INTRODUCTION TO IMAGE

PROCESSING
ENHANCING & MANIPULATING DIGITAL IMAGES
 HISTORY OF DIGITAL WHAT IS IMAGE TYPES OF IMAGE APPLICATIONS
IMAGING PROCESSING? PROCESSING
• Medical imaging
RUSSELL KIRSCH is an The process of enhancing, • Analogue image • Surveillance & security
American engineer known manipulating and analyzing processing • Astronomy & space
as the father of digital digital images. • Digital image processing exploration
imaging. He is often It uses algorithms and • E-commerce &
credited with developing techniques to improve the ANALOGUE IP: advertising
the first digital image quality, extract information Manipulating physical • Autonomous vehicles
processing techniques or modify digital images. images
while working at national DIGITAL IP:
institutes of standards and Manipulate digital images
technology in the 1950. using computer algorithms
Digital Image
Representation

Digital images are

represented as a
collection of pixels,
having a specific
intensity or colour
value.
Image Processing Techniques:
Image processing techniques are used to enhance,
manipulate, and analyze digital images.

❑ Image Enhancement (Contrast, Brightness, Sharpening)

❑ Image Filtering (Smoothing, Edge, Detection)
❑ Image Segmentation (Thresholding, Edge Detection)
Examples of Image
Processing:
❑ Medical Imaging
- Tumor Detection
- X-Ray Enhancement
❑ Surveillance
- Facial Recognition
- Object Detection
❑ Space Exploration
- Planet Surface Analysis
- Image Enhancement
❑ Everyday Life
- Image Editing
- Barcode Scanning
❑ Autonomous Vehicles
- Lane Detection
- Object Recognition
Image File Format
Different image file formats
store and represent digital
images in various ways.

❑ Raster Formats ( JBEG,

PNG, GIF):
Using pixels
❑ Vector Format (SVG,
EPS):
Using geometric shapes
Tools and Software for Image
Processing

❑Adobe
Photoshop
❑OpenCV
❑MATLAB
❑GIMP
Challenges: Remedies:
o Noise o Filtering
Reduction o Deblurring
o Image o Contrast
Blurring Enhancement
o Low Contrast o Object
o Object Detection
Detection Algorithm
o Image o Distortion
Distortion Correction
Emerging Horizons:
❑ Medical Imaging
❑ Artificial Intelligence and
Machine Learning
❑ Virtual and Augmented
Reality
❑ Security and Surveillance
❑ Environm,ental Monitoring
❑ Autonomous vehicles
❑ Quality control
❑ Cultural heritage
preservation
The Internet of Things: Connecting our
World
By Group 3
What is the Internet of Things?
Definition Examples

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical Smart homes, wearables, connected cars, industrial
objects that are connected to the internet and can automation, and smart cities all leverage the power of
exchange data with other devices and systems. IoT technologies.
These objects, also known as "smart objects", can
include household appliances, vehicles, wearables,
and industrial machinery.
Key Components of IoT
Systems

1 Sensors 2 Actuators
Collect data from the Respond to data by
physical world, such as controlling physical
temperature, light, or devices, like turning on
motion. lights or adjusting
temperatures.

3 Network 4 Data Processing

Connectivity
Enables devices to Processes and analyzes
communicate with each data collected from
other and exchange data. sensors to provide insights
and drive actions.
IoT Applications in our Daily Lives
Smart Homes:
• One of the most crucial benefits of IoT in smart homes is the ability to remotely control and monitor devices. Through smartphone
applications or web interfaces, homeowners can manage and adjust settings even when they are away from home. Whether it’s
switching on the lights, adjusting the thermostat, or checking security cameras, IoT enables remote access for greater convenience
and peace of mind.

Healthcare:
• In healthcare, IoT (Internet of Things) applications primarily focus on remote patient monitoring.
• Healthcare uses IoT for real-time monitoring, data collection, and device connection. There is a general improvement in healthcare
services.

Connected Cars:
• In a connected car, IoT applications include: real-time traffic updates, predictive maintenance based on vehicle data, remote
diagnostics, vehicle-to-vehicle communication, optimized route planning, enhanced safety features like automatic emergency braking,
personalized in-car services, and seamless integration with smart city infrastructure, all facilitated by sensors and data analysis
through cloud connectivity
Industrial Automation

Key IoT applications in industrial automation:

• Predictive maintenance • Energy management
• Asset tracking • Connected supply chain
• Remote monitoring and control • Autonomous material handling
• Quality control

Wearable Devices

In IoT applications in wearable devices primarily focus on health and fitness monitoring, allowing users to track vital signs like:
• heart rate,
• activity levels
• sleep patterns
Devices like smartwatches and fitness trackers transmit data to a smartphone or cloud platform for analysis and insights.
Benefits and Opportunities of IoT

Improved Efficiency
1 Optimize processes, reduce waste, and improve productivity.

Enhanced User Experience

2
Personalized experiences, convenience, and enhanced customer service.

Data-Driven Insights
3
Gather valuable data for better decision-making and problem-solving.

New Business Models

4
Unlock new revenue streams and create innovative services.

Social Impact
5 Address challenges in areas like healthcare, transportation, and environmental
sustainability.
Challenges and Concerns with IoT Adoption

Security Privacy Ethics Cost

Protecting sensitive data from Ensuring the responsible Addressing the ethical The high initial investment and
unauthorized access and collection and use of personal implications of data collection ongoing maintenance costs
cyberattacks. data. and use, such as bias and associated with IoT
discrimination. deployments.
Emerging Trends in IoT Technology

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

1
AI-powered IoT devices that can learn and adapt over time.

Edge Computing
2
Processing data closer to the source, reducing latency and
enhancing responsiveness.

5G Connectivity
3
Ultra-fast, low-latency connectivity, enabling real-time data
exchange and new IoT applications.
NETWORK
SECURITY
INTRODUCTION
Network security refers to the
practices, policies, and technologies
designed to protect computer
networks, including local area
networks (LANs), wide area
networks (WANs), and the Internet,
from unauthorized access, use,
disclosure, disruption, modification,
or destruction.
 IMPORTANCE OF
NETWORK SECURITY
1.Data protection is the process of protecting
sensitive information from damage, loss, or
corruption.

2. Network security helps protect

organizations from malicious cyberattacks,
which can prevent data loss, system outages,
and other .
3. Another reason to protect your network is
regulatory compliance. Many industries are highly
regulated and the networks that handle data related
to those industries must be secure.
4. Internet security solutions is to protect users
and corporate IT assets from attacks that travel
over the Internet.
5. Helps keep your reputation clean: When
people do business with your organization,
they entrust their sensitive information to
you, and a data security .
 THREATS OF NETWORK SECURITY
 UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS:
Hackers gain access to the network without
permission.
 PHISHING:
Hackers trick the user into revealing their sensitive
information.
 DATA BREACHES:
Sensitive data being stolen or compromised.
 INSIDE THREATS:
Authorized personnel intentionally or
unintentionally compromise the network security.
 WEAK PASSWORDS:
Using easily guessable or crackable passwords.
 SOLUTIONS:
A network security solution is a platform or set of tools
that can
help secure computer networks and prevent cyber
attacks.
Different solutions focus on securing different aspects of
the
network
1) Firewall : Network devices that control incoming and
outgoing
traffic based on predetermined security rules.
2) Virtulal private network: Secure, encrypted
connections
between networks or devices over the Internet.
3) Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems IDPS: Systems
that monitor network traffic for signs of unauthorized acesss or
malicious activity.
4) Encryption:The process of converting plaintext data into
unreadable ciphertext to protect it from unauthorized access
5) Acess control: Measures that regulate who can access a
network, system, or data, such as passwords, biometric
authentication, and role-based access control.

6) Virtual Private Networks (VPN): Secure, encrypted

connections between networks or devices over the
Internet.
Examples:
Cloud network security:
uses technology, processes, policies,
controls, and services to protect cloud
networks from unauthorized access,
modification, misuse, or exposure.

Email security:
Phishing allows intruders to access an insecure
network illegally. Email security blocks phishing
attempts and outbound messages carrying
sensitive data.
FIREWALL:
A firewall is a device that monitors, filters, and controls incoming and
outgoing network traffic based on predefined security rules. Acting as a
barrier between trusted internal and untrusted external networks, it
works by inspecting data packets and choosing to block or allow them.

Data loss prevention:

Humans are considered the weakest security link. Data loss prevention
(DLP) technologies protect staff and anyone who uses the network
from misusing and possibly compromising sensitive data.
 IMPLEMENTATION
PLAN
A network security plan is a strategy that defines the approach and
techniques used to protect the network from unauthorized users and
guards against events that can jeopardize or compromise a system’s
security.

STEPS:
There are eight steps to develop and implement an effective plan which are
1. Understanding your business model.
2. Performing a threat assessment.
3. Develop IT security policies and procedures.
4. Creating a “security-first” company culture.
 Topic:
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
What is artificial intelligence?

Definition: AI refers to the simulation of human

intelligence in machines that are programmed to
think , learn , and solve problems like humans.
Key Components:
• Machine Learning
• Neural Networks
• Natural Language Processing
• Computer Vision
 History of AI
1950s: Alan Turing’s concept of “thinking machines.”
1956: The term "Artificial Intelligence" coined by
John McCarthy.
1980s: Expert Systems and the rise of machine
learning.
2000s: AI applications in everyday life (e.g., smartphones,
personal assistants).
2010s–present: Deep learning and advanced AI
models.
 Types of AI

Narrow AI (Weak AI): Designed for specific tasks

(e.g., Siri, Google Assistant).
General AI (Strong AI): A machine that can perform
any intellectual task a human can do.
Superintelligent AI: Hypothetical AI that surpasses
human intelligence.
 How AI Works

Machine Learning: AI systems learn patterns from

data.
Deep Learning: A subset of machine learning using
neural networks with many layers.

Natural Language Processing: Enables machines to

understand and generate human language.
Applications of AI
•Healthcare: Diagnostics, personalized treatments, drug discovery.
•Finance: Fraud detection, algorithmic trading, customer service
chatbots.
•Autonomous Vehicles: Self-driving cars, drones.
•Entertainment: Content recommendations (Netflix, YouTube), game AI.
•Smart Homes: Virtual assistants (Alexa, Google Home), smart
appliances.

Benefits of AI
•Automation of Repetitive Tasks
•Improved Efficiency and Accuracy
•Data-Driven Insights
•Cost Reduction in Various Industries
•Enhanced Customer Experience
 Challenges and Ethical Concerns

Bias in AI Algorithms: AI systems can inherit

biases from training data.
Job Displacement: Automation may replace jobs
in certain industries.
Privacy and Security Issues: AI can infringe on
privacy, requiring strict regulations.
Ethical Dilemmas: How AI makes decisions in
high-stakes environments (e.g., healthcare,
criminal justice).
 The Future of AI
1)AI Integration in Everyday Life: Seamless interaction with devices and
systems.
2)AI in Creativity: Writing, music composition, art generation.
3)AI-Driven Innovation: New solutions for complex global problems like
climate change.
4)AI Governance and Regulations: Ensuring ethical and safe
development of AI.
 What is cyber security?
DEFINITION:

Cyber security is the application which refers to technologies, practices and policies to protect
systems, networks, programs, devices and data from cyber attacks or mitigating their impact.

It aims to reduce the risk of cyber attacks and protect against the unauthorized exploitation of systems,
networks, and technologies.

IMPORTANCE:

● we’re all vulnerable to cybercrime.

● Cybercrime is common.

● Cybercrime is an economic issue.

● Cybercrime erodes personal privacy.

● Cybercrime is a threat to national security.

● Rates of Cybercrime are increasing.

 Types of cyberthreats

Following types of cyber threats are given below:

●Malware: Malicious software like viruses, ransomware and spyware designed
to disrupt or damage system.

●Phishing: Deceptive emails or websites designed to steal sensitive data.

●Social engineering: Manipulating people to divulge confidential information.

COMMON TYPES OF CYBER SECURITY THREATS IN 2024

●Ransomware Attacks: Increased targeting of businesses and

municipalities for ransom.

●IoT Vulnerabilities: The rise of connected devices creates entry points for
cybercriminals.

●AI-Powered Attacks: Use of AI to automate attacks and exploit

weaknesses.

●Cloud Security Risks: Misconfigurations and breaches in cloud-based

systems.
 Key Principles of Cyber Security

●Confidentiality: Ensuring only authorized individuals can access

sensitive data.

●Integrity: Maintaining the accuracy and reliability of data.

●Availability: Ensuring that systems and data are accessible when

needed.

●Authentication: Verifying the identity of users or systems to prevent

unauthorized access.
 CYBER SECURITY BEST PRACTICE FOR INDIVIDUALS

● Use Strong Passwords: Use complex passwords and multi-factor authentication (MFA).

● Regular Software Updates: Ensure that devices and applications are updated to patch
security flaws.

● Be Cautious of Emails/Links: Avoid clicking on suspicious links or downloading attachments

from unknown sources.

● Backup Data: Regularly back up important files to reduce the impact of ransomware attacks.
 Cyber Security Best Practices for Businesses
●Employee Training:
Educate staff on recognizing phishing attacks, strong password
practices, and data protection protocols.
●Network Security:
Implement firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS), and
encryption to safeguard networks.
●Incident Response Plan:
Develop and test a plan to quickly respond to cyber incidents or
breaches.
●Regular Audits and Assessments:
Regularly check systems for vulnerabilities and compliance with
security standards.
 Emerging Trends in Cyber Security
●Zero Trust Architecture: No one, inside or outside the organization, is trusted by
default.
●AI and Machine Learning: Enhancing threat detection and response through
automation like NETFLIX uses machine learning to suggest shows you might like.
●Quantum Computing: A type of computing that uses quantum bits(qubits) instead of
regular bits, allowing it to process complex calculations much faster like optimizing
delivery routes for millions of packages.
●Block chain Security: Using block chain for secure transactions and data storage like
in CRYPTOCURRENCY (Bitcoin), blockchain security ensures that transactions are
verified and cannot be easily changed or fake.
 Challenges in Cyber Security

● Evolving threat Landscape: Attackers continuously adapt to new technologies

and security measures.
● Resource Constraints: Smaller organizations may struggle with budget and
expertise in maintaining robust security.
● Human Error: Phishing, social engineering, and poor security habits often
stem from employee mistakes.
● Complexity: Balancing security with the need for business efficiency can
create vulnerabilities.
 ADVANTAGES OF CYBER SECURITY

●Protection of sensitive data

●Prevention of financial loss

●Protection from cyber attack

●Maintaining business continuity

●Safeguarding National Security

●Facilitates Safe Online Activities

●Safeguarding Personal and Financial Information

 WHAT IS DATA SCIENCE?

Definition:
 Data science is the study of data and the
methods used to extract meaningful insights
from it
 KEY COMPONENTS:

STATISTICS
For understanding data
distributions and
relationships.

MACHINE LEARNING
For predictive modeling
and analysis.

DATA ENGINEERING
For managing and
organizing large
datasets.

VISUALIZATION
For presenting the
insights effectively.
 THE DATA SCIENCE PROCESS
 Step 1: Problem Definition- Understanding the business problem.
 Step 2: Data Collection- Gathering relevant data from various sources.
 Step 3: Data Cleaning- Preparing and preprocessing data (handling missing values,
outliers etc.)
 Step 4: Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): Identifying patterns and trends.
 Step 5: Model Building: Applying statistical models or machine learning algorithms.
 Step 6: Model Evaluation: Assessing model performance.
 Step 7: Communication: Presenting results and insights.
DATA SCIENCE PROCESS
KEY SKILLS IN DATA SCIENCE
KEY SKILLS IN DATA SCIENCE

Data Statistics:
Visualization: Hypothesis
Tools like testing,
tableau,
Power BI,
probability,
distributions
.
Matplotlib, , regression
Seaborn. analysis.

Machine
Communicati Learning:
on: Supervise
learning (e.g:
Explaining regression,
findings to classification),
stakeholders unsupervised
learning (e.g
effectively clustering),
deep learning.

Programming: Big Data

Python, R, SQL Technologies:
Hadoop, spark.
 DATA TYPES AND SOURCES

 Structured Data: Organized in tables (e.g spreadsheets,

databases).
 Unstructured Data: Raw data without a predefined
structured (e.g text , images, audio).
 Semi-Structured Data: Data with some organizational
structure (e.g JSON, XML).
DATA SOURCES:
• External sources (e.g open data APIs)
• Internal sources (e.g company databases)
• Web scraping, IoT devices, Social media.
 MACHINE LEARNING IN DATA SCIENCE
 Machine learning is the subset of AI that focuses on algorithms that allow
computers to learn from and make predictions or decisions based on data.
 Types of Machine learning:
 Supervised Learning: Model learn from labeled data
(e.g regression, classification).
 Unsupervised Learning: Model identifies pattern in data without learning
( e.g clustering, dimensionally reduction).
 Reinforcement Learning: Models learn through trials and errors
(e.g game AI).
Example: Predicting customer churn (classification problem).
TYPES OF MACHINE LEARNING
 DATA VISUALIZATION AND ITS
IMPORTANCE
 Purpose:
 Data visualization helps to interpret complex data and communicate insights
quietly and effectively.

 Common Visualizations:
 Bar Graphs: For comparisons.
 Line Graphs: To show trends over time.
 Scatter Plots: To explore relationships between variables.
 Heatmaps: To visualize correlation matrices and geographic data.
DATA VISUALIZATION IN DATA SCIENCE
 APPLICATION OF DATA SCIENCE
 Healthcare: Predictive models for disease detection(e.g
cancer screening), personalized medicine, drug history.
 Finance: Credit scoring, fraud detection, algorithm
trading, risk modeling).
 Retail: Customer segmentation, recommendation
systems, inventory management.
 Marketing: Customer behavior analysis, targeted
advertising.
 Transportation: Traffic prediction, route optimization,
autonomous vehicles.
 APPLICATIONS OF DATA SCIENCE
APPLICATIONS OF DATA SCIENCE