1 section 5.

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1. Using finite approximations to estimate the area under the graph of f (x) = x2 between x = 0 and x = 1:

(a) Lower Sum with Two Rectangles

i. Divide the interval [0, 1] into 2 equal subintervals: [0, 0.5] and [0.5, 1].
ii. For the lower sum, use the left endpoint of each subinterval to determine the height of the
rectangles:
f (0) = (0)2 = 0
f (0.5) = (0.5)2 = 0.25
iii. Calculate the area of each rectangle:
1−0
Width of each rectangle = = 0.5
2
Area of first rectangle = 0.5 × 0 = 0
Area of second rectangle = 0.5 × 0.25 = 0.125
iv. Sum the areas of the rectangles to estimate the total area:

Total area ≈ 0 + 0.125 = 0.125

(b) Upper Sum with Two Rectangles

i. Divide the interval [0, 1] into 2 equal subintervals: [0, 0.5] and [0.5, 1].
ii. For the upper sum, use the right endpoint of each subinterval to determine the height of the
rectangles:
f (0.5) = (0.5)2 = 0.25
f (1) = (1)2 = 1
iii. Calculate the area of each rectangle:
1−0
Width of each rectangle = = 0.5
2
Area of first rectangle = 0.5 × 0.25 = 0.125
Area of second rectangle = 0.5 × 1 = 0.5
iv. Sum the areas of the rectangles to estimate the total area:

Total area ≈ 0.125 + 0.5 = 0.625

2. Using rectangles each of whose height is given by the value of the function at the midpoint of the rectangle’s
base (the midpoint rule), estimate the area under the graph of f (x) = x2 between x = 0 and x = 1.

(a) Using 2 rectangles:

i. Divide the interval [0, 1] into 2 equal subintervals: [0, 0.5] and [0.5, 1].
ii. Find the midpoint of each subinterval:
0 + 0.5
Midpoint of [0, 0.5] = = 0.25
2
0.5 + 1
Midpoint of [0.5, 1] = = 0.75
2
iii. Evaluate the function at each midpoint:

f (0.25) = (0.25)2 = 0.0625

f (0.75) = (0.75)2 = 0.5625

iv. Calculate the area of each rectangle:
1−0
Width of each rectangle = = 0.5
2
Area of first rectangle = 0.5 × 0.0625 = 0.03125
Area of second rectangle = 0.5 × 0.5625 = 0.28125

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 v. Sum the areas of the rectangles to estimate the total area:

Total area ≈ 0.03125 + 0.28125 = 0.3125

(b) Using 4 rectangles:

i. Divide the interval [0, 1] into 4 equal subintervals: [0, 0.25], [0.25, 0.5], [0.5, 0.75], and [0.75, 1].
ii. Find the midpoint of each subinterval:
0 + 0.25
Midpoint of [0, 0.25] = = 0.125
2
0.25 + 0.5
Midpoint of [0.25, 0.5] = = 0.375
2
0.5 + 0.75
Midpoint of [0.5, 0.75] = = 0.625
2
0.75 + 1
Midpoint of [0.75, 1] = = 0.875
2
iii. Evaluate the function at each midpoint:

f (0.125) = (0.125)2 = 0.015625

f (0.375) = (0.375)2 = 0.140625

f (0.625) = (0.625)2 = 0.390625
f (0.875) = (0.875)2 = 0.765625
iv. Calculate the area of each rectangle:
1−0
Width of each rectangle = = 0.25
4
Area of first rectangle = 0.25 × 0.015625 = 0.00390625
Area of second rectangle = 0.25 × 0.140625 = 0.03515625
Area of third rectangle = 0.25 × 0.390625 = 0.09765625
Area of fourth rectangle = 0.25 × 0.765625 = 0.19140625
v. Sum the areas of the rectangles to estimate the total area:

Total area ≈ 0.00390625 + 0.03515625 + 0.09765625 + 0.19140625 = 0.328125

(c) f (x) = x3 between x = 0 and x = 1.

3. f (x) = x3 between x = 0 and x = 1.

Fundamental theorem of Calculus

dy
Use the Fundamental Theorem to find dx :
Rx
(a) y = a (t3 + 1) dt
dy
= t3 + 1 = x3 + 1
dx t=x
Rx
(b) y = 5
3t sin t dt
dy
= 3t sin t = 3x sin x
dx t=x

R x2
(c) y = 1
cos t dt
dy d 2
= cos t · (x ) = cos(x2 ) · 2x = 2x cos(x2 )
dx t=x2 dx
R 1+3x2 1
(d) y = 4 2+et dt

dy 1 d 1 6x
= · (1 + 3x2 ) = · 6x =
dx 2 + et t=1+3x2 dx 2 + e1+3x2 2 + e1+3x2

2
Compute the following integrals
Calculate the definite integrals for the given functions:
R3
1. 1 7 dx
Z 3 3
7 dx = 7x = 21 − 7 = 14
1 1
R0
2. 2
5x dx
0 0
5x2
Z
5x dx = = 0 − 10 = −10
2 2 2
R0
3. 2
(2t − 3) dt
Z 0 0
(2t − 3) dt = (t2 − 3t) = 0 − (−2) = 2
2 2
R0 1


4. 22 t − 222 dt
Z 0   0
1
− 222 dt = (ln |t| − 222t) = −∞
22 t 22

(Note: The integral diverges to −∞ because ln |0| is undefined.)

R2

5. 1 1 + z 2 dz
Z 2  2
z3

2

10 4 6
1 + z dz = z + = − = =2
1 3 1 3 3 3
R3
6. 0
(2z − 3) dz
Z 3 3
(2z − 3) dz = z 2 − 3z


=0
0 0
R1
7. 2
3u2 du
Z 1 1
3u2 du = u3


= −7
2 2
1
24u2 du
R
8. 1
2

Z 1 1
2 2
2 3


24u du = 8u = −7
1 1
R0
9. 2
(3x2 + x − 5) dx
0 0
x2
Z  
2 3
(3x + x − 5) dx = x + − 5x =0
2 2 2
R1
10. 0
(3x2 + x − 5) dx
1 1
x2
Z  
2 3
(3x + x − 5) dx = x + − 5x = −3.5
0 2 0

Integration by substitution
Solve the integrals using the substitution method:

1. 2(2x + 4)5 dx, with u = 2x + 4

R

(a) Substitute u = 2x + 4:
du
du = 2 dx ⇒ dx =
2
(b) Rewrite the integral in terms of u:
Z Z
du
2(2x + 4)5 dx = 2u5 ·
2

(c) Simplify the integral: Z Z

du
2u5 · = u5 du
2

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 (d) Integrate:
u6
Z
u5 du = +C
6
(e) Substitute back u = 2x + 4:
u6 (2x + 4)6
+C = +C
6 6
R
2. 7 · 27(7x − 1) dx, with u = 7x − 1
(a) Substitute u = 7x − 1:
du
du = 7 dx ⇒ dx =
7
(b) Rewrite the integral in terms of u:
Z Z
du
7 · 27(7x − 1) dx = 27u ·
7

(c) Simplify the integral: Z Z

du 27u
27u · = du
7 7
(d) Integrate:
27 u2
Z Z
27u 27
du = u du = · +C
7 7 7 2
(e) Substitute back u = 7x − 1:
27 u2 27
· +C = (7x − 1)2 + C
7 2 14
2x(x2 + 5)−4 dx, with u = x2 + 5
R
3.
(a) Substitute u = x2 + 5:
du
du = 2x dx ⇒ dx =
2x
(b) Rewrite the integral in terms of u:
Z Z
2x(x2 + 5)−4 dx = (x2 + 5)−4 · du

(c) Simplify the integral: Z Z

−4
2
(x + 5) · du = u−4 du

(d) Integrate:
u−3
Z
1
u−4 du = +C =− 3 +C
−3 3u
(e) Substitute back u = x2 + 5:
1 1
− 3
+C =− +C
3u 3(x + 5)3
2

4x3
dx, with u = x4 + 1
R
4. (x4 +1)2

(a) Substitute u = x4 + 1:
du
du = 4x3 dx ⇒ dx =
4x3
(b) Rewrite the integral in terms of u:

4x3
Z Z
1
dx = · du
(x4 + 1)2 u2

(c) Simplify the integral: Z Z

1
· du = u−2 du
u2
(d) Integrate:
u−1
Z
1
u−2 du = +C =− +C
−1 u

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 (e) Substitute back u = x4 + 1:
1 1
− +C =− 4 +C
u x +1
(3x + 2)(3x2 + 4x)4 dx, with u = 3x2 + 4x
R
5.
R 1 1/3
6. 3 (1 + 2x) · 2x dx, with u = 1 + 2x
R
7. sin(3x) dx, with u = 3x
x sin(2x2 ) dx, with u = 2x2
R
8.
R0
9. 1
r2 (1 − r2 ) dr

(a) Set up the integral:

Z 0
r2 (1 − r2 ) dr
1

(b) Expand the integrand:

r2 (1 − r2 ) = r2 − r4
(c) Integrate:
r3 r5
Z
(r2 − r4 ) dr = − +C
3 5
(d) Evaluate the definite integral:
0
r3 r5 03 05 13 15
        
1 1 5 3 2
− = − − − = (0 − 0) − − =0− − =− ≈ −0.133
3 5 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 15 15 15
R1√
(e) Solve the integral 0
x + 1 dx using substitution:
i. Substitute u = x + 1:
du = dx
ii. Change the limits of integration:
• When x = 0, u = 0 + 1 = 1
• When x = 1, u = 1 + 1 = 2
iii. Rewrite the integral in terms of u:
Z 1 √
Z 2 √
x + 1 dx = u du
0 1

iv. Integrate:
√
Z Z
2 3/2
u du = u1/2 du = u +C
3
v. Evaluate the definite integral:
2 √
2 √

2 3/2 2 3/2 2 3/2 2 4 2 2
u = (2) − (1) = ·2 2− ·1= −
3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3

vi. Simplify: √
4 2−2
≈ 1.218951
3
So, the value of the integral is approximately 1.219.
√
(f) The integral of r 1 − r2 from 0 to 1 is:
Z 1 p
r 1 − r2 dr
0

To solve this, we can use the substitution method.

i. Substitute u = 1 − r2 :
1
du = −2r dr ⇒ r dr = − du
2
ii. Change the limits of integration:
• When r = 0, u = 1 − 02 = 1
• When r = 1, u = 1 − 12 = 0

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 iii. Rewrite the integral in terms of u:
Z 1 p 0 √
Z  
1
r 1 − r2 dr = u· − du
0 1 2

iv. Simplify the integral:

0 √ 1 0 1/2
Z   Z
1
u· − du = − u du
1 2 2 1
v. Reverse the limits of integration:
Z 0 Z 1
1 1/2 1
− u du = u1/2 du
2 1 2 0

vi. Integrate: Z
1 1 2 3/2 1
u1/2 du = · u = u3/2 + C
2 2 3 3
vii. Evaluate the definite integral:
 1
1 3/2 1 3/2 1 3/2 1 1
u = (1) − (0) = −0=
3 0 3 3 3 3

So, the value of the integral is 31 .

(g)
Z 1
(4x + 3)(2x2 + 3x)5 dx
0
2
Use the substitution u = 2x + 3x.
(h)
Z 1
1
· 6x dx
0 (1 + 3x2 )3/2
(i) Z π
x cos(x2 ) dx
0

The area under the curve

√
1. Find the total area of the shaded region of y = x 4 − x2

y
3

1
x
−2 −1 1 2
−1

−2

−3

2.

3.

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