Principles of Medical Laboratory Science

LESSON 3: Medical Technology/Clinical Laboratory Science Education

1st Semester l S.Y 2023-2024
Professor: Ms. Irish Ponce Transcribed by: Athesha
Sarmiento l BSMLS 1F
CURRICULUM
 Under CHED is the Technical Committee
for Medical Technology Education
Curriculum comes from the Latin word currere (TCMTE) which is composed of leading
which means to run. Curriculum can be defined in academicians and practitioners responsible
many ways. Some of these are as follows: for assisting the Commission in setting
standards among institutions offering
a. According to the Glossary of educational
Bachelor of Science in Medical
Reforms, curriculum refers to the knowledge and
Technology/Medical Laboratory Science
skills students are expected to learn, which includes
program and in monitoring and evaluating
the learning standards or learning objectives
such institutions.
they are expected to meet; the units and lessons that
teachers teach; the assignments and projects given  The BSMT/BSMLS program is considered
to students; the books, materials, video one of the allied health programs
presentations, and readings used in a course; and the (others, to name a few are Nursing,
tests, assessments and other methods used to Pharmacy, Physical Therapy, among others).
evaluate student learning.
 The BSMT/BSMLS is a four-year program
b. Curriculum refers to the means and materials with consisting of general education and
which students interact for the purpose of achieving professional courses that students are
identified educational outcomes. expected to complete within the first three
years.
c. According to John Dewey, curriculum is the
“continuous reconstruction, moving from the child’s  The fourth year is dedicated to the
present experience out into that represented by the students’ internship training in CHED-
organized bodies of truth that we call studies… the accredited training laboratories affiliated with
various studies… are themselves experience their college/department.
---- they are that of the race.” The Commission issued CHED Memorandum Order
(CMO) No. 13, series of 2017 (Policies, Standards
d. According to the Indiana Department of
and Guidelines for the Bachelor of Science in Medical
Education, curriculum refers to the planned
Technology/Medical Laboratory Science program) as a
interaction of students with instructional content,
guide for institutions offering the program.
materials, resources and processes for evaluating the
attainment of educational objectives. The CMO contains:
Looking into these definitions (and others),  Goals
curriculum:  Program Outcomes
 Performance Indicators
 is systematic and organized;
 Minimum Course Offerings (general
 explicitly states outcomes (knowledge,
education + professional courses with
skills) the learners or students have to
allotted units)
achieve and learn through the use of planned
instructional processes and other implements This new CMO is compliant with the K-12 Curriculum.
in a specific period;
 consists of a planned process of The prescribed minimum number of units per
measurement, assessment, and evaluation to course and whether each course has a laboratory or
gauge student learning; and lecture component, are also indicated in the new
 is designed for students. CMO.

The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) One unit of lecture is equivalent to one hour of
was established on May 18, 1994 through the class meeting every week. Thus a 3-unit lecture
passage of Republic Act No. 7722, the Higher course renders 3 hours of class meeting per week
Education Act of 1994. which is equivalent to 54 hours per semester (if
one year is year is divided into two semesters, with
 CHED is the government agency under the each semester equivalent to 18 weeks).
Office of the President of the Philippines, that
covers institutions of higher education both  Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1 is
public and private. an example of a 3-unit lecture without a
laboratory component.
 It is tasked to organize and appoint members
of the technical panel for each  Clinical Bacteriology is a 5-unit course
discipline/program area. composed of 3 units of lecture and 2 units of
laboratory.

 Laboratory Units (1 unit = 3hrs)

 Principles of Medical Laboratory Science
LESSON 3: Medical Technology/Clinical Laboratory Science Education
1st Semester l S.Y 2023-2024
Professor: Ms. Irish Ponce Transcribed by: Athesha
Sarmiento l BSMLS 1F
In the MT/MLS Curriculum, the policy of taking  Clinical Laboratory Assistance
prerequisites for some courses is followed. A student encompasses the concepts and principles
taking the BSMT/BSMLS program must be aware of of the different assays performed in the
the courses he or she needs to take in order to move clinical laboratory.
on to more advanced courses in the curriculum.  Phlebotomy deals with the basic concepts,
principles, and application of the standard
For example, before taking the course Immunology procedures in blood collection,
and Serology, one should have already completed the transport, and processing. It also involves
course Clinical Bacteriology. the study of analytic, pre-analytic, and post-
analytic variables that affect reliability of
GENERAL EDUCATION COURSES tests results.
GENERAL EDUCATION COURSES
3. Community and Public Health for MT/MLS
Aim to develop foundational knowledge, skills,
 This course involves the study of the
values, and habits, necessary for students to
foundations of community health that include
succeed in life, to positively contribute to society, to
human ecology, demography, and
understand the diversity of cultures, to gain a bigger
epidemiology. It emphasizes the promotion
perspective and understanding of living with others,
of community, public, and
to respect differences in opinions, to realize and
environmental health and the immersion
accept their weaknesses and improve on them, and
and interaction of students with people in the
to further hone their strengths. Thus, the GE courses
community.
aim to develop humane individuals that have a
deeper sense of self and acceptance of others. 4. Cytogenetics
The general courses included in the new CMO are:  This course is focused on the study of the
concepts and principles of heredity and
 Understanding the Self
inheritance which include genetic
 Reading in Philippine History
phenomena, sex determination, and genetic
 The Contemporary World
defects rooted in inheritance, among others.
 Mathematics in the Modern World
 It also discusses the abnormalities and
 Purposive Communication
genetic disorders involving the
 The Life and Works of Rizal
chromosomes and nucleic acids (DNA and
 Science, Technology, and Society
RNA). Emphasis is given to the analysis of
 Art Appreciation
nucleic acids and their application to medical
 Ethics
science.
PROFESSIONAL COURSES 5. Human Histology
PROFESSIONAL COURSES
 This course deals with the study of the
Taken for learners to develop the knowledge, fundamental cells, tissues, and organs
technical competence, professional attitude, with emphasis on microscopic structures,
and values necessary to practice and meet the characteristics, differences, and functions.
demands of the profession. Critical thinking skills,  The laboratory component of this course
decision-making skills, interpersonal skills, primarily deals with the microscopic
collaboration, and teamwork are also identification and differentiation of cells
developed. that make up the systems of the body.

1. Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1:

Introduction to Medical Laboratory Science,
Laboratory Safety, and Waste Management
6. Histopathologic Techniques with Cytology
 This course deals with the basic concepts
and principles related to Medical  This course covers the basic concepts and
Technology/Medical Laboratory Science principles of disease process, etiology,
profession. Its emphasis is on the and the development of anatomic,
curriculum, practice of the profession, clinical microscopic changes brought about by the
laboratories, continuing professional disease process.
education, biosafety practices, and waste  It deals with histopathologic techniques
management. necessary for the preparation of tissue
samples collected via surgery, biopsy,
2. Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 2:
and/or autopsy for macroscopic and
Clinical Laboratory Assistance and Phlebotomy
microscopic examinations for diagnostic
purposes.
 Principles of Medical Laboratory Science
LESSON 3: Medical Technology/Clinical Laboratory Science Education
1st Semester l S.Y 2023-2024
Professor: Ms. Irish Ponce Transcribed by: Athesha
Sarmiento l BSMLS 1F
 Some of the tests that the students perform direct fecal smear, Kato-Katz, among
for the laboratory component of the course in others)
a school-based laboratory are:
1. Tissue processing 9. Immunohematology and Blood Bank
2. Cutting of processed tissue
 This course tackles the concepts of
3. Staining
inheritance, characterization, and laboratory
4. Mounting of stained tissue for
identification of red cell antigens and their
microscopic examination
corresponding antibodies.
5. Performing biosafety and waste
 It also covers the application of these
management
antigens and/or antibodies in transfusion
7. Clinical Bacteriology medicine and transfusion reaction work-up.
 Some of the procedures and tests that
 This course deals with the study of the students perform for the laboratory
physiology and morphology of bacteria and component of the course in a school-based
their role in infection and immunity. laboratory are:
 Its emphasis is on the collection of specimen 1. ABO and Rh typing
and isolation and identification of bacteria. 2. Coombs test (direct and indirect
 It also covers antimicrobial susceptibility Coombs)
testing and development or resistance to 3. Blood donation process
antimicrobial substances. 4. Compatibility testing
 Some of the procedures and tests that 5. Transfusion reaction work-up
students perform for the laboratory 6. Preparation of RBC suspension
component of the course in a school-based
laboratory are: 10. Mycology and Virology
1. Preparation of culture media
 This course deals with the study of fungi and
2. Collection of specimens
viruses as agents of disease with emphasis
3. Preparation of bacterial smear
on epidemiology, laboratory identification
4. Staining of smear
and characterization, and prevention and
5. Inoculation of specimen on culture
control.
media
6. Characterization of colonies of 11. Laboratory Management
bacteria growing in culture media
7. Performing different biochemical  This course looks into the concepts of
tests for identification of bacteria laboratory management which are planning,
8. Biosafety and waste management organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling
9. Quality assurance and quality control as applied in clinical laboratory setting.
10. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing  It also tackles the process of solving
problems, quality assurance and quality
8. Clinical Parasitology control, preparation of policy and procedure
manuals, and other activities necessary to
 This course is concerned with the study of
maintain a well-functioning laboratory.
animal parasites in humans and their
medical significance in the country.
 Its emphasis is on the pathophysiology 12. Medical Technology Laws and Bioethics
epidemiology, life cycle, prevention and
control, and the identification of ova and/or  This course encompasses various laws,
adult worms and other forms seen in administrative orders, and other approved
specimens submitted for diagnostic legal documents related to the practice of
purposes. Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory
 Some of the procedures and tests that Science in the Philippines.
students perform for the laboratory  Bioethics looks into the study of ethics as
component of the course in a school-based applied to health and health care delivery
laboratory are: and to human life in general.
1. Microscopic identification of
13. Hematology 1
diagnostic features of different
groups of parasites pathogenic to  This course deals with the study of concepts
man (e.g., nematodes, trematodes, of blood as a tissue. Formation, metabolism
cestodes, protozoa, plasmodium, of cells, laboratory assays, correlation with
among others) pathologic conditions, special hematology
2. Different methods of preparing smear evaluation are given emphasis.
for microscopic examination (e.g.,
 Principles of Medical Laboratory Science
LESSON 3: Medical Technology/Clinical Laboratory Science Education
1st Semester l S.Y 2023-2024
Professor: Ms. Irish Ponce Transcribed by: Athesha
Sarmiento l BSMLS 1F
 Quality assurance and quality control in 3. Examination of other body fluids
hematology laboratory as well as bone (seminal fluid, gastric juice,
marrow studies are also discussed. cerebrospinal fluid)
 Some of the procedures and tests that 4. Pregnancy tests
students perform for the laboratory 5. Chemical examination of stool
component of the course in a school-based specimens
laboratory are:
1. Complete blood count (CBC) 16. Clinical Chemistry 1
2. Hematocrit blood test
 This course encompasses the concepts and
3. Platelet count
principles of physiologically active soluble
4. Preparation of blood smear and
substances and waste materials present in
staining
body fluids, particularly in the blood.
5. Red cell morphology
 The study includes formation, laboratory
6. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
analyses, reference values, and clinical
7. Fragility test
correlation with pathologic conditions.
8. Erythrocyte indices
 The course also looks into instrumentation,
9. Reticulocyte count
automation, quality assurance, and quality
10. Instrumentation
control.
11. Osmotic fragility test
 Some of the procedures and tests that
12. Quality Assurance and quality control
students perform for the laboratory
13. Biosafety and waste management
component of the course in a school-based
14. Hematology 2 laboratory are:
1. Instrumentation
 This course deals with the concepts and 2. Quality assurance and quality control
principles of hemostasis and 3. Glucose determination
abnormalities involving red blood cells, 4. Lipid testing
white blood cells, and platelets. 5. Renal function tests
 Laboratory identification of blood cell 6. Protein testing
abnormalities, quantitative measurement of 7. Biosafety and waste management
coagulation factors, and disease correlation
are emphasized. 17. Clinical Chemistry 2
 Some of the procedures and tests that
 This course is a continuation of CC 1 and
students perform for the laboratory
deals with the concepts and principles of
component of the course in a school-based
physiologically active soluble substances and
laboratory are:
waste materials present in body fluids,
1. Identification of abnormal RBC and
particularly in the blood.
WBC
 It also covers the study of endocrine glands
2. Special staining techniques
and hormones and their formation, laboratory
3. Coagulation factor tests (e.g.,
analyses and clinical correlation.
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
 Therapeutic drug monitoring and laboratory
[APTT], Prothrombin Time [PT],
analyses of drugs and substances of abuse as
Bleeding Time [BT], Clotting Time
well as toxic substances are also emphasized.
[CT], Clot Retraction Time [CRT])
4. Instrumentation  Some of the procedures and tests that
students perform for the laboratory
15. Clinical Microscopy
component of the course in a school-based
 This course focuses on the study of urine and laboratory are:
other body fluids (excluding blood).
1. Bilirubin tests
 It includes the discussion of their formation,
2. Clinical enzymology
laboratory analyses, disease processes, and
3. Electrolyte testing
clinical correlation of laboratory results.
4. Hormone testing
 Some of the procedures and tests that
5. Drug tests
students perform for the laboratory
component of the course in a school-based 18. Seminars 1 and 2
laboratory are:
1. Routine urinalysis (Macroscopic,  This course is taken during the student’s
Microscopic, Chemical Examinations) fourth year in the program together with the
2. Special chemical examination of internship training.
urine  It deals with current laboratory analyses used
in the practice of medical technology.

19. Molecular Biology and Diagnostics

 Principles of Medical Laboratory Science
LESSON 3: Medical Technology/Clinical Laboratory Science Education
1st Semester l S.Y 2023-2024
Professor: Ms. Irish Ponce Transcribed by: Athesha
Sarmiento l BSMLS 1F
 Molecular biology deals with the nucleic acid  The Medical Technologist Licensure
and protein molecule interactions within the Examination is given twice a year, on the
cell to promote proper growth, cell division, month of March and August.
and development. It covers the molecular
mechanisms of DNA replication, repair The courses included in the licensure examination
transcription, translation, protein synthesis, and their corresponding weights according to
and gene regulation. Republic Act 5527, “The Medical Technology Act of
1969”, are as follows:
CLINICAL INTERNSHIP TRAINING
 It is taken during the student’s fourth year in
the program.

 Students are required to undergo physical

and laboratory examinations which include,
but not limited to CBC, Urinalysis, Fecalysis,
Chest X-ray and/or sputum microscopy,
To pass the exam, an examinee must:
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and
Hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) 1. Receive a general weighted average of
screening, and drug testing. 75%
2. Have no rating below 50% in any major
 Proof of vaccination for hepatitis B is also a
courses
requirement.
3. Pass in at least 60% of the course
 Students are assigned to CHED-accredited computed according to their relative
clinical laboratories affiliated with their weights
academic institution on a 6-month or 1-year
rotation.
If an examinee passed the examination and is 21
years old and above, he or she will be issued a
certificate of registration and a PRC card as a
licensed medical technologist. If an examinee is
 The rotation consists of different sections of a younger than 21 y/o, he or she will register as a
clinical laboratory, namely: professional after his or her 21st birthday.

a. Clinical Chemistry If an examinee failed to pass the licensure

b. Hematology examination three times, he or she needs to enroll
c. Microbiology in a refresher course before retaking the
d. Immunohematology examinations.
e. Clinical Microscopy
f. Parasitology If an examinee failed to pass the examination but
g. Immunology and Serology garnered a general weighted average of 70-74%, he
h. Histopathology/Cytology or she may apply for certification as a medical
laboratory technician.
LICENSURE
PROGRAM GOALSEXAMINATION
AND LEARNING
OUTCOMES
Professional Regulation Commission (PRC)
Program Goals
 is the government agency, under the Office
of the President of the Philippines, tasked to  All Higher educational institutions (HEIs)
administer licensure examinations to offering any graduate and/or undergraduate
different professionals. degree programs must have a written
document stating the program goals, vision
Professional Regulatory Board (PRB) and mission, objectives, and learning
outcomes based on the institution’s
 is tasked to prepare and administer the philosophy.
licensure examinations for graduates
qualified to take the examination. Learning Outcomes

 is composed of a chairperson, who must be  Learning outcomes are general statements

a duly licensed pathologist; two (2) that define what the learner has to achieve.
members, who should be both registered These learning outcomes serve as the
medical technologists foundation of curriculum development and
teaching methodologies that shape a
 All members of the PRB are required to be program.
holders of PRC licenses.
 Principles of Medical Laboratory Science
LESSON 3: Medical Technology/Clinical Laboratory Science Education
1st Semester l S.Y 2023-2024
Professor: Ms. Irish Ponce Transcribed by: Athesha
Sarmiento l BSMLS 1F
 The learning outcomes of the BSMT/BMLS  It provides information to the teacher
program state the knowledge, skills, values, if there is need to improve teaching
and ethics that graduates of the program and learning strategies
should demonstrate. Demonstration of such  It determines the demonstrable
outcomes will result in competent and skillful changes in the attitude and behavior
professionals who are ready to skillfully of students.
perform the tasks of the profession enabling  It determines whether learning has
them to be an effective employee of different taken place.
institutions of the country.

The program outcomes of the BSMT/BMLS TYPES OF ASSESSMENT

degree expect students to: Formative Assessment – as defined by W. James
Popham, “is a planned process in which assessment-
 Demonstrate knowledge and technical elicited evidence of students’ status is used by
skills needed to correctly perform laboratory teachers to adjust their ongoing instructional
testing and ensure reliability of test results. procedures or by students to adjust their current
 Be endowed with the professional learning tactics.
attitude and values enabling them to work
with their colleagues and other members of Formative assessments determine whether a
the health care delivery system. student is achieving the outcomes of the topic
 Demonstrate critical thinking and being discussed.
problem-solving skills when confronted
Examples of formative assessment tools include
with situations, problems, and conflicts in the
quizzes, short-answer questions, reflection papers,
practice of their profession.
and the like.
 Actively participate in self-directed life-
long learning activities to be updated in Summative assessment – This is done at the end
current trends in the profession. of instruction, grading period (prelim, midterm,
 Actively participate in research and finals), or comprehensive examination. Examples of
community-oriented activities. summative assessment tools include end-of-unit and
 Be endowed with leadership skills end-of-term exams, research/term papers, and final
 Demonstrate collaboration, teamwork, projects.
integrity, and respect when working in a
multicultural environment. Diagnostic assessment – This type of assessment
is given prior to instruction. This is used to gauge
what students already know and do not know about
ASSESSMENT
the topic at hand.
Assessment is inherent in a learning activity.
Assessment involves a planned, systematic, and The following are types of assessment tools:
organized way of testing, measuring, collecting and
obtaining necessary information to gain feedback on  Teacher-made written tests
student’s progress against set standards along the  Reflection papers
course and on the effectivity of the teaching  Portfolios
methodology. Thus, feedback comes from both  Performance tasks
teachers and students.  Oral examinations and presentations
 Rubrics
 Functions of assessment techniques:
JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR BSMLS
 It provides feedback on the progress
GRADUATES A BSMT/BMLS graduate can practice as a/an:
of students toward the achievement
of learning outcomes.
 Medical technologist/clinical laboratory
 It identifies the flaws in the
technician in a hospital-based or non-hospital
psychomotor skills and deficiencies in
based clinical laboratory
the theoretical knowledge and
 Histotechnologist in an anatomical laboratory
conceptual skills of the student.
 Researcher/research scientist
 It serves as a diagnostic tool to
 Member of the academe
determine the capabilities of a
 Perfusionist
student.
 Molecular scientist
 It serves as a motivation to further
 Diagnostic product specialist
improve a student’s skill set in a
 Public health practitioners
particular area.
 Health care leader
 It provides information on student’s
response to a particular learning A graduate may also practice in the following
strategy which serves as a basis for fields:
retaining or changing a strategy.
 Principles of Medical Laboratory Science
LESSON 3: Medical Technology/Clinical Laboratory Science Education
1st Semester l S.Y 2023-2024
Professor: Ms. Irish Ponce Transcribed by: Athesha
Sarmiento l BSMLS 1F
 Molecular biology
 Public Health and Epidemiology
 Veterinary Laboratory Science
 Food and Industrial Microbiology
 Veterinary Science
 Forensic Science
 Nuclear Medicine/Science
 Health Facility Administration and
Management
 Quality management

NOTES:

TISSUE PROCESSING

 Fixation
 Dehydration
 Infiltration
 Impegration
 Tissue Embedding
 Tissue cutting – through microtomy
 Tissue Staining

PLASMODIUM SPECIES

 Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum)

 Plasmodium malariae (P. malariae)
 Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax)
 Plasmodium ovale (P. ovale)
 Plasmodium knowlesi (P. knowlesi)