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Rohini 94110052213

The document discusses the magnetic and electrical properties of materials, focusing on definitions and the origin of magnetic moments. It covers key concepts such as magnetic field, magnetic dipole, magnetic moment, and the relationship between magnetic susceptibility and permeability. Additionally, it explains the contributions of orbital and spin angular momentum of electrons to the magnetic moment of materials.

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DASARI MP
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12 views4 pages

Rohini 94110052213

The document discusses the magnetic and electrical properties of materials, focusing on definitions and the origin of magnetic moments. It covers key concepts such as magnetic field, magnetic dipole, magnetic moment, and the relationship between magnetic susceptibility and permeability. Additionally, it explains the contributions of orbital and spin angular momentum of electrons to the magnetic moment of materials.

Uploaded by

DASARI MP
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

UNIT-III
MAGNETIC AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

CONTENTS
3.1. Basic definitions
3.2. Origin of magnetic moment

Introduction
Magnetic materials widely used in nuclear magnetic resonance equipment’s and
particle accelerators etc. These devices play vital role in our modern living. The knowledge about
the origin and the behavior of magnetic materials will be of great help in proper utilization of such
devices.
3.1. Basic definitions
Magnetic field
Space around the magnet is called magnetic field.
Magnetic dipole
Magnetic dipole is a system consisting of two equal and opposite magnetic pole separated
by a small distance (l).
Magnetic dipole moment
The diploe moment of a magnet is defined as the product of its pole strength (m) and the
distance between two poles (l). Unit -Weber/m.
Magnetic moment = m x l
Magnetic flux (Φ)
The number of magnetic lines of force passing through a surface is known as magnetic flux.
It is represented by the symbol Φ. Unit -Webber
Magnetic flux density (or) magnetic Induction (B)
Magnetic flux density is defined as the number of magnetic lines of force passing through a unit
area of cross-section.
B = Φ/A (Weber/m2)
Intensity of magnetization (I)
It is the measure of magnetization of a magnetized specimen. It can also be defined as the
magnetic moment per unit volume.
I = M/V (A/m)

PH8253-PHYSICS FOR ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING


ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Magnetic field intensity (H)
It is defined as the force experienced by a unit north pole placed in a magnetic field.
H = F/m (A/m)
Magnetic permeability (μ)
It is defined as the ratio of the magnetic flux density to the applied magnetic field intensity
μ = B/H (Henry/m)
Relative permeability (μr)
It is the ratio between the absolute permeability of a medium to the permeability of a free
space.
μr = μ /μo (No unit)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)
It is the ratio of intensity of magnetization induced in it to the magnetizing field
χ = I/H
Relation between χ and μ
We know that the magnetic induction is,
B=μH
This equation can be written in another way as
B= μo (I+H)
= μoH ((I/H) +1)
B = μoH (χ +1)
B/H = μo (χ +1)
μ=μo(χ +1)
μo μr=μo(χ +1)
μr= 1+χ
3.2. Origin of magnetic moment

The magnetic moment of a material originates from the orbital and spin motion of
electrons in an atom. The permanent magnetic moment arises due to the

 Orbital angular momentum of the electron


 Spin angular momentum of the electron
 Nuclear magnetic moment

PH8253-PHYSICS FOR ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING


ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Orbital angular momentum of the electron
The orbital motion of electron revolving about a nucleus is equivalent to a tiny current loop.
This produces a magnetic moment perpendicular to the plane of the orbit.
Let us consider an electron moving with constant speed “v” in a circular radius “r”. Let
“T” be time taken for one revolution and “e” be the charge of the electron.

Magnetic moment associated with the orbit is,

The current I across at any point in the orbit is,

Substitute equation (2) and (3) in equation (1), we get

Since, T is time taken by electron for one complete revolution. The distance (Circumference of the
orbit) travelled by an electron in a given time (T) is called velocity.

Substitute T in equation (4), we get,

Dividing and multiplying the RHS of equation (5) by m (mass of the electron), we get

Where, L = mvr is the orbital angular momentum of the electron. The equation (6) is the final
expression for the magnetic moment associated with the orbital motion of the electron.
Bohr Magnetron
PH8253-PHYSICS FOR ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
The magnetic moment associated with the orbital magnetic moment of the electron is

According to the quantum theory, orbital angular momentum is,

Where, n is the orbital angular momentum quantum number and substitute equation (2) in
equation (1) we the Bohr magnetron,

This is the final expression for Bohr magnetron and the value is calculated by the substitution of
all the constants in equation (3). The calculated Bohr magnetron value is .
Spin angular momentum of the electron
Similar to orbital motion, magnetic moment due to spin motion of the electron is given by,

Where, S is the spin angular momentum and it is given by,

Where, s is the spin quantum number and it takes +1/2 or -1/2.

PH8253-PHYSICS FOR ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

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