Assignment 1

Name - Ravi Ranjan Kumar

Q 1. Plot the graph of following functions using PlotRange, AxesLabel , PlotStyle and other com-
mands
(i) Sin(x)/x , x€[-300 Pi, 300 Pi]

In[1]:= PlotSin[x]  x, x, - 300 Pi, 300 Pi

0.005

Out[1]=
-500 500

-0.005

Using PlotRange:-
2

In[2]:= PlotSin[x]  x, x, - 300 Pi, 300 Pi, PlotRange → All

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4
Out[2]=

0.2

-500 500

-0.2

Using AxesLabel:-

In[3]:= PlotSin[x]  x, x, - 300 Pi, 300 Pi, AxesLabel → {- 10, 10}
10

0.005

Out[3]=
-10
-500 500

-0.005

Using PlotStyle:
 3

In[4]:= PlotSin[x]  x, x, - 300 Pi, 300 Pi, PlotStyle → Green, Thick[0.3]

0.005

Out[4]=
-500 500

-0.005

Observation: The plot of this function show oscillation that decay as x increases. As x->infinity , the
oscillations become smaller and smaller indicating that the function approaches 0.
(ii) Sin(x)/x^2 , x€[-30 Pi,30 Pi]

In[5]:= PlotSin[x]  x ^ 2 , x, - 30 Pi, 30 Pi

0.002

0.001

Out[5]=
-50 50

-0.001

-0.002

Using PlotRange:
4

In[6]:= PlotSin[x]  x ^ 2, x, - 30 Pi, 30 Pi, PlotRange → All

15

10

Out[6]=
-50 50

-5

-10

-15

Using AxesLabels:-

In[7]:= PlotSin[x]  x ^ 2, x, - 30 Pi, 30 Pi, AxesLabel → {- 5, 5}

5

0.002

0.001

Out[7]=
-5
-50 50

-0.001

-0.002

Using PlotStyle:-
 5

In[8]:= PlotSin[x]  x ^ 2, x, - 30 Pi, 30 Pi, PlotStyle → Red, Thick[0.5]

0.002

0.001

Out[8]=
-50 50

-0.001

-0.002

Observation:-This plot show a similar behavior to first plot but with more rapid oscillations due to
square of sin(x).

(iii) x-Sin(2x), x€[0,Pi]

In[9]:= Plotx - Sin2 x, x, 0, Pi

Out[9]=

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Using PlotRange:-
6

In[10]:= Plotx - Sin2 x, x, 0, Pi, PlotRange → All

Out[10]=

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

In[11]:=

Using AxesLabels:-

In[12]:= Plotx - Sin2 x, x, 0, Pi, AxesLabel → {- 3, 5}

Out[12]=
5

-3
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Using PlotStyle:-
 7

In[13]:= Plotx - Sin2 x, x, 0, Pi, PlotStyle → Pink, Thick[0.8]

Out[13]=

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Observation :- This plot is a linear function combined with oscillations from the sine term. The linear
form dominates, so the graph increases steadily with smaller fluctuations.

(iv) 1/(x^2+1), x€[-10,10]

In[14]:= Plot[1 / (x ^ 2 + 1), {x, - 10, 10}]

Out[14]=
0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

-10 -5 5 10

Using PlotRange-
8

In[15]:= Plot[1 / (x ^ 2 + 1), {x, - 10, 10}, PlotRange → All]

Out[15]=

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-10 -5 5 10

Using AxesLabel:-

In[16]:= Plot[1 / (x ^ 2 + 1), {x, - 10, 10}, AxesLabel → {15, 5}]

Out[16]=
5
0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

15
-10 -5 5 10

Using PlotStyle:-
 9

In[17]:= Plot1 / (x ^ 2 + 1), {x, - 10, 10}, PlotStyle → Green, Thick[0.9]

Out[17]=
0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

-10 -5 5 10

Observation:- This is a bell shaped curve centred at x=0. This function approaches zero as mod of x
approaches infinity.

(v) Sin(1/x),xSin(x) and Abs(x)/x

In[18]:= PlotSin[1 / x], x * Sin[x], Abs[x]  x, {x, - 10, 10}

Out[18]=

-10 -5 5 10

-2

-4

Using PlotRange:-
10

In[19]:= PlotSin[1 / x], x * Sin[x], Abs[x]  x, {x, - 10, 10}, PlotRange → All
Out[19]=

-10 -5 5 10

-2

-4

-6

Using AxesLabels:-

In[20]:= PlotSin[1 / x], x * Sin[x], Abs[x]  x, {x, - 10, 10}, AxesLabel → {20, 10}
Out[20]=
10

20
-10 -5 5 10

-2

-4

Using PlotStyle:-
 11

In[21]:= PlotSin[1 / x], x * Sin[x], Abs[x]  x, {x, - 10, 10},

PlotStyle → Green, Red, Blue, Thick[0.5, 0.7, 0.4]
Out[21]=

-10 -5 5 10

-2

-4

Observation:- These functions show interesting behavior near x=0. The first function oscillates
rapidly near 0, while second function combines this oscillation with a linear component and third
function is a sign function which is -1 for x<0 and 1 for x>0.

(vi) e^xCos(x)

In[22]:= PlotExp[x] * Cos[x], x, - Pi, Pi

Out[22]=
2

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10

-12

Using PlotRange:-
12

In[23]:= PlotExp[x] * Cos[x], x, - Pi, Pi, PlotRange → All

Out[23]=

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

-5

-10

-15

-20

Using AxesLabel:-

In[24]:= PlotExp[x] * Cos[x], x, - Pi, Pi, AxesLabel → {- 10, 10}

Out[24]=
10
2

-10
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10

-12

In[25]:=

Using PlotStyle:-
 13

In[26]:= PlotExp[x] * Cos[x], x, - Pi, Pi, PlotStyle → Pink, Thick[0.5]

Out[26]=
2

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10

-12

Observation:- This function oscillates but grows exponentially as x->infinity leading to a graph that
shows oscillations with increasing amplitude.

Q 2. (i) Plot the graph of polynomial f(x)= x^4+x^3-x+1 and its derivative and second derivative
graphs on the same plane for x€[-10,10].

In[27]:= f[x_] = x ^ 4 + x ^ 3 - x + 1
f1[x_] = D[f[x], x]
f2[x_] = D[f1[x], x]
Out[27]=
1 - x + x3 + x4
Out[28]=
-1 + 3 x2 + 4 x3
Out[29]=
6 x + 12 x2

In[30]:= Plot{f[x], f1[x], f2[x]}, {x, - 10, 10}, PlotStyle → Red, Green, Yellow, Thick[0.5, 0.7, 0.9]
Out[30]=
4000

2000

-10 -5 5 10

-2000

-4000

Observations:-
1. f(x): The original function has a quartic nature. So it will have general "W" or "M" shape depending
14

upon coefficients. In this case it will rise steeply as x->+-infinity.

2. First derivative: It will show the slope of original function at any point. It will be a cubic function
and its zeroes will correspond to local maxima, minima and inflection points of f(x).
3. Second derivative: It will give information about the concavity of the function. It will be a
quadratic equation and its zeroes will indicate points of inflection where concavity changes.

Q 2. (ii) Plot the graphs of f(x)=x(x-3)(x+3) and g(x)= Cos 2x together on the same set of axes and over
the interval [-20,20]. Use the PlotRange option to adjust the viewing window so that intersection
points are visible.

In[31]:= f[x_] = x (x - 3) (x + 3)
g[x_] = Cos2 x
Plot{f[x], g[x]}, {x, - 20, 20}, PlotStyle → Red, Green, Thick[0.4, 0.6]
Out[31]=
(- 3 + x) x (3 + x)
Out[32]=
Cos2 x

Out[33]=

600

400

200

-20 -10 10 20

-200

-400

-600

Using PlotRange:-
 15

In[34]:= Plot[{f[x], g[x]}, {x, - 20, 20}, PlotRange → All, PlotStyle → {Red, Green}]
Out[34]=

5000

-20 -10 10 20

-5000

Observations:-
1. f(x): Red graph
2. g(x) : Green graph
3. Intersection points: between x = -4 to 4

Q 3. Use the animate command to plot the graph of f(x) by varying the parameters a,b,c,d and e for
each of the following functions. Discuss how each parameter affects the shape of graph.
(i) f(x) = ax^2+bx+c
16

In[35]:=

AnimatePlota x ^ 2 + b x + c, {x, - 10, 10}, {a, - 5, 5}, {b, - 5, 5}, {c, - 10, 10}
Out[35]=

40

30

20

10

-10 -5 5 10

Observations:
1. Parameter a controls the curvature of parabola.As a increases , the parabola becomes steeper and
as a decreases, the parabola flips and becomes steeper in opposite direction.
2. Parameter b controls the tilt of the parabola. Positive b values tilt it to left and negative values tilt
it to right.
3. Parameter c controls the vertical shift. Increasing c shifts the graph upward while decreasing it
shift the graph downwards.

Q 3. (ii) f(x)=a x^4+b x^3+c x^2+d x+e

 17

In[36]:= AnimatePlota x ^ 4 + b x ^ 3 + c x ^ 2 + d x + e, {x, - 10, 10},

{a, - 5, 5}, {b, - 5, 5}, {c, - 10, 10}, {d, - 5, 5}, {e, - 10, 10}
Out[36]=

-10 -5 5 10

-10 000

-20 000

-30 000

Observations:-
1. Parameter a controls the steepness and concavity of quartic curve. A positive a results in curve
opening upwards while a negative a results in opening curve downwards.
2. Parameter b affects the asymmetry of the graph introducing more complex changes in the slope.
3. Parameter c impacts the curvature similarly to the quadratic case but in combination with higher
order terms.
4. Parameter d affects the linear tilt of the graph.
5. Parameter e shifts the graph vertically.

Q 4. Plot the graph of the following functions using PlotRange, AxesLabel, PlotLabel and other
commands. Discuss how each parameter affects the shape of graph
(i) c+|ax+b|
18

In[37]:= AnimatePlotc + Absa x + b, {x, - 10, 10}, PlotRange → All,

PlotLabel → {- 20, 20}, AxesLabel → {- 15, 15}, {a, - 5, 5}, {b, - 10, 10}, {c, - 5, 5}
Out[37]=

{-20, 20}
15

14

12

10

2
-15
-10 -5 5 10

Observations:-
1. Parameter a controls the slope of the lines forming the V-shape. Increasing a makes the V-shape
steeper while decreasing a flattens the V-shape.
2. Parameter b horizontally shifts the graph. Positive b shifts the graph to left while negative b shifts
it to right.
3. Parameter c vertically shifts the entire graph. Increasing c raises the graph while decreasing c
lowers it.

Q 4 (ii) Sin(ax)
 19

In[38]:= AnimatePlotSina x, x, - 2 Pi, 2 Pi, PlotRange → {- 10, 10},

AxesLabel → {- 5, 5}, PlotLabel → {- 10, 10}, {a, - 5, 5}
Out[38]=

{-10, 10}
5
10

-5
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6

-5

-10

Observations:-
1. Parameter a controls the frequency of sine wave. As a increases the wave oscillates more rapidly.
As a decreases the wave oscillates more slowly.

Q 4. (iii) 1/(ax+b)
20

In[39]:= AnimatePlot1  a x + b, {x, - 10, 10}, PlotRange → All,

AxesLabel → {- 5, 5}, PlotLabel → {- 10, 10}, {a, - 5, 5}, {b, - 10, 10}
Out[39]=

{-10, 10}
5

100

50

-5
-10 -5 5 10

-50

-100

In[40]:=

Observations-
1. Parameter a controls the slope of asymptote. As a increases the steepness of graph around asymp-
tote increases.
2. Parameter b shifts the vertical asymptote horizontally.Increasing b shift it to left while decreasing
b shift it to right.

Q 4. (iv) e^ax
 21

In[41]:= AnimatePlotExpa x, {x, - 5, 5}, PlotRange → All,

AxesLabel → {- 10, 10}, PlotLabel → {- 5, 5}, {a, - 10, 10}
Out[41]=

{-5, 5}
10
15
4 × 10

15
3 × 10

15
2 × 10

15
1 × 10

-10
-4 -2 2 4

Observations-
1. Parameter a controls the rate of exponential growth or decay.

Q 5. Analyse the effect of shift f(x+a),f(x)+a,f(bx) and bf(x) for the various values of a and b for func-
tion f(x)= Cos x.
(i) f(x+a)

In[42]:= AnimatePlotCos[x + a], x, - 2 Pi, 2 Pi, {a, - 5, 5}

Out[42]=

1.0

0.5

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6

-0.5

-1.0

Observations:
Horizontal shift: The parameter a shifts the graph horizontally .Positive values of a shifts the graph to
22

the left while negative value shift it to the right. This is because adding a to x modifies the phase of
cosine wave moving its peaks and troughs through x axis.
(ii) f(x)+a

In[43]:= AnimatePlotCos[x] + a, x, - 2 Pi, 2 Pi, {a, - 5, 5}

Out[43]=

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6

-2.0

-2.5

-3.0

-3.5

Observations-
Vertical Shift: The parameter a shifts the graph vertically. Increasing a moves the entire graph
upwards while decreasing a shifts the graph downwards.The shape of graph remains same but its
position on y axis changes.

(iii) f(bx)
 23

In[44]:= AnimatePlotCosb x, x, - 2 Pi, 2 Pi, {b, - 5, 5}

Out[44]=

1.0

0.5

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6

-0.5

-1.0

Observations:-
Horizontal stretch/compression: The parameter b controls the frequency of the wave. When b>1 the
graph is compressed horizontally increasing the frequency of oscillations . When 0<b<1 the graph
stretches decreasing the frequency of oscillations. The amplitude of wave remains unchanged.

(iv) bf(x)

In[45]:= AnimatePlotb Cos[x], x, - 2 Pi, 2 Pi, {b, - 5, 5}

Out[45]=

1.5

1.0

0.5

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5

Observations:-
Vertical Stretch/compression: The parameter b affects the amplitude of wave. When |b|>1 the graph
24

is stretched vertically making the peaks and troughs more pronounced. When 0<|b|<1 the graph is
compressed vertically reducing the amplitude. Negative values of b reflect the graph about x axis
flipping the troughs and peaks.

Q 6. Show [Plot 1, Plot 2] displays the graphics plot 1, plot 2 on one coordinate system. Use show
command to display the graph of function Sin x, x€[-Pi,Pi] and the points (0,0) ,(Pi/2,Pi),(Pi,0)
together on same set of axes.

In[46]:=

In[47]:= plot1 = PlotSin[x], x, - Pi, Pi, PlotRange → - 1.5, 1.5,

AxesLabel → "x", "f(x)", PlotLabel → "Graph of Sin(x)", PlotStyle → Blue;

plot2 = ListPlot0, 0, Pi  2, Pi, Pi, 0, PlotStyle → Red, PointSize[Large];

Showplot1, plot2
Out[49]=
Graph of Sin(x)
f(x)
1.5

1.0

0.5

x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5