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PDF Lesson 2 Understanding The Z Scores

This lesson covers the concept of z-scores, which measure the relative standing of a random variable in relation to a normal distribution. It explains how to convert raw scores to z-scores using a specific formula and provides examples to illustrate this process. The lesson also highlights the properties of the normal probability distribution and the importance of z-scores in transforming large raw values for analysis.

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27 views13 pages

PDF Lesson 2 Understanding The Z Scores

This lesson covers the concept of z-scores, which measure the relative standing of a random variable in relation to a normal distribution. It explains how to convert raw scores to z-scores using a specific formula and provides examples to illustrate this process. The lesson also highlights the properties of the normal probability distribution and the importance of z-scores in transforming large raw values for analysis.

Uploaded by

geljcampos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 2

Understanding the z - scores


Lesson Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. relate a random variable distribution to a normal


variable distribution;
2. understand the concept of the z-score;
3. convert a random variable to a standard normal
variable and vice-versa; and
4. solve problems involving random and normal
variables.
Lesson Introduction

➢ z-score is stated to be a measure of relative


standing.

➢ These scores represent distances from the center


measured in standard deviation units.

➢ There are six z-scores at the base line of the normal


curve: three z scores to the left of the mean and
three z-scores to the right of the mean.
The z-score
The areas under the normal curve are given in terms of z values
or scores. Either the z-score locates X within a sample or within
a population. The formula for calculating z is:

where:
X = given measurement
μ = population mean
σ = population standard deviation
ഥ = sample mean
𝑿
s = sample standard deviation
Discussion Points
For any population, the mean and the standard
deviation are fixed. Thus, the z formula matches the z-
values one-to-one with the X values (raw scores). That
is, for every X value there corresponds a z-value and
for each z-value there is exactly one X value.
The z values are matched with specific areas under
the normal curve in a normal distribution table.

Therefore, to find the percentage associated with X,


we must find its matched z-value using the z-formula.

The z-value leads to the area under the curve found in


the normal curve table, which is a probability, and
that probability gives the desired percentage for X.
Example 1
Given the mean, μ = 50 and the standard deviation, σ = 4
of a population of Reading scores. Find the z-value that
corresponds to a score X = 58.
This conversion from raw score to z-score is shown
graphically

From the diagram, we see that a score X = 58 corresponds


to z = 2. It is above the mean. So we can say that, with
respect to the mean, the score of 58 is above average.
Example 2
Locate the z-value that corresponds to a PE score of 39 given
that μ = 45 and σ = 6.

With respect to the mean, the score 39 is below the population


mean. We can also say that the score 39 is below average.
Example 3:
Scores in a Science Test
Given: X = 20
ഥ = 𝟐𝟔
𝑿
s=4
Steps Solution
1. Use the computing formula for finding 𝑿−𝑿 ഥ
the z – scores of sample data. 𝒛=
𝒔
2. Check the given values. The z – score
in question locates X in a sample ഥ = 𝟐𝟔
𝑿 X = 20 s=4
3. Substitute the given values in the 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐𝟔
𝒛=
computing formula. 𝟒
−𝟔 The corresponding z-score
4. Complete the z – value.
𝒛= = −𝟏. 𝟓 is – 1.5 to the left of the
𝟒 mean.
Exercises
Properties of the Normal Probability Distribution
• The distribution curve is bell-shaped.
• The curve is symmetrical about its center.
• The mean, the median, and the mode coincide at the center.
• The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation
of the distribution.
• The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely along the
horizontal axis, always approaching the axis but never
touching it. That is, the curve is asymptotic to the base line.
• The area under the curve is 1. Thus, it represents the probability
or proportion or the percentage associated with specific sets
of measurement values.
What is the importance of the z-scores?

Raw scores may be composed of large values,


but large values cannot be accommodated at
the base line of the normal curve. So, they have
to be transformed into scores for convenience
without sacrificing meanings associated with the
raw scores.

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