. 119.977 59. 82.03 72. 162.206
8. 560.98 21. 68.14 34. 104.08 47. 149.087 60. 171.34 73. 120.055
9. 441.89 22. 129.84 35. 35.046 48. 258.195 61. 84.007 74. 231.74
10. 238.59 23. 158.03 36. 108.01 49. 497.24 62. 78.00 75. 342.10
11. 74.55 24. 136.14 37. 234.68 50. 342.136 63. 136.97 76. 115.928
12. 58.10 25. 62.02 38. 101.96 51. 150.82 64. 159.69 77. 204.12
13. 81.38 26. 44.01 39. 123.555 52. 158.169 65. 100.09
78. 484.173
79. 292.246
80. 164.248

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1. Who established the two important laws of chemical combinations?
2. What are the laws of chemical combinations?
3. What is the law of conservation of mass?
4. Give an example to show Law of conservation of mass applies to physical change also.
5. Explain with example that law of conservation of mass is valid for chemical reactions.
6. The 2.8 g of nitrogen gas was allowed to react with 0.6 g of hydrogen gas to produce 3.4 g
of ammonia. Show that these observations are in agreement with the law of Conservation
of mass.
7. If 12 g of carbon is burnt in the presence of 32 g of oxygen, how much carbon dioxide will
be formed?
8. Who proposed Law of Definite Proportions (or Law of Constant Composition)?
9. State Law of constant proportions. Explain with an example.
10. Show that water illustrates the law of constant proportions.
11. Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1:8 by mass to form water. What mass of
oxygen gas would be required to react completely with 3 g of hydrogen gas?
12. A 0.24 g sample of compound of oxygen and boron was found by analysis to contain 0.096
g of boron and 0.144 g of oxygen. Calculate the percentage composition of the compound
by weight.
13. When 3.0 g of carbon is burnt in 8.00 g oxygen, 11.00 g of carbon dioxide is produced.
What mass of carbon dioxide will be formed when 3.00 g of carbon is burnt in 50.00 g of
oxygen? Which law of chemical combination will govern your answer?
14. Magnesium and oxygen combine in the ratio of 3 : 2 by mass to form magnesium oxide.
How much oxygen is required to react completely with 12 g of magnesium?
15. What are the postulates of Dalton's atomic theory?
16. Which of the following statements is NOT true about an atom?
(a) Atoms are the building blocks from which molecules and ions are formed.
(b) Atoms cannot exist independently.
(c) Atoms are neutral in nature
(d) Atoms combine together to form matter that we can see, feel or touch.
17. What is an atom?
18. Why is it not possible to see an atom with naked eyes?
19. Who proposed the chemical notation based on first two letters of the name of the element?
20. Name the international organization who approves names of elements.
21. What is the chemical symbol for iron?
22. Name five elements have single letter chemical symbol.
23. Name the element having following Latin names
(i) Stibium
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 (ii) Cuprum
(iii) Argentum
(iv) Natrium
(v) Stannum
(vi) Wolfram
(vii) plumbum
(viii) Kalium
24. Write the chemical symbols of the following:
(i) Gold
(ii) Iron
(iii) Chlorine
(iv) Mercury
25. How will you define chemical symbol?
26. What is the significance of a chemical symbol?
27. Can atoms of an element exist independently? Give examples of elements which exist in
atomic form. Give examples of elements that do not exist in atomic form.
28. Why do atoms of the most of the elements not exist independently?
29. Which element has the smallest atom in size?
30. What is the atomic mass unit?
31. Magnesium is two times heavier than C-12 atom, what shall be the mass of Mg atom in
terms of atomic mass units? (Given mass of C-12 atom = 12u)
32. What is relative atomic mass of an element? How it is related to atomic mass unit?
33. Define molecule. What are its important properties?
34. Based on type of substance, how molecules are classified?
35. What is atomicity?
36. Based on atomicity, how molecules are categorized?
37. Give three examples of monoatomic molecules.
38. Give four examples of diatomic molecules.
39. (i) What is the chemical formula of Water molecule? (ii) What is its atomicity? (iii)
Calculate the ratio of masses of atoms of elements present in water molecule. (iv) Calculate
the ratio by number of atoms of elements present in water molecule.
40. What is an ion?
41. What are polyatomic ions? Give examples?
42. Give examples of triatomic molecules.
43. What is valency of an element?
44. What is meant by the term chemical formula?
45. Write down the formulae of
(i) sodium oxide
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 (ii) aluminium chloride
(iii) sodium suphide
(iv) magnesium hydroxide
46. Write down the names of compounds represented by the following formulae:
(i) Al2(SO4)3
(ii) CaCl2
(iii) K2SO4
(iv) KNO3
(v) CaCO3
47. Write the chemical formulae of the following. Also identify the ions present.
(a) Magnesium chloride
(b) Calcium oxide
(c) Copper nitrate
(d) Aluminium chloride
(e) Calcium carbonate.
48. Give the names of the elements present in the following compounds.
(a) Quick lime
(b) Hydrogen bromide
(c) Baking powder
(d) Potassium sulphate.
49. How many atoms are present in a (i) H2S molecule and (ii) PO43- ion?
50. (a) Write a chemical formula of a compound using zinc ion and phosphate ion. (b)
Calculate the ratio by mass of atoms present in a molecule of carbon dioxide.
(Given C =12, O =16)
51. What is the molecular mass of a substance?
52. What is Formula Unit Mass? How it is different from molecular mass?
53. Calculate the formula unit masses of ZnO, Na2O, K2CO3, given atomic masses of Zn = 65
u, Na = 23 u, K = 39 u, C = 12 u, and O = 16 u.
54. What are ionic compounds?
55. How do we know the presence of atoms if they do not exist independently for most of the
elements?
56. An element 'Z' forms the following compound when it reacts with hydrogen, chlorine,
oxygen and phosphorus.
ZH3, ZCl3, Z2O3 and ZP
(a) What is the valency of element Z?
(b) Element 'Z' is metal or non-metal?
57. Name one element each which forms diatomic and tetra atomic molecule.
58. Name one element which forms diatomic and triatomic molecule.
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59. What is gram-atomic mass of an element?
60. What is gram-molecular mass of a substance?
61. Define mole. What is its significance?
62. What is molar mass?
63. Who introduced the term 'mole' in chemistry?
64. When 'mole' was chosen internationally standard way to express larger number of chemical
units?
65. How many moles are there in 4.6 gms of Sodium(Na)?
66. If one mole of carbon atoms weighs 12 gram, what is the mass (in gram) of 1 atom of
carbon?
67. Which has more number of atoms, 100 grams of sodium or 100 grams of iron (given,
atomic mass of Na = 23 u, Fe = 56 u)?
68. What is the mass of
(a) 1 mole of nitrogen atoms?
(b) 4 moles of aluminium atoms (Atomic mass of aluminium = 27)?
(c) 10 moles of sodium sulphite (Na2SO3)?
69. Convert into moles:
(a) 12 g of oxygen gas
(b) 20 g of water
(c) 22 g of carbon dioxide
70. What is the mass of: (a) 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms? (b) 0.5 mole of water molecules?
71. Find out number of atoms in 15 moles of He.
72. Calculate the number of molecules of sulphur (S8) present in 16 g of solid sulphur.
73. Calculate the number of aluminium ions present in 0.051 g of aluminium oxide.
(Hint: The mass of an ion is the same as that of an atom of the same element. Atomic mass
of Al = 27 u)
74. Calculate the mass percentage of Carbon(C) , Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O) in one
molecule of glucouse (C6H12O6).
(Atomic mass of C = 12u, H = 1u and O = 16u)
75. Calculate the number of molecules of phosphorus (P4) present in 31 gram of phosphorus.

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 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS SET – 2
CHAPTER – 3
ATOMS AND MOLECULES

MOLECULAR MASS AND MOLE CALCULATION PROBLEMS

1. Calculate the number of moles in i) 4.6g sodium ii) 5.1g of Ammonia iii) 90g of water iv)
2g of NaOH
2. Calculate the number of molecules in 360g of glucose.
3. Find the mass of 2.5 mole of oxygen atoms
4. Calculate the mass of 12.046 x 1023 molecules in CaO.
5. Calculate the number of moles in 24.092 x 1022 molecules of water.
6. Calculate the number of moles in a) 12.046 x 1023 atoms of copper b) 27.95g of iron c)
1.51 x 1023 molecules of CO2
7. If 3.0115 x 1023 particles are present in CO2. Find the number of moles.
8. Find the number of moles present in 24.088 x 1023 particles of carbon dioxide
9. Calculate the number of atoms in 48g of Mg
10. Calculate the number of molecules in 3.6 g of water
11. Calculate the number of atoms in 0.5 moles of carbon
12. Calculate the number of moles in 12g of oxygen gas
13. Calculate the number of moles present in 14g of carbon monoxide .
14. Find the mass of 5 moles of aluminium atoms?
15. Calculate the molar mass of sulphur.
16. Calculate the mass of 0.2 mole of water molecules.
17. Which has greater number of atoms, 100g of sodium or 100g of iron?
18. How many atoms of oxygen are present in 300 grams of CaCO3?
19. The mass of one atom of an element 'A' is 2.65 x 10-23 g. Calculate its atomic mass and
name the element.
20. Calculate the number moles of magnesium in 0.478g of magnesium ?
21. In which of the following cases the number of hydrogen atoms is more ? Two moles of HCl
or one mole of NH3.
22. Calculation of number of hydrogen atoms present in 1 mole of NH3
23. Find the number of oxygen atoms in 88g of CO2?
24. Calculate the number of water molecules contained in a drop of water weighing 0.06g ?
25. Find the number of aluminium ions present in 0.051g of aluminium oxide(Al2O3). (Atomic
masses: Al= 27u;O= 16u)
26. Calculate the mass of 1.000 mole of CaCl2
27. Calculate grams in 3.0000 moles of CO2
28. Calculate number of moles in 32.0 g of CH4
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29. Determine mass in grams of 40.0 moles of Na2CO3
30. Calculate moles in 168.0 g of HgS
31. Calculate moles in 510.0 g of Al2S3
32. How many moles are in 27.00 g of H2O
33. Determine the mass in grams of Avogadro number of C12H22O11
34. Find mass in grams of 9.03 moles of H2S
35. Determine grams in 1.204 mole of NH3

Consider the molecule CuNH4Cl3 as you answer 11 - 19.

36. Name the elements present.
37. How many atoms form the molecule?
38. How many of each atom in the molecule?
39. How many hydrogen atoms in one mole of molecules?
40. How many chlorine atoms in six moles of molecules?
41. What is the molar mass of this molecule?
42. Name this molecule.
43. What is the mass in grams of one molecule?
44. How many moles would be in 6.84 g of this substance?
45. You need 0.0100 mole of lead (II) chromate. How much should you weigh on the scale?
46. Given 6.40 g of HBr. How many moles is this?
47. Write the correct formula for calcium acetate and then answer 23 - 25 based on it.
48. What is the mass of exactly one mole of calcium acetate?
49. How many moles are contained in 1.58 g of the substance in #23?
50. How much does 0.400 mole of #23 weigh?
51. Write the formula for oxygen gas.
52. How many atoms (and moles) are represented by the formula in #26?
53. What is the mass of Avogadro Number of oxygen molecules?
54. Calculate the molar mass of HNO3. [N = 14, O = 16, H = 1]
55. Calculate the formula mass of CaCl2. [Ca = 40, Cl = 35.5]
56. A certain non-metal X forms two oxides I and II. The mass percentage of oxygen in oxide I
(X4O6) is 43.7, which is same as that of X in oxide II. Find the formula of the second oxide.
57. Calculate the mass of 0.2 moles of water (O=16, H=1).
58. What is the volume of 7.1 g of chlorine (Cl=35.5) at S.T.P.
59. The reaction between aluminium carbide and water takes place according to the following
equation: Al4C3  12 H 2O  3CH 4  4 Al (OH )3 . Calculate the volume of CH4 released
from 14.4 g of Al4C3 by excess water at S.T.P. (C = 12, Al = 27)

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60. A compound of sodium, sulphur and oxygen has the following percentage composition.
Na=29.11%, S=40.51%, O=30.38%. Find its empirical formula (O=16, Na=23, S=32).
61. Solid ammonium dichromate with relative molecular mass of 252 g decomposes according
to the equation: ( NH 4 )Cr2O7 
 N 2  Cr2O3  4 H 2O . (i) What volume of nitrogen at
S.T.P will be evolved when 63 g of (NH4)2Cr2O7 is decomposed? (ii) If 63 g of
(NH4)2Cr2O7 is heated above 1000C, what will be the loss of mass? (H=1, N=14, O=16,
Cr=52).
62. How many litres of ammonia are present in 3.4 kg of it? (N = 14, H = 1)
63. About 640 mL of carbon monoxide is mixed with 800 mL of oxygen and ignited in an
enclosed vessel. Calculate the total volume of gases after the burning is completed. All
volumes are measured at S.T.P.
64. Calculate the number of moles of ammonium sulphate present in 15.84 kg of it. (H=1,
N=14, O=16, S=32)

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 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS SET – 3
CHAPTER – 3
ATOMS AND MOLECULES

1. Avogadro’s number represents the number of atoms in

(a) 12g of C12 (b) 320g of sulphur
(c) 32g of oxygen (d) 12.7g of iodine

2. The number of moles of carbon dioxide which contain 8 g of oxygen is

(a) 0.5 mol (b) 0.20 mol
(c) 0.40 mol (d) 0.25 mol

3. The total no of ions present in 111 g of CaCl2 is

(a) One mole (b) Two mole
(c) Three mole (d) Four moles

4. Which of the following weighs the most ?

(a) one g-atom of nitrogen (b) One mole of water
(c) One mole of sodium (d) One molecule of H2SO4

5. 5.0 litre of 0.4 M H2SO4 Contains-

(a) 2.0 Mole Of H2SO4 (b) 0.4 mole H2SO4
(c) 5.0 mole H2SO4 (d) 2.0 moles H2O

6. Which of the following correctly represents 360 g of water?

(i) 2 moles of H20
(ii) 20 moles of water
(iii) 6.022 × 1023 molecules of water
(iv) 1.2044×1025 molecules of water
(a) (i) (b) (i) and (iv)
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (ii) and (iv)

7. Which of the following statements is not true about an atom?

(a) Atoms are not able to exist independently
(b) Atoms are the basic units from which molecules and ions are formed
(c) Atoms are always neutral in nature
(d) Atoms aggregate in large numbers to form the matter that we can see, feel or touch

8. The chemical symbol for nitrogen gas is

(a) Ni (b) N2 (c) N+ (d) N

9. The chemical symbol for sodium is

(a) So (b) Sd (c) NA (d) Na

10. Which of the following would weigh the highest?

(a) 0.2 mole of sucrose (C12 H22 O11)
(b) 2 moles of CO2
(c) 2 moles of CaCO3
(d) 10 moles of H2O

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11. Which of the following has maximum number of atoms?
(a) 18g of H2O
(b) 18g of O2
(c) 18g of CO2
(d) 18g of CH4

12. Which of the following contains maximum number of molecules?

(a) 1g CO2
(b) 1g N2
(c) 1g H2
(d) 1g CH4

13. Mass of one atom of oxygen is

16 32 1
( a) 23
g (b ) g ( c) g (d )8u
6.023 10 6.023 1023 6.023 10 23

14. 3.42 g of sucrose are dissolved in 18g of water in a beaker. The number of oxygen atoms in
the solution are
(a) 6.68 × 1023
(b) 6.09 × 1022
(c) 6.022 × 1023
(d) 6.022 × 1021

15. A change in the physical state can be brought about

(a) only when energy is given to the system
(b) only when energy is taken out from the system
(c) when energy is either given to, or taken out from the system
(d) without any energy change

16. Which of the following represents a correct chemical formula? Name it.
(a) CaCl (b) BiPO4 (c) NaSO4 (d) NaS

17. Write the molecular formulae for the following compounds

(a) Copper (II) bromide
(b) Aluminium (III) nitrate
(c) Calcium (II) phosphate
(d) Iron (III) sulphide
(e) Mercury (II) chloride
(f) Magnesium (II) acetate

18. Write the molecular formulae of all the compounds that can be formed by the combination
of following ions
Cu2+, Na+, Fe3+, C1–, SO42 , PO43

19. Write the cations and anions present (if any) in the following compounds
(a) CH3COONa
(b) NaCl
(c) H2
(d) NH4NO3

20. Give the formulae of the compounds formed from the following sets of elements
(a) Calcium and fluorine
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 (b) Hydrogen and sulphur
(c) Nitrogen and hydrogen
(d) Carbon and chlorine
(e) Sodium and oxygen
(f) Carbon and oxygen

21. Which of the following symbols of elements are incorrect? Give their correct symbols
(a) Cobalt CO
(b) Carbon c
(c) Aluminium AL
(d) Helium He
(e) Sodium So

22. Give the chemical formulae for the following compounds and compute the ratio by mass of
the combining elements in each one of them.
(a) Ammonia
(b) Carbon monoxide
(c) Hydrogen chloride
(d) Aluminium fluoride
(e) Magnesium sulphide

23. State the number of atoms present in each of the following chemical species
(a) CO32–
(b) PO43–
(c) P2O5
(d) CO

24. Find the ratio by mass of the combining elements in the compound – C2H5OH.
25. Give the formula of the compound formed by the elements calcium and fluorine.
26. What is the acid radical present in sodium peroxide?
27. Carbon and silicon have the same valency. What is the formula of sodium silicate?
28. What is the ratio by number of atoms in mercurous chloride?
29. Name the element whose Latin name is Stibium.
30. What is the valency of a sulphide ion?
31. How many atoms of oxygen are present in 50g of CaCO3?
32. How many molecules are present in 1 ml of water?
33. What is the unit of measurement of atomic radius?
34. Name the international organization who approves names of elements.
35. How do we know the presence of atoms if they do not exist independently for most of the
elements?
36. Give an example to show Law of conservation of mass applies to physical change also.
37. Explain with example that law of conservation of mass is valid for chemical reactions.
38. Is there any exception to law of conservation of mass?

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39. In a reaction, 5.3 g of sodium carbonate reacted with 6 g of ethanoic acid. The products
were 2.2 g of carbon dioxide, 0.9 g water and 8.2 g of sodium ethanoate. Show that these
observations are in agreement with the law of conservation of mass.
sodium carbonate + ethanoic acid → sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water
40. If 12 g of carbon is burnt in the presence of 32 g of oxygen, how much carbon dioxide will
be formed?
41. A 0.24 g sample of compound of oxygen and boron was found by analysis to contain 0.096
g of boron and 0.144 g of oxygen. Calculate the percentage composition of the compound
by weight.
42. When 3.0 g of carbon is burnt in 8.00 g oxygen, 11.00 g of carbon dioxide is produced.
What mass of carbon dioxide will be formed when 3.00 g of carbon is burnt in 50.00 g of
oxygen? Which law of chemical combination will govern your answer?
43. Magnesium and oxygen combine in the ratio of 3 : 2 by mass to form magnesium oxide.
How much oxygen is required to react completely with 12 g of magnesium?
44. Why are Dalton's symbol not used in chemistry?

45. What is the fraction of the mass of water due to neutrons?

46. Does the solubility of a substance change with temperature? Explain with the help of an
example.

47. Classify each of the following on the basis of their atomicity.

(a) F2 (b) NO2 (c) N2O (d) C2H6 (e) P4 (f) H2O2
(g) P4O10 (h) O3 (i) HCl (j) CH4 (k) He (l) Ag

48. You are provided with a fine white coloured powder which is either sugar or salt. How
would you identify it without tasting?

49. Calculate the number of moles of magnesium present in a magnesium ribbon weighing 12
g. Molar atomic mass of magnesium is 24g mol–1.

50. Verify by calculating that

(a) 5 moles of CO2 and 5 moles of H2O do not have the same mass.
(b) 240 g of calcium and 240 g magnesium elements have a mole ratio of 3:5.

51. Find the ratio by mass of the combining elements in the following compounds.
(a) CaCO3 (d) C2H5OH
(b) MgCl2 (e) NH3
(c) H2SO4 (f) Ca(OH)2

52. Calcium chloride when dissolved in water dissociates into its ions according to the
following equation.
CaCl2 (aq) →Ca2+ (aq) + 2Cl– (aq)
Calculate the number of ions obtained from CaCl2 when 222 g of it is dissolved in water.
53. The difference in the mass of 100 moles each of sodium atoms and sodium ions is
5.48002g. Compute the mass of an electron.
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54. Complete the following crossword puzzle (below Figure) by using the name of the
chemical elements. Use the data given in below Table
Table 3.2
Across Down
2. The element used by Rutherford 1. A white lustrous metal used for
during his α–scattering experiment making ornaments and which tends to
3. An element which forms rust on get tarnished black in the presence of
exposure to moist air moist air
5. A very reactive non–metal stored 4. Both brass and bronze are alloys of
under water the element
7. Zinc metal when treated with dilute 6. The metal which exists in the liquid
hydrochloric acid produces a gas of this state at room temperature
element which when tested with 8. An element with symbol Pb
burning splinter produces a pop sound.

55. Fill in the missing data in the below Table

Species
H2 O CO2 Na atom MgCl2
Property
No of moles 2 0.5
No. of particles 3.011 x 1023
Mass 36g 115g

56. The visible universe is estimated to contain 1022 stars. How many moles of stars are present
in the visible universe?

57. What is the SI prefix for each of the following multiples and submultiples of a unit?
(a) 103 (b) 10–1 (c) 10–2 (d) 10–6 (e) 10–9 (f) 10–12
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58. (a) In this crossword puzzle (Fig 3.2), names of 11 elements are hidden. Symbols of these
are given below. Complete the puzzle.
1. Cl 7. He
2. H 8. F
3. Ar 9. Kr
4. O 10. Rn
5. Xe 11. Ne
6. N

Inert gases

(b) Identify the total number of inert gases, their names and symbols from this cross word
puzzle.

59. Express each of the following in kilograms

(a) 5.84×10-3 mg
(b) 58.34 g
(c) 0.584g
(d) 5.873×10-21g

60. Compute the difference in masses of 103 moles each of magnesium atoms and magnesium
ions. (Mass of an electron = 9.1×10–31 kg)

61. Which has more number of atoms? 100g of N2 or 100 g of NH3

62. Compute the number of ions present in 5.85 g of sodium chloride.

63. A gold sample contains 90% of gold and the rest copper. How many atoms of gold are
present in one gram of this sample of gold?

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64. Cinnabar (HgS) is a prominent ore of mercury. How many grams of mercury are present in
225 g of pure HgS? Molar mass of Hg and S are 200.6 g mol–1 and 32 g mol–1 respectively.

65. The mass of one steel screw is 4.11g. Find the mass of one mole of these steel screws.
Compare this value with the mass of the Earth (5.98 × 1024kg). Which one of the two is
heavier and by how many times?

66. A sample of vitamic C is known to contain 2.58 ×1024 oxygen atoms. How many moles of
oxygen atoms are present in the sample?

67. Raunak took 5 moles of carbon atoms in a container and Krish also took 5 moles of sodium
atoms in another container of same weight. (a) Whose container is heavier? (b) Whose
container has more number of atoms?

68. What are ionic and molecular compounds? Give examples.

69. Compute the difference in masses of one mole each of aluminium atoms and one mole of
its ions. (Mass of an electron is 9.1×10–28 g). Which one is heavier?

70. A silver ornament of mass ‘m’ gram is polished with gold equivalent to 1% of the mass of
silver. Compute the ratio of the number of atoms of gold and silver in the ornament.

71. A sample of ethane (C2H6) gas has the same mass as 1.5 ×1020 molecules of methane
(CH4). How many C2H6 molecules does the sample of gas contain?

72. Fill in the blanks

(a) In a chemical reaction, the sum of the masses of the reactants and products remains
unchanged. This is called ————.
(b) A group of atoms carrying a fixed charge on them is called ————.
(c) The formula unit mass of Ca3 (PO4)2 is ————.
(d) Formula of sodium carbonate is ____________and that of ammonium sulphate is ------
------------------.

73. Write the formulae for the following and calculate the molecular mass for each one of
them.
(a) Caustic potash
(b) Baking powder
(c) Lime stone
(d) Caustic soda
(e) Ethanol
(f) Common salt

74. In photosynthesis, 6 molecules of carbon dioxide combine with an equal number of water
molecules through a complex series of reactions to give a molecule of glucose having a
molecular formula C6 H12 O6. How many grams of water would be required to produce 18
g of glucose? Compute the volume of water so consumed assuming the density of water to
be 1 g cm–3.

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 CHAPTER – 4

STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements. Matters are made of
tiny particles called atom. Atom is made of three particles; electron, proton and neutron. These
particles are called fundamental particles of an atom or sub atomic particles.

Electron (e–) - Electron is denoted by ‘e’ and is a negatively charged particle. The absolute
charge over an electron is equal to 1.6x10-19 of negative charge and is considered equal to – 1.
The relative mass of electron is 1/1836. Since the mass of an electron is very small, thus it is
considered equal to 0. Electrons revolve round the nucleus of atoms.

Proton (p+) - Proton is denoted by ‘p’ and is positively charged particle. The absolute charge
over proton is 1.6x10 -19 coulomb of positive charge and it is considered as unit positive charge.
Thus absolute charge over a proton is equal to +1.
The absolute mass of a proton is equal to 1.6x10 -24 g and considered equal to 1 as it is equal to
the mass of 1 hydrogen atom. Proton is present in the nucleus of atom.

Neutron (n) – Neutron is denoted by ‘n’ and is a neutral particle.

The absolute mass of neutron is 1.6 x 10 -24 g. The relative mass of neutron is equal to 1.
Neutron is presents in the nucleus of atom.
Nucleus – The centre of atom is called nucleus. Nucleus comprises of neutron and proton.
Nucleus of an atom contains the whole mass of an atom.

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 47

Q1. What are canal rays?

Answer:
Canal rays are positively charged radiations that can pass through perforated cathode plate.
These rays consist of positively charged particles known as protons.

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Q2. If an atom contains one electron and one proton, will it carry any charge or not?
Answer:
An electron is a negatively charged particle, whereas a proton is a positively charged particle.
The magnitude of their charges is equal. Therefore, an atom containing one electron and one
proton will not carry any charge. Thus, it will be a neutral atom.

Discovery of Electron
In 1897; J. J. Thomson, a British physicist, proposed that atom contains at least one negatively
charged particle. Later this particle was named as electron. Thomson called those particles
‘corpuscles’.
Discovery of Proton:
Ernest Goldstein in 1886 discovered the presence of new radiation in gas discharge tube even
before the identification of electron. He called these rays as Canal Rays. His experiment led to
the discovery of proton.
Discovery of Neutron:
In 1932 J. Chadwick discovered another subatomic particle called neutron. Neutron is present
in the nucleus of all atoms.

THOMSON’S MODEL OF ATOM

J. J. Thomson proposed the model of atom similar to a Christmas Pudding or similar to a water
melon. His model of atom is generally called plum and pudding model of atom.

He proposed that electrons are embedded the way black seeds of water melon are embedded; in
the sphere of positive charge. According to Thomson
(a) An atom consists of positively charged sphere in which electrons are embedded.
(b) The quanta of negative and positive charges are equal. The equal number of negative
charge and positive charge makes an atom electrically neutral.

RUTHERFORD’S MODEL OF ATOM

Ernest Rutherford in 1909 with his team bombarded very thin gold foil with α – particles. He
found that
(a) Most of the α – particles passed without any hindrance.
(b) Some of the α – particles deflected from their original path at noticeable angle.
(c) Very few of the α – particles bounced back at their original path.
On the basis of his observation, he proposed the model of atom. The Rutherford's Model of
Atom is as follows:
(a) Most of the part in an atom is empty.
(b) There is a positively charged center in atom, which contains nearly the whole mass of atom.
The centre is called nucleus.
(c) The size of nucleus is very small compared to an atom.
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(d) Electrons revolve round the nucleus.

The Rutherford’s Experiment is also known as Geiger-Marsden Experiment.

DRAWBACKS OF RUTHERFORD MODEL

(a) According to Rutherford’s Model, electron revolves round the positively charged nucleus
which is not expected to be stable. But a charged particle in an accelerated motion along a
circular path would lose energy because of radiation and finally would fall into nucleus. This
makes an atom unstable while atoms are quite stable.
If atoms were not stable no matter would exist in nature.
(b) Rutherford model could not solve the problem of atomic mass of atom as it proposed only
the existence of protons in the nucleus.
However, the problem of atomic mass could be solved after the discovery of neutron.

BOHR’S MODEL OF ATOM

Neils Bohr, a Danish physicist, in 1913 proposed model of atom which rectified the problems
left by Rutherford’s Model. He proposed that
(a) Electrons revolve round the nucleus in a fixed orbit.
(b) He called these orbits as ‘stationary orbit’.
(c) Each stationary orbit is associated with fixed amount of energy, thus electrons do not
radiate energy as long as they keep on revolving around the nucleus in fixed orbit.
The circular path around the nucleus is called orbit, energy level or shell. Energy level are
represented by letter – K, L, M, N, …. and so on.
Therefore,

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  1st orbit is denoted by – K
 2nd orbit is denoted by – L
 3rd orbit is denoted by – M, and so on.

The orbits are denoted by 1, 2, 3, …. and so on.

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 49

Q1. On the basis of Thomson’s model of an atom, explain how the atom is neutral as a
whole.
Answer:
As per Thomson’s model of the atom, an atom consists both negative and positive charges
which are equal in number and magnitude. So, they balance each other as a result of which
atom as a whole is electrically neutral.

Q2. On the basis of Rutherford’s model of an atom, which subatomic particle is present
in the nucleus of an atom?
Answer:
On the basis of Rutherford's model of an atom, protons are present in the nucleus of an atom.

Q3. Draw a sketch of Bohr’s model of an atom with three shells.

Answer:

Q4. What do you think would be the observation if the α-particle scattering experiment is
carried out using a foil of a metal other than gold?
Answer:
If α-particle scattering experiment is carried out using a foil of any metal as thin as gold foil
used by Rutherford, there would be no change in observations. But since other metals are not
so malleable so, such a thin foil is difficult to obtain. If we use a thick foil, then more α-
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particles would bounce back and no idea about the location of positive mass in the atom would
be available with such a certainty.

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 49

Q1. Name the three sub-atomic particles of an atom.

Answer:
The three sub-atomic particles of an atom are:
(i) Protons
(ii) Electrons, and
(iii) Neutrons

Q2. Helium atom has an atomic mass of 4 u and two protons in its nucleus. How many
neutrons does it have?
Answer:
Number of neutrons = Atomic mass - Number of protons
Therefore, the number of neutrons in the atom = 4 - 2 = 2

DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS IN ORBIT OR SHELL:

The distribution of electrons in an orbit is obtained by 2n 2, where ‘n’ is number of orbit.
Therefore,
Number of electrons in K-shell i.e. in 1st orbit.
Here n = 1
Therefore,
2n2 = 2 x 12 = 2
Thus, maximum number of electrons in K-shell i.e. 1st shell = 2
Number of electrons in L-shell, i.e. in 2ndorbit
Here n = 2, therefore,
2n2 = 2 x 22 = 8
Thus, maximum number of electrons in L-shell = 8
Number of electrons in M-shell, i.e. in 3rd orbit
Here n = 3, therefore,
2n2 = 2 x 32 = 18
Thus, maximum number of electrons in M-shell = 18
Number of electrons in N-shell, i.e. in 4th shell
Here n = 4, therefore,
2n2 = 2 x 42 = 32
Thus, maximum number of electrons in N-shell = 32
In similar way maximum number of electrons in any shell can be calculated.

ATOMIC NUMBER
Atomic number is the fundamental properties of an atom. Every atom is identified by its
unique atomic number. Atomic number is denoted by ‘z’.
Atomic number is equal to the number of protons present in an atom.
Since an atom is electrically neutral, thus number of protons and number of electrons are equal
to make an atom electrically neutral.

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Atomic number = Number of protons = Number of electrons
Example :–
The atomic number of Hydrogen is 1, helium is 2, lithium is 3, beryllium is 4, boron is 5,
carbon is 6, nitrogen is 7, oxygen is 8, etc.
Sample exercise:
(1) Atomic number of calcium is 20. Calculate the number of electrons and protons in calcium.
Solution:
Since, Atomic number = Number of protons = Number of electrons
Therefore,
Number of electrons in calcium = 20
Number of protons in calcium = 20

(2) Number of protons in sodium atom is 11, find the atomic number and number of electrons
in a sodium atom.
Solution,
Since, Atomic number = Number of protons = Number of electrons
Therefore,
Atomic number of sodium = 11
Number of electrons in sodium = 11

MASS NUMBER OR ATOMIC MASS

Mass number of an atom is defined as the sum of the number of protons and number of
neutrons. Mass number is nearly equal to the atomic mass of an atom. Since, protons and
neutrons reside in the nucleus, thus they are also known as nucleons.
This means
Mass number of an atom = Number of protons + Number of neutrons
Example
(1) Atomic mass of aluminium is 27 u and atomic number is 13, find the number of protons
and number of neutrons in aluminium.
Solution:
Since,
Atomic number = 13
Therefore, number of proton = 13
We know that; Atomic mass (Mass number) = Number of protons + Number of neutrons
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Therefore,
27 u = 13 + n
Or, n = 27 – 13 = 14
Therefore, number of proton = 13 and number of neutron = 14
(2) The atomic number of carbon is 6 and number of neutron is equal to 6. Find the atomic
mass or mass number of carbon.
Solution:
Since atomic number of carbon = 6
Therefore, number of proton = 6
Now, Atomic mass = number of proton + number of neutron
Or, Atomic mass or mass number = 6 + 6 = 12 u
Thus, mass number or atomic mass of carbon = 12u

ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRONS IN AN ATOM – ELECTRONIC

CONFIGURATION
The maximum number of electrons can be obtained by 2n2; where ‘n’is the orbit number. Thus
after knowing the maximum number of electrons for a particular shell, the arrangement of
electrons in an atom can be identified. It is called Bohr Bury Schemes.
Rules to write the electronic configuration of an atom
(a) Maximum number of electrons in an orbit is calculated by 2n2, where ‘n’ is number of orbit
and may be equal to 1, 2, 3 , . . . .
(b) Electrons occupy the next orbit only after filling the inner orbit completely.
(c) The maximum number of electrons in outermost orbit will not be more than 8.

Electronic configuration of Hydrogen

Atomic number of hydrogen = 1
Therefore number of electrons = 1
Maximum number of electrons in 1st orbit = 2
Since, hydrogen has only one electron, therefore, it will reside in 1st orbit.
Thus electronic configuration of hydrogen

Number of orbit present in hydrogen = 1

Electronic configuration of Helium

Atomic number of helium = 2
Therefore number of electrons = 2
Therefore, electronic configuration of helium is

Number of orbit in helium atom = 1

Electronic configuration of Lithium

Atomic number of Lithium = 3

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Therefore number of electrons = 3
Since the maximum number of electrons in 1st orbit is equal to 2, therefore, after
accommodating 2 electrons in 1st orbit, the third electron will go in 2nd orbit.
Thus, electronic configuration of lithium is

Number of orbit in Lithium atom = 3.

Electronic configuration of Beryllium

Atomic number of beryllium = 4.
Therefore number of electrons = 4.
Thus, electronic configuration of Beryllium is

Number of orbit in beryllium = 2

Electronic configuration of Boron

Atomic number of boron = 5
Therefore number of electrons = 5
Thus, electronic configuration of boron is

Number of orbit in boron = 2

Electronic configuration of Carbon

Atomic number of carbon = 6
Therefore number of electrons = 6
Thus, electronic configuration of carbon is

Number of orbit in carbon = 2

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ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF ELEMENTS –
FROM NITROGEN (N) TO SODIUM (NA)

Electronic configuration of Nitrogen

Atomic number of nitrogen = 7.
Therefore number of electrons = 7
Thus, electronic configuration of nitrogen is

Number of orbit in nitrogen = 2

Electronic configuration of Oxygen

Atomic number of oxygen = 8.
Therefore number of electrons = 8.
Thus, electronic configuration of oxygen is

Number of orbit in oxgyen = 2

Electronic configuration of Fluorine

Atomic number of fluorine = 9
Therefore number of electrons = 9
Thus, electronic configuration of fluorine is

Number of orbit in fluorine = 2

Electronic configuration of Neon

Atomic number of neon = 10
Therefore number of electrons = 10
Thus, electronic configuration of neon is

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Number of orbit in Neon = 2

Electronic configuration of Sodium

Atomic number of sodium = 11
Therefore number of electrons = 11
Since, in 2nd orbit the maximum number of electrons is equal to 8 and there are 11 electrons in
sodium atom, thus the eleventh electron will go in third orbit.
Thus, electronic configuration of sodium is

Number of orbit in sodium = 3

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF ELEMENTS –

FROM MAGNESIUM TO CALCIUM

Electronic configuration of Magnesium

Atomic number of magnesium = 12
Therefore number of electrons = 12
Thus, electronic configuration of magnesium is

Number of orbit in magnesium = 3.

Electronic configuration of Aluminium

Atomic number of aluminium = 13.
Therefore number of electrons = 13.
Thus, electronic configuration of aluminium is

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Number of orbit in aluminium = 3

Electronic configuration of Silicon

Atomic number of silicon = 14
Therefore number of electrons = 14
Thus, electronic configuration of silicon is

Number of orbit in silicon = 3

Electronic configuration of Phosphorous (P)

Atomic number of phosphorous = 15
Therefore number of electrons = 15
Thus, electronic configuration of phosphorous is

Number of orbit in phosphorous = 3

Electronic configuration of Sulphur (S)

Atomic number of sulphur = 16
Therefore number of electrons = 15
Thus, electronic configuration of sulphur is

Number of orbit in sulphur = 3

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Electronic configuration of Chlorine (Cl)
Atomic number of chlorine = 17
Therefore number of electrons = 17
Thus, electronic configuration of chlorine is

Number of orbit in chlorine = 3

Electronic configuration of Argon (Ar)

Atomic number of argon = 18
Therefore number of electrons = 18
Thus, electronic configuration of argon is

Number of orbit in argon = 3

Electronic configuration of Potassium (K)

Atomic number of potassium = 19
Therefore number of electrons = 19
Since, maximum number of electrons in outermost orbit will not be more than 8, thus the 19th
electron of potassium atom will reside in 4th orbit.
Thus, electronic configuration of potassium is

Number of orbit in potassium = 4

Electronic configuration of Calcium (Ca)

Atomic number of calcium = 20
Therefore number of electrons = 20
Thus, electronic configuration of calcium is

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Number of orbit in calcium = 4

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 50

Q1. Write the distribution of electrons in carbon and sodium atoms.
Answer:
Carbon: The total number of electrons in a carbon atom is 6. The distribution of electrons in
carbon atom is given by:
First orbit or K-shell = 2 electrons
Second orbit or L-shell = 4 electrons
Or, we can write the distribution of electrons in a carbon atom as 2, 4.

Sodium: The total number of electrons in a sodium atom is 11. The distribution of electrons in
sodium atom is given by:
First orbit or K-shell = 2 electrons
Second orbit or L-shell = 8 electrons
Third orbit or M-shell = 1 electron
Or, we can write distribution of electrons in a sodium atom as 2, 8, 1.

Q2. If K and L shells of an atom are full, then what would be the total number of
electrons in the atom?
Answer:
The maximum capacity of K shell is 2 electrons and L shell can accommodate maximum 8
electrons in it. Therefore, there will be ten electrons in the atom.

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VALENCY

Noble gases have fully filled outermost shell. Due to this, they are stable and they do not react
with other elements. Other elements also tend to attain stable configuration by completing the
octet in their outermost orbit. This is important to note that, the number of electrons in the
outermost orbit of an element is closer to octet. An element can lose or gain electron in order to
complete the octet. This tendency of losing or gaining electrons imparts valency to an element.
Let us take example of hydrogen. Hydrogen can readily lose or gain an electron. So, its valency
is one. Now, let us take example of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl). One atom of chlorine combines
with one atom of hydrogen to form hydrochloric acid. In this case, hydrogen loses one electron
and thus gets +1 charge. On the other hand, chlorine gains an electron and thus gets – 1 charge.
So, valency of hydrogen and chlorine are one.

Valency can be defined as combining capacity of an atom.

Example :
Hydrogen molecule - Hydrogen has only one electron in its outermost orbit, thus it requires
one more electrons to complete its outermost orbit. Therefore, in order to complete outermost
orbit, hydrogen shares one electron with another hydrogen atom and form H2 (hydrogen
molecule).
In the case of LiCl (Lithium chloride) - Lithium has three electrons in its outermost orbit and
chlorine has seven electrons in its outermost orbit. Thus in order to make outermost orbit
completely filled lithium loses one electrons and chlorine gains one electron. After losing one
electron, lithium has two electrons in its outermost orbit and after gaining one electron,
chlorine has eight electrons in its outermost orbit. And they form LiCl (Lithium chloride)

Name, Symbol, Atomic number, Number of electrons, Distribution of electrons in shells

(electronic configuration) and Valency of some elements (From Hydrogen to Calcium)

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INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 52

Q1. How will you find the valency of chlorine, sulphur and magnesium?
Answer:
If the number of electrons in the outermost shell of the atom of an element is less than or equal
to 4, then the valency of the element is equal to the number of electrons in the outermost shell.
On the other hand, if the number of electrons in the outermost shell of the atom of an element
is greater than 4, then the valency of that element is determined by subtracting the number of
electrons in the outermost shell from 8.

The distribution of electrons in chlorine, sulphur, and magnesium atoms are 2, 8, 7; 2, 8, 6 and
2, 8, 2 respectively.

Therefore, the number of electrons in the outer most shell of chlorine, sulphur, and magnesium
atoms are 7, 6, and 2 respectively.
Thus, the valency of chlorine = 8 −7 = 1
The valency of sulphur = 8 − 6 = 2
The valency of magnesium = 2

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 52

Q1. If number of electrons in an atom is 8 and number of protons is also 8, then (i) what
is the atomic number of the atom? and (ii) what is the charge on the atom?
Answer:
(i) The atomic number is equal to the number of protons. Therefore, the atomic number of the
atom is 8.
(ii) Since the number of both electrons and protons is equal, therefore, the charge on the atom
is 0.

Q2. With the help of Table 4.1, find out the mass number of oxygen and sulphur atom.
Answer:
Mass number of oxygen = Number of protons + Number of neutrons = 8 + 8 = 16
Mass number of sulphur = Number of protons + Number of neutrons = 16 +16 = 32

ISOTOPES
Elements having same atomic number but different atomic masses are known as Isotopes.
Example –
Carbon-12, Carbon-13, Carbon-14 are thee isotopes of carbon atom. Here 12, 13 and 14 are the
atomic masses of isotopes of carbon respectively. Since, atomic number is the unique property
of an atom, thus the atomic number of carbon is 6 even in the case of three types of carbon
(isotopes)

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Hydrogen -1 , Deuterium – 2, Tritium -3 are three isotopes of hydrogen.
The isotopes of hydrogen are written as:

Use of Isotopes:
Carbon – 14 is used in carbon dating.
An isotope of uranium is used as fuel in nuclear reactor.
An isotope of cobalt is used in treatment of cancer.
An isotope of iodine is used in treatment of goitre.

ISOBARS

Atoms having same atomic mass and different atomic numbers are known as Isobars.
40 40
Example – 18 Ar (argon) and 20 Ca (calcium)
Both the elements have same atomic mass equal to 40 but different atomic numbers, i.e. argon
has atomic number equal to 18 and calcium has atomic number equal to 20.

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 53

Q1. For the symbol H,D and T tabulate three sub-atomic particles found in each of them.
Answer:
Symbol Proton Neutron Electron
H 1 0 1
D 1 1 1
T 1 2 1

Q2. Write the electronic configuration of any one pair of isotopes and isobars.
Answer:
12
C6 and 14C6 are isotopes, have the same electronic configuration as (2, 4).
22
Ne10 and 22Ne11 are isobars. They have different electronic configuration as given below:
22
Ne10 – 2, 8
22
Ne11 – 2, 8, 1

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EXERCISE QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 55, 56
Q1. Compare the properties of electrons, protons and neutrons.
Answer:
Particle Nature of Charge Mass Location
–31
Electron Electrons are 9 x 10 kg Extra nuclear part
negatively charged. distributed in
different shell or
orbits.
–27
Proton Protons are positively 1.672 x 10 kg (1 µ) Nucleus
charged. (approx. 2000 times
that of the electron)
Neutron Neutrons are neutral. Equal to mass of Nucleus
proton

Q2. What are the limitations of J.J. Thomson’s model of the atom?
Answer:
The limitations of J.J. Thomson's model of the atom are:
→ It could not explain the result of scattering experiment performed by rutherford.
→ It did not have any experiment support.

Q3. What are the limitations of Rutherford’s model of the atom?

Answer:
The limitations of Rutherford's model of the atom are
→ It failed to explain the stability of an atom.
→ It doesn't explain the spectrum of hydrogen and other atoms.

Q4. Describe Bohr’s model of the atom.

Answer:
→ The atom consists of a small positively charged nucleus at its center.
→ The whole mass of the atom is concentrated at the nucleus and the volume of the nucleus is
much smaller than the volume of the atom.
→ All the protons and neutrons of the atom are contained in the nucleus.
→ Only certain orbits known as discrete orbits of electrons are allowed inside the atom.
→ While revolving in these discrete orbits electrons do not radiate energy. These orbits or cells
are represented by the letters K, L, M, N etc. or the numbers, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, . . as shown in
below figure.

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Q5. Compare all the proposed models of an atom given in this chapter.
Answer:
Thomson’s model Rutherford’s model Bohr’s model
→ An atom consists of a → An atom consists of a → Bohr agreed with almost
positively charged sphere and positively charged center in all points as said by
the electrons are embedded in the atom called the nucleus. Rutherford except regarding
it. The mass of the atom is the revolution of electrons for
contributed mainly by the which he added that there are
→ The negative and positive nucleus. only certain orbits known as
charges are equal in discrete orbits inside the atom
magnitude. As a result the → The size of the nucleus is in which electrons revolve
atom is electrically neutral. very small as compared to the around the nucleus.
size of the atom.
→ While revolving in its
→ The electrons revolve discrete orbits the electrons
around the nucleus in well- do not radiate energy.
defined orbits.

Q6. Summarise the rules for writing of distribution of electrons in various shells for the
first eighteen elements.
Answer:
The rules for writing of the distribution of electrons in various shells for the first eighteen
elements are given below.
→ If n gives the number of orbit or energy level, then 2n2 gives the maximum number of
electrons possible in a given orbit or energy level. Thus,
First orbit or K-shell will have 2 electrons,
Second orbit or L-shell will have 8 electrons,
Third orbit or M-shell will have 18 electrons.
→ If it is the outermost orbit, then it should have not more than 8 electrons.
→ There should be step-wise filling of electrons in different orbits, i.e., electrons are not
accompanied in a given orbit if the earlier orbits or shells are incompletely filled.

Q7. Define valency by taking examples of silicon and oxygen.

Answer:
The valency of an element is the combining capacity of that element. The valency of an
element is determined by the number of valence electrons present in the atom of that element.
→ Valency of Silicon: It has electronic configuration: 2,8,4
Thus, the valency of silicon is 4 as these electrons can be shared with others to complete octet.
→ Valency of Oxygen: It has electronic configuration: 2,6
Thus, the valency of oxygen is 2 as it will gain 2 electrons to complete its octet.

Q8. Explain with examples (i) Atomic number, (ii) Mass number, (iii) Isotopes and iv)
Isobars. Give any two uses of isotopes.
Answer:
(i) Atomic number
The atomic number of an element is the total number of protons present in the atom of that
element. For example, nitrogen has 7 protons in its atom. Thus, the atomic number of nitrogen
is 7.
(ii) Mass number
The mass number of an element is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons present in
the atom of that element. For example, the atom of boron has 5 protons and 6 neutrons. So, the
mass number of boron is 5 + 6 = 11.

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(iii) Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element having the same atomic number, but different mass
numbers. For example, hydrogen has three isotopes. They are protium ( 11 H ), deuterium ( 12 H )
and tritium ( 13 H ).
(iv) Isobars
Isobars are atoms having the same mass number, but different atomic numbers i.e., isobars are
atoms of different elements having the same mass number. For example, 40 40
20 Ca and 18 Ar are
isobars.
Two uses of isotopes are:
(i) One isotope of uranium is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors.
(ii) One isotope of cobalt is used in the treatment of cancer.

Q9. Na+ has completely filled K and L shells. Explain.

Answer:
An atom of Na has a total of 11 electrons. Its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 1. But, Na+ ion
has one electron less than Na atom i.e., it has 10 electrons. Therefore, 2 electrons go to K-shell
and 8 electrons go to L-shell, thereby completely filling K and L shells.

79
Q10. If bromine atom is available in the form of, say, two isotopes 35 Br (49.7%) and
81
35 Br (50.3%), calculate the average atomic mass of bromine atom.
Answer:
It is given that two isotopes of bromine are 79 81
35 Br (49.7%) and 35 Br (50.3%). Then, the
average atomic mass of bromine atom is given by:
49.7 50.3 3926.3 4074.3
79   81  
100 100 100 100
8000.6
  80.006u  80u ( approx )
100

Q11. The average atomic mass of a sample of an element X is 16.2 u. What are the
percentages of isotopes 16 18
8 X and 8 X in the sample?
Answer:
It is given that the average atomic mass of the sample of element X is 16.2 u.
Let the percentage of isotope 18 16
8 X be y%. Thus, the percentage of isotope 8 X will be (100 −
y) %.
y (100  y )
Therefore, 18   16   16.2
100 100
18 y 16(100  y )
   16.2
100 100
18 y  16(100  y ) 18 y  1600  16 y
  16.2   16.2
100 100
 18 y  1600  16 y  1620
 2 y  1600  1620
 2 y  1620  1600  20
 y  10
Therefore, the percentage of isotope 18 8 X is 10%.
16
And, the percentage of isotope 8 X is (100 − 10) % = 90%.

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Q12. If Z = 3, what would be the valency of the element? Also, name the element.
Answer:
By Z = 3, we mean that the atomic number of the element is 3. Its electronic configuration is 2,
1. Hence, the valency of the element is 1 (since the outermost shell has only one electron).
Therefore, the element with Z = 3 is lithium.

Q13. Composition of the nuclei of two atomic species X and Y are given as under
X Y
Protons = 6 6
Neutrons = 6 8
Give the mass numbers of X and Y. What is the relation between the two species?
Answer:
Mass number of X = Number of protons + Number of neutrons = 6 + 6 = 12
Mass number of Y = Number of protons + Number of neutrons = 6 + 8 = 14
These two atomic species X and Y have the same atomic number, but different mass numbers.
Hence, they are isotopes.

Q14. For the following statements, write T for True and F for False.
(a) J.J. Thomson proposed that the nucleus of an atom contains only nucleons.
(b) A neutron is formed by an electron and a proton combining together. Therefore, it is
neutral.
1
(c) The mass of an electron is about times that of proton.
2000
(d) An isotope of iodine is used for making tincture iodine, which is used as a medicine.

Answer:
(a) False (b) False (c) True (d) False

Put tick (√) against correct choice and cross (X) against wrong choice in questions Q15,
Q16 and Q17
Q15. Rutherford’s alpha-particle scattering experiment was responsible for the discovery
of
(a) Atomic Nucleus (b) Electron
(c) Proton (d) Neutron
Answer: (a) Atomic nucleus

Q16. Isotopes of an element have

(a) the same physical properties
(b) different chemical properties
(c) different number of neutrons
(d) different atomic numbers.
Answer: (c) different number of neutrons

Q17. Number of valence electrons in Cl– ion are:

(a) 16 (b) 8 (c) 17 (d) 18
Answer: (b) 8

Q18. Which one of the following is a correct electronic configuration of sodium?

(a) 2,8 (b) 8,2,1 (c) 2,1,8 (d) 2,8,1.
Answer: (d) 2, 8, 1

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Q19. Complete the following table.
Atomic Mass No. of No. of No. of Name of the
number number neutrons Protons electrons Atomic Species
9 10
16 32 Sulphur
24 12
2 1
1 0 1 0
Answer:
Atomic Mass No. of No. of No. of Name of the
number number neutrons Protons electrons Atomic Species
9 19 10 9 9 Fluorine
16 32 16 16 16 Sulphur
12 24 12 12 12 Magnesium
1 2 1 1 1 Deuterium
1 1 0 1 0 Hydrogen ion

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 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS SET – 1
CHAPTER – 4
STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
1. Plum pudding Model of atom was discovered by _______________
2. Combining capacity of an atom is called _______________
3. Alpha - particle scattering experiment of Rutherford led to discovery of _________
81
4. Number of neutrons in 35 Br is _____________
5. __________ are atoms having the same mass number but different atomic number.
6. The charge on the electron is found to be ________ coulombs.
7. The electronic configuration of silicon is ___. (Atomic number = 14)
8. _____ electrons are responsible for the chemical properties of an atom.
9. Rutherford’s model of an atom was modified by _______.
10. ____ is an isotope of carbon used in determining the age of dead plants.
11. An atom with 3 protons and 4 neutrons will have a valency of _________.
12. What do you understand by valency of an element? What is valency of boron?
13. List the features of Rutherford's nuclear model of atom.
14. What are the postulates of Bohr Model of an atom?
15. Define Valency. What is the valency of chlorine, sulphur and magnesium?
16. Cl- has completely filled K&L shells. Explain.
17. Na+ is possible but Cl+ is not possible. What is the reason?
18. What are isotopes? Give two examples .
19. What were the observations of Rutherford's Alpha particles scattering experiment?
20. What are the drawbacks of Rutherford's model of atom?
21. From what observations do you derive the following inferences?
(i) The most of the space inside the atom is empty.
(ii) The volume of the nucleus is very small.
(iii) Anode rays consist of positively charged particles.
22. Name the fundamental particle not present in the nucleus of hydrogen atom
23. Who discovered electrons?
24. Who discovered protons?
25. Who discovered neutrons?
26. Who discovered nucleus of an atom?
27. What are canal rays?
28. What are the properties of anode rays?
29. What are cathode rays?
30. Who discovered X-Rays?
31. If an atom contains one electron and one proton, will it carry any charge or not?
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32. Complete the following table.
Particle Electron Proton Neutron
(i) Symbol _______ _______ _______
(ii) Nature _______ _______ _______
(iii) Relative Charge _______ _______ _______
(iv) Absolute Charge _______ _______ _______
(v) Relative Mass _______ _______ _______
(vi) Absolute Mass _______ _______ _______
33. What is the mass of proton as compared to electron?
34. Describe briefly Thomson's model of an atom.
35. Write the limitations of J.J. Thomson's model of an atom.
36. What are α-particles?
37. On the basis of Rutherford’s model of an atom, which subatomic particle is present in the
nucleus of an atom?
38. Who is known as 'Father of Nucleus Physics'?
39. What were the observations of Rutherford's α-scattering experiment?
40. What were the important features of atomic model based on Rutherford's scattering
experiment?
41. What are the limitations of Rutherford’s model of the atom?
42. Draw a sketch of Bohr’s model of an atom with three shells.
43. Describe Bohr’s model of the atom.
44. What do you think would be the observation if the α-particle scattering experiment is
carried out using a foil of a metal other than gold?
45. Write a short note on Nucleus.
46. What is Atomic Number? Who coined this term?
47. What is mass number?
48. If A = 23 and Z = 11 for Na atom, how many protons, electrons and neutrons present in Na
atom?
49. What is ionization energy?
50. In a sample of ethyl ethanoate (CH3COOC2H5) the two oxygen atoms have the same
number of electrons but different number of neutrons. What can be the reason for it?
51. In the atom of element X, 6 electrons are present in the outermost shell. If it requires an
octet configuration by accepting requisite number of electrons, then what would be the
charge on the ion so formed?
52. Why do helium, neon & argon have a zero valency?
53. Write the atomic number and the symbol of an element which has mass number 32 and the
number of neutrons 16 in the nucleus.

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54. Helium atom has an atomic mass of 4 u and two protons in its nucleus. How many neutrons
does it have?
55. If number of electrons in an atom is 8 and number of protons is also 8,then (i) what is the
atomic number of the atom? (ii) what is the charge on the atom?
56. What are the limitations of J. J. Thomson's model of the atom?
57. Why was Thomson's model of atom discarded and replaced by Rutherford's model? Why is
Rutherford's model also called the nuclear model of atom
58. The average atomic mass of a sample of an element X is 16.2u. What are the percentage of
16 18
isotopes 8 X and 8 X in the sample?
59. What are the salient feautres of Bohr's Atomic Model? How is it advantageous over
Rutherford's Nuclear Model?
60. What is the charge and mass of the anode rays emitted when, hydrogen gas is enclosed in
the discharge tube experiment? What is the name of these particles?
61. Do the anode rays always consist of protons whatever be the gas enclosed in the discharge
tube? Explain.
62. What is the other name of X-rays?
63. How are x-rays produced? Why was this name given?
64. How are x-rays made tools in diagnostic purposes in the medical field?
65. What is phosphorescence? How does it differ from fluorescence?
66. Who discovered the nuclear model of the atom?
67. Explain how Rutherford’s atomic structure cannot explain the stability of atom?
68. Explain how Bohr’s atomic model explains the emission and absorption of radiation.
69. What is the charge and mass of a β-particle? From which part of the atom are β-particles
emitted?
70. The two elements, A and B have 17 electrons each in their atom. Element A has 35
nucleons while element B has 33 nucleons (nucleons are the total number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus). What is the relationship between these two elements? Explain.
The element A reacts with hydrogen in diffused light. Does the element B also react with
hydrogen?
71. One isotope of carbon with atomic mass 12, occupies group 14 in the 2nd period in the
long form periodic Table. Predict the position of another radioactive isotope of carbon with
atomic mass 14?
72. What is the name given to the rays, traveling from cathode to anode?
73. Do the cathode rays always consist of electrons only, whatever be the gas enclosed in the
discourage tube?
74. Why are electrons in the outermost shell known as valence electrons?

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 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS SET – 2
CHAPTER – 4
STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
1. Which of the following correctly represent the electronic distribution in the Mg atom?
(a) 3, 8, 1 (b) 2, 8, 2 (c) 1, 8, 3 (d) 8, 2, 2
2. Rutherford’s ‘alpha (α) particles scattering experiment’ resulted in to discovery of
(a) Electron (b) Proton (c) Nucleus in the atom (d) Atomic mass
3. The ion of an element has 3 positive charges. Mass number of the atom is 27 and the
number of neutrons is 14. What is the number of electrons in the ion?
(a) 13 (b) 10 (c) 14 (d) 16
4. Elements with valency 1 are
(a) Always metals (b) always metalloids
(c) either metals or non-metals (d) always non-metals
5. The first model of an atom was given by
(a) N. Bohr (b) E. Goldstein
(c) Rutherford (d) J.J. Thomson
6. Is it possible for the atom of an element to have one electron, one proton and no neutron? If
so, name the element.
7. Why did Rutherford select a gold foil in his α–ray scattering experiment?
8. Will Cl-35 and Cl-37 have different valences?
9. Calculate the number of neutrons present in the nucleus of an element X which is
represented as 31 X15 .
10. The atomic number of calcium and argon are 20 and 18 respectively, but the mass number
of both these elements is 40. What is the name given to such a pair of elements?
11. Why do Helium, Neon and Argon have a zero valency?
12. In what way the Rutherford proposed atomic model?
13. In what way the Thomson proposed atomic model?
14. What were the drawbacks of Rutherford’s model of an atom?
15. What are the limitations of J.J. Thomson’s model of an atom?
16. In television picture tube which type of rays are used?
17. Which is heavier, neutron or proton?
18. If electrons move from K to L shell, will the energy be absorbed or evolved?
19. Helium atom has an atomic mass of 4u and two protons in its nucleus. How many neutrons
does it have?
20. An ion X 2+ contains 18 electrons and 20 neutrons. Calculate the atomic number and mass
no. of element X. Name the element X.
21. Give one Achievement and one limitation of J.J Thomson’s model of atom?

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22. In a given electric field, β- particles are deflected more than α- particles inspite of the fact
that α - particles have larger charge, why?
23. What are valence electrons? What is their significance?
24. What would be the observation if the α - particle scattering experiment is carried out using
a foil of a metal other than gold?
25. Electronic configuration of Potassium is 2,8,8,1 and Calcium 2,8,8,2, when M shell can
have maximum of 18 electrons then why next element Scandium has electronic
configuration 2,8,9,2 and not 2,8,8,3 ?
26. What are isotopes and Isobars? What are two isotopes of chlorine? Calculate the average
atomic mass of a chlorine atom?
27. What is present concept of an atom? Explain in detail? Why this model is considered to be
the most appropriate model?
28. Explain the Rutherford’s alpha particle scattering experiment. What were the main
conclusions drawn from this experiment?
29. A naturally occurring sample of :-
(i) 69.2% of 53Cu& 30.8% of 65Cu. Find the average atomic mass of a naturally occuring
sample of copper.
(ii)7.42% of 6Li & 92.58% of 7Li.Find the average atomic mass of a naturally occuring
sample of Lithium.
30. Calculate the no. of atoms of each element persent in 9.8 g of sulphuric acid, H2SO4. (H=1,
S=32, O=16)
31. How to calculate the atomicity and the atomic mass of an atom?
32. To weight BaCl2 or Na2SO4
a) use a polythene bags and spring balance
b) use a watch glass and spring balance
c) use a polythene bags and physical balance
d) use a watch glass and physical balance
33. To weight sodium sulphate or barium chloride it should be in form of
a) saturated solution b) large crystals c) small crystals d) fine powder
34. What is the distribution of electrons in an atom of Phosphorus and how can it have two
valencies
35. The maximum no. of electrons present in shell is given by the formula 2n2and the
maximum no. of electrons filled in M shell is 18. But in the element calcium we only fill 8
electrons in the M shell and move on to the N shell. why ?
36. What are alpha particles?
37. Write ddifference between atomic mass and mass number?
38. An ion (M2+) contain 10 electrons and 12 neutrons what is the atomic number and mass
number of the element M.
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39. An ion M3+ contains 10 electrons and 14 neutrons. What are the atomic mass and mass
number of the element M ? Name the element.
40. 10 gm of silver nitrate solution is added to 10 gm of sodium chloride solution. What change
in mass do you expect after the reaction and why?
41. Write the atomicity of the following molecules: (i) H2SO4 (ii) CCl4
42. Define the term mole.
43. What is the law of constant proportions?
44. What is molar mass? What are its units?
45. Define atomicity.
46. Calculate the formula unit mass of Na2CO3.
[Atomic mass of Na = 23 u, C = 12 u, O = 16 u]
47. Give the definition of a cation and an anion.
48. An element X has a valency 3. Write the formula of its oxide.
49. Calculate the number of moles is 52 g of He (Helium)
50. If 12 gm of carbon is burnt in the presence of 32 gm of oxygen, how much carbon dioxide
will be formed ?
51. Calculate the number of moles in 17 gm of H2O2. (Atomic weight of H = 1 u, O = 16 u).
52. Define and explain atomic mass of an element.
53. If one mole of carbon atoms weighs 12 g. What is the mass of 1 atom of carbon ?
54. Calculate the mass of 1 molecule of oxygen gas.
55. The mass of single atom of an element is 2.65 × 10–23 g. Calculate its atomic mass. [NA =
6.022 × 1023 mol-1 ]
56. Calculate percentage composition of glucose (C6H12O6).
57. John placed 10 moles of sulphur molecules (S8) and 5 moles of glucose (C6H12O6) in the
two different pans of a physical balance. Find which pan of the balance would be heavier,
support your answer with calculations.
(atomic mass : O = 16 u, C = 12 u, H = 1 u, S = 32 u)
58. What is Avogadro constant ?
59. Calculate the number of particles present in 56 gm of N2 molecule.
60. Calculate the number of moles present in (a) 60 g of calcium. (b) 3.011 × 1023 number of
oxygen atoms.
[Given that Ca = 40u; Avogadro number, NA = 6.022 × 1023 per mole]
61. Give an account of the ‘mole concept’.
62. Calculate the ratio by number of atoms for Magnesium sulphide.
63. (a) The average atomic mass of a sample of an element X is 35.5u. What are the
37 35
percentages of isotopes 17 X and 17 X in the sample ?
(b) Write any two applications of isotopes.

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64. Nitu presented a silver lamp to her mother on her birthday. The lamp contained 3.011 ×
1023 atoms of silver in it. What is the mass of silver lamp and the cost of it if 1 gm silver
costs Rs 60. Atomic mass of Ag = 108 u, N0 = 6.022 × 1023 per mole.
65. Verify by calculating that 5 mole of CO2 and 5 mole of H2S do not have the same mass.
(Atomic mass of C = 12 u, O = 16 u, H = 1 u, S = 32 u)
66. A solution is made by dissolving sodium chloride in water and its concentration is
expressed as 0.9% by mass. Calculate : (i) the number of moles, and (ii) number of
molecules present in NaCl for this solution.
[Given : mass % = (Mass of solute×100)/ Mass of solution]
(Atomic mass of Na = 23.0 u, Cl = 35.5 u)
67. (i) What do the following symbols / formulae stand for :
(a) 2O (b) O2 (c) O3 (d) H2O
(ii) Give the chemical formula of the following compounds :
(a) Potassium carbonate (b) Calcium chloride
(iii) Calculate the formula unit mass of Al2(SO4)3.
(Given : Atomic mass of Al = 27 u, S = 32 u, O = 16 u)
14
68. An element 7 A exists as diatomic gas in nature which is relatively inert and forms 78% of
earth’s atmosphere.
(a) Identify the gas and write its molecular formula. Write the formulae of its nitrite and
nitrate ions.
(b) How many moles of this gas would contain 12.044 × 1023 atoms of this element ?
(Avogadro’s no. = 6.022 × 1023)
(c) Calculate the molecular mass of (a) NH4 NO3 and (b) HNO3
(Given atomic masses N = 14 u, O = 16 u, H = 1u)
69. (a) In ammonia, nitrogen and hydrogen are always present in the ratio 14 : 3 by mass. State
the law which explains the above statement.
(b) During the formation of ammonia, what mass of hydrogen gas would be required to
react completely with 42 g of nitrogen gas ?
70. (a) Calculate the number of moles in 112 g of iron.
(b) Calculate the mass of 0.5 moles of sugar (C12H22O11).
(c) Define the term molecular mass.
(d) Determine the molecular mass of ZnSO4.
[Atomic mass of Zn = 65 u, S = 32 u, O = 16 u]
(e) Calculate the number of molecules of carbon dioxide, present in 4.4 g of CO2.

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 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS SET – 3
CHAPTER – 4
STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

1. Which of the following correctly represent the electronic distribution in the Mg atom?
(a) 3, 8, 1
(b) 2, 8, 2
(c) 1, 8, 3
(d) 8, 2, 2

2. Rutherford’s ‘alpha (  ) particles scattering experiment’ resulted in to discovery of

(a) Electron
(b) Proton
(c) Nucleus in the atom
(d) Atomic mass

3. The number of electrons in an element X is 15 and the number of neutrons is 16. Which of
the following is the correct representation of the element?
31 31 16 15
(a)15 X (b)16 X (c)15 X (d )16 X

4. Dalton’s atomic theory successfully explained

(i) Law of conservation of mass
(ii) Law of constant composition
(iii) Law of radioactivity
(iv) Law of multiple proportion
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(b) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i), (ii) and (iv)

5. Which of the following statements about Rutherford’s model of atom are correct?
(i) considered the nucleus as positively charged
(ii) established that the  –particles are four times as heavy as a hydrogen atom
(iii) can be compared to solar system
(iv) was in agreement with Thomson’s model
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iv)
(d) only (i)

6. Which of the following are true for an element?

(i) Atomic number = number of protons + number of electrons
(ii) Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons
(iii) Atomic mass = number of protons = number of neutrons
(iv) Atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (i) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iii)
(d) (ii) and (iv)

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7. In the Thomson’s model of atom, which of the following statements are correct?
(i) the mass of the atom is assumed to be uniformly distributed over the atom
(ii) the positive charge is assumed to be uniformly distributed over the atom
(iii) the electrons are uniformly distributed in the positively charged sphere
(iv) the electrons attract each other to stabilise the atom
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(b) (i) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iv)
(d) (i), (iii) and (iv)

8. Rutherford’s  –particle scattering experiment showed that

(i) electrons have negative charge
(ii) the mass and positive charge of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus
(iii) neutron exists in the nucleus
(iv) most of the space in atom is empty
Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (iv)
(d) (iii) and (iv)

9. Identify the Mg2+ ion from the Fig.4.1 where, n and p represent the number of neutrons and
protons respectively

10. In a sample of ethyl ethanoate (CH3COOC2H5) the two oxygen atoms have the same
number of electrons but different number of neutrons. Which of the following is the correct
reason for it?
(a) One of the oxygen atoms has gained electrons
(b) One of the oxygen atoms has gained two neutrons
(c) The two oxygen atoms are isotopes
(d) The two oxygen atoms are isobars.

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11. The ion of an element has 3 positive charges. Mass number of the atom is 27 and the
number of neutrons is 14. What is the number of electrons in the ion?
(a) 13
(b) 10
(c) 14
(d) 16

12. Elements with valency 1 are

(a) always metals
(b) always metalloids
(c) either metals or non-metals
(d) always non-metals

13. The first model of an atom was given by

(a) N. Bohr
(b) E. Goldstein
(c) Rutherford
(d) J.J. Thomson

14. An atom with 3 protons and 4 neutrons will have a valency of

(a) 3
(b) 7
(c) 1
(d) 4

15. The electron distribution in an aluminium atom is

(a) 2, 8, 3
(b) 2, 8, 2
(c) 8, 2, 3
(d) 2, 3, 8

16. Which of the following in Fig. 4.2 do not represent Bohr’s model of an atom correctly?

(a) (i) and (ii)

(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iv)

17. Which of the following statement is always correct?

(a) An atom has equal number of electrons and protons.
(b) An atom has equal number of electrons and neutrons.
(c) An atom has equal number of protons and neutrons.
(d) An atom has equal number of electrons, protons and neutrons.

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18. Atomic models have been improved over the years. Arrange the following atomic models
in the order of their chronological order
(i) Rutherford’s atomic model
(ii) Thomson’s atomic model
(iii) Bohr’s atomic model
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(b) (ii), (iii) and (i)
(c) (ii), (i) and (iii)
(d) (iii), (ii) and (i)

19. Is it possible for the atom of an element to have one electron, one proton and no neutron. If
so, name the element.

20. Write any two observations which support the fact that atoms are divisible.

21. Will 35Cl and 37Cl have different valencies? Justify your answer.

22. Why did Rutherford select a gold foil in his  –ray scattering experiment?
23. Find out the valency of the atoms represented by the Fig. 4.3 (a) and (b).

24. What information do you get from the Fig. 4.4 about the atomic number, mass number and
valency of atoms X, Y and Z? Give your answer in a tabular form.

25. In response to a question, a student stated that in an atom, the number of protons is greater
than the number of neutrons, which in turn is greater than the number of electrons. Do you
agree with the statement? Justify your answer.

26. Calculate the number of neutrons present in the nucleus of an element X which is
31
represented as 15 X

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27. One electron is present in the outer most shell of the atom of an element X. What would be
the nature and value of charge on the ion formed if this electron is removed from the outer
most shell?

28. Write down the electron distribution of chlorine atom. How many electrons are there in the
L shell? (Atomic number of chlorine is 17).

29. In the atom of an element X, 6 electrons are present in the outermost shell. If it acquires
noble gas configuration by accepting requisite number of electrons, then what would be the
charge on the ion so formed?

30. Match the names of the Scientists given in column A with their contributions towards the
understanding of the atomic structure as given in column B
(A) (B)
(a) Ernest Rutherford (i) Indivisibility of atoms
(b) J.J.Thomson (ii) Stationary orbits
(c) Dalton (iii) Concept of nucleus
(d) Neils Bohr (iv) Discovery of electrons
(e) James Chadwick (v) Atomic number
(f) E. Goldstein (vi) Neutron
(g) Mosley (vii) Canal rays

31. The atomic number of calcium and argon are 20 and 18 respectively, but the mass number
of both these elements is 40. What is the name given to such a pair of elements?

32. Complete the Table 4.1 on the basis of information available in the symbols given below
35 12 81
(a) Cl (b) C (c) Br
17 6 35
Element np nn

33. Helium atom has 2 electrons in its valence shell but its valency is not 2, Explain.

34. Fill in the blanks in the following statements

(a) Rutherford’s  -particle scattering experiment led to the discovery of the ———
(b) Isotopes have same ———but different———.
(c) Neon and chlorine have atomic numbers 10 and 17 respectively. Their valencies will
be———and———respectively.
(d) The electronic configuration of silicon is ———and that of sulphur is ———.

35. An element X has a mass number 4 and atomic number 2. Write the valency of this
element?

36. Why do Helium, Neon and Argon have a zero valency?

37. The ratio of the radii of hydrogen atom and its nucleus is ~ 105. Assuming the atom and the
nucleus to be spherical, (i) what will be the ratio of their sizes? (ii) If atom is represented
by planet earth ‘Re’ = 6.4 ×106 m, estimate the size of the nucleus.

38. Enlist the conclusions drawn by Rutherford from his  -ray scattering experiment.

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39. In what way is the Rutherford’s atomic model different from that of Thomson’s atomic
model?

40. What were the drawbacks of Rutherford’s model of an atom?

41. What are the postulates of Bohr’s model of an atom?

42. Show diagramatically the electron distributions in a sodium atom and a sodium ion and
also give their atomic number.

43. In the Gold foil experiment of Geiger and Marsden, that paved the way for Rutherford’s
model of an atom, ~ 1.00% of the  -particles were found to deflect at angles > 50 .‫؛‬If one
mole of  -particles were bombarded on the gold foil, compute the number of  -particles
that would deflect at angles less than 500.

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