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Math014 Calculus II, Spring 2011

Midterm Exam Solution

1. ([18 points]) Consider the shaded region bounded between the curves given by y = 2 sin2 x and
y = sin 2x over the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ π.

(i) Find the area of the shaded region. [8 points]

Solution
The intersection of the curves:
2 sin2 x − sin 2x = 2 sin2 x − 2 sin x cos x = 0
2 sin x(sin x − cos x) = 0
i.e. the graphs intersect when x = 0, x = π4 and x = π.
y
2 2
Using cos 2A = 1 − 2 sin A to integrate:
Z π Z π
4
2 1
area = [sin 2x − 2 sin x]dx + [2 sin2 x − sin 2x]dx
0 π
Z π Z π 4 x
4
π
= [sin 2x + cos 2x − 1]dx + [1 − cos 2x − sin 2x]dx
0 π
h 1 1 i π h4 1 1 iπ −1
4
= − cos 2x + sin 2x − x + x − sin 2x + cos 2x π
2 2 0 2 2 4
1 π 1 1 π 1 π
= ( − ) + + (π + ) − ( − ) = + 2
2 4 2 2 4 2 2
Using reduction formula sin2 xdx = − 12 sin x cos x + 12 sin xdx to integrate:
R R

Z π
4
Z π
area = [sin 2x − 2 sin2 x]dx + [2 sin2 x − sin 2x]dx
0 π
4
π
π
1 1 iπ
iπ Z Z
4
h h
4
= − cos 2x + sin x cos x − dx + − sin x cos x + cos 2x π + dx
2 0 0 2 4
π
4

π
= +2
2
(ii) Rotate the shaded region about the y-axis to generate a solid of revolution. Express the
volume of the solid region by a definite integral. Do not evaluate the integral. [4 points]
Z π
Solution volume = 2πx 2 sin2 x − sin 2x dx
0

(iii) Use Simpson’s Rule with n = 6 subintervals of equal length to estimate the volume of the solid
region in part (ii). (Recall that the area under the graph of a quadratic polynomial p(x) on
the interval [a, b] is given by b−a a+b
6 [p(a) + 4p( 2 ) + p(b)].) [6 points]
Solution Applying Simpson’s Rule with n = 6 subintervals of length π/6 to the function
or
f (x) = 2πx · |2 sin2 x − sin 2x = 4πx sin x| sin x − cos x|

π π π 2π 5π
we have x 0 6 3 2 3 6 π
2
√ √ √ √
π ( 3−1) π 2 (3− 3) 2π 2 (3+ 3) 5π 2 (1+ 3)
f (x) 0 6 3 2π 2 3 6 0
≈ 0.0000 1.2042 4.1714 19.7392 31.1356 22.4702 0.0000
π 
volume ≈ f (0) + 4f (π/6) + 2f (π/3) + 4f (π/2) + 2f (2π/3) + 4f (5π/6) + f (π)
18 √
3 3 or
= 25+7
27 π ≈ 42.6329
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2. ([15 points]) Evaluate the following integrals. (Write on the backside of this page if necessary.)
Z π
2
(i) sin 4x cos 2xdx [5 points]
0
Solution
Using product to sum formula sin A cos B = 21 [sin(A + B) + sin(A − B)] to integrate:
Z π Z π
2 2 1
sin 4x cos 2xdx = [sin(4x + 2x) + sin(4x − 2x)]dx
0 2
h0 1 1 iπ 1 1 1 1 2
2
= − cos 6x − cos 2x = ( + ) − (− − ) =
12 4 0 12 4 12 4 3
Using double angle formula sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A to integrate:
Z π Z π h 1
2 2
2 3
iπ
2 2
sin 4x cos 2xdx = 2 sin 2x cos 2xdx = − cos 2x =
0 0 3 0 3
Z 4
1
(ii) √ dx [5 points]
2 x2 − 1
2 x
Solution Let x = sec u such that dx = sec u tan udu.
Z 4 Z cos−1 1 Z cos−1 1
1 4 sec u tan u 4 tan u
√ dx = √ du = du
2 x
2 2
x −1 cos −1 1 sec 2 u sec 2 u − 1 cos −1 1 sec u tan u
2 2

cos−1 1 icos−1 1 √ √
15 3
Z
4 4
= cos udu = [sin u = −
cos−1 1 cos−1 1
2
4 2
2

1
Or, let u = x such that du = − x12 dx. Then

4 1/4 1/4
1 −1
Z Z Z
√ dx = q du = −u(1 − u2 )−1/2 du
2 x2 x2 − 1 1/2 1
−1 1/2
u2

1/4 √ √
2 1/2 15 3
= (1 − u ) = −
1/2 4 4
√
One may also try the substitution u = x2 − 1.
2x − 3
Z
(iii) dx [5 points]
(x − 4)(2x − 1)
Solution Note that
2x − 3 A B
= + ⇐⇒ 2x − 3 = A(2x − 1) + B(x − 4)
(x − 4)(2x − 1) x − 4 2x − 1

Putting in x = 4, we have 7A = 5, i.e., A = 57 .

Similarly, putting in x = 21 , we have − 72 B = −2, i.e., B = 47 . Hence

2x − 3 5 1 4 1
Z Z Z
dx = dx + dx
(x − 4)(2x − 1) 7 x−4 7 2x − 1
5 2
= ln |x − 4| + ln |2x − 1| + C
7 7
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x
t
Z
3. ([10 points]) For any x > 0, show that ln(1 + x) = x − dt, and explain why log(1 + x)
0 1+t
x2 x2
must lie between x − and x − .
2 2(1 + x)
Solution For any x > 0, we have
Z x Z x Z xh
t (1 + t) − 1 1 i h ix
dt = dt = 1− dt = t − ln |1 + t| = x − ln(1 + x)
0 1+t 0 1+t 0 1+t 0

It follows immediately that

x
t
Z
ln(1 + x) = x − dt
0 1+t
t t
Note that for all 0 ≤ t ≤ x, t ≥ ≥ , and hence
1+t 1+x
Z x Z x Z x
t 1
tdt ≥ dt ≥ tdt
0 0 1+t 1+x 0
Z x
x2 t x2
≥ dt ≥
2 0 1+t 2(1 + x)
Therefore
x
x2 t x2
Z
x− ≤x− dt = ln(1 + x) ≤ x −
2 0 1+t 2(1 + x)

4. ([10 pts]) A table of function values for a function f defined on the real line with continuous
derivatives up to second order is given below.

Compute the following:

x 0 1 2
Z 1
f ′′ (x)
(i) 2
dx [5 pts] f (x) 1 -4 2
0 [f (x)] + 9
′

Solution Just let u = f ′ (x) such that du = f ′′ (x)dx. f ′ (x) 2 3 1

Then
f ′′ (x) 0 -1 2
1 f ′ (1)
f ′′ (x) 1
Z Z
dx = du
0 [f ′ (x)]2 +9 f ′ (0) u2 +9
3
1 u π 1 2
= tan−1 = − tan−1
3 3 2 12 3 3
Z 2
(ii) (2x − 1)f ′′ (x)dx [5 pts]
0
Solution
Z 2 Z 2 2 Z 2
′′ ′ ′
(2x−1)f (x)dx = (2x−1)df (x) = (2x−1)f (x) − f ′ (x)2dx
0 0 0 0

= 3f ′ (2) + f ′ (0) − 2[f (2) − f (0)] = 3 + 2 − 2(2 − 1) = 3

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1
5. ([17 points]) The curve given by the graph of the function y = over the infinite interval
(x + 1)2 + 1
0 ≤ x < ∞ is rotated about the x-axis to generate an infinitely long solid region.

(i) Express the volume of the solid region in terms of an improper integral. [2 points]
q
Solution When x = 0, y = 21 . Also, (x + 1)2 + 1 = y1 ⇐⇒ x = y1 − 1 − 1

1 hr 1
∞
π
Z Z
2
i
volume = dx, or volume = 2πy − 1 − 1 dy
0 [(x + 1)2 + 1]2 0 y

(ii) Find the volume of the solid region. [7 points]

π
Solution Using the substitution x + 1 = tan u, such that dx = sec2 udu, we have u −→ 2
as x −→ ∞, u → π4 as x → 0, and y

Z ∞ Z π
π 2 π
volume = 2 2
dx = 2 sec2 udu
0 [(x + 1) + 1] π (tan u + 1)2
4
Z π Z π
2 2 π
= π cos2 udu = (cos 2u + 1)du
π π 2
4 4

π h1 iπ
2 π2 π x
= sin 2u + u π = −
2 2 4
8 4

1 1
hr 1
√ p π2 π
Z Z
2 2
i 
(Or volume = 2πy 2π y 1 − y − 2πy dy = · · · =
− 1 − 1 dy = − .)
0 y 0 8 4
1
(iii) If the right side boundary of the region under the curve given above by y = over
(x + 1)2 + 1
the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 is rotated about the vertical line x = −1, the cross sections of the
new solid region by planes perpendicular to the line x = −1 are all discs. Find the average
value of the areas of these parallel discs. [8 points]
Solution When x = 0, y = 21 . Then the averge value of the disc areas required is given by
1
1
Z
2
a.v. = 1 A(y)dy = 2(volume of the solid)
2 −0 0

where A(y) is the cross-section area function. Computing the volume by the cylindrical shell
y
method, we have
Z 2 
1 1
average value = 2 2π(x + 1) · dx + π(1)2 ·
0 (x + 1)2 + 1 2
2
(x + 1) h1 i2
Z
2
= 4π dx + π = 4π ln[(x + 1) + 1] +π x
0 (x + 1)2 + 1 2 0
−1 1 2 3
= π(2 ln 5 + 1)
"Z #
1/10 1/2 
1
Z 
(Or, average value = 2 π · 32 dy + − 1 dy = π(2 ln 5 + 1).)
0 1/10 y
(If you computed the “average washer area”, i.e., with the
central cylinder of radius 1 removed, then
Z 2
(x + 1)
2· 2π dx = 2π ln 5.)
0 (x + 1)2 + 1
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6. ([15 points] ) Determine whether the following improper integrals are convergent or divergent.
Justify your answers for full credits.
Z 1 x2
e
(i) 1 dx [5 points]
0 x4

Circle your answer : convergent divergent

Your reason:

1 2 1
ex h 4e i1 4e
Z Z
1
Solution 1 dx ≤ ex− 4 dx = lim x3/4 = <∞
0 x 4 0 L→0+ 3 L 3
Z ∞
1
(ii) √ dx [5 points]
0 1+ x sin2 x

Circle your answer : convergent divergent

Your reason:

√ √
Solution Since 1 + x sin2 x ≤ 2 x for x ≥ 1, we have
Z ∞ Z ∞
1 1 h
1/2
i∞
√ dx ≥ √ dx = x =∞
1 1 + x sin2 x 1 2 x 0

R1
(Note also that the part is finite, since √1 is continuous, and hence bounded on the
0 1+ x sin2 x
closed interval [0, 1].)
1 1
√ dx for any x ≥ 0, and then integrate 0∞ 1+1√x dx
R
One may also consider √ 2 ≥
1 + √x sin x 1+ x
directly by letting u = 1 + x.
1
Another function to compared with is 1+x .
Z ∞
1
(iii) dx [5 points]
0 x + x4/3
2/3

Circle your answer : convergent divergent

Your reason:

1
Solution Note that that positive function 2/3 4/3
→ ∞ as x → 0+ .
Z ∞ Z 1 Z ∞ x + x
1 1 1
2/3 4/3
dx = 2/3 4/3
dx + dx
0 x +x 0 x +x 1 x + x4/3
2/3

Z 1 Z ∞
1 1 h
1/3
i1 h
−1/3
i∞
≤ 2/3
dx + dx = 3x + − 3x 3+3 =6 <∞
0 x 1 x4/3 0 0
Z ∞
1/3 1
One may also use the substitution u = x to integrate the improper integral dx
0 x + x4/3
2/3
directly.
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7. ([15 points]) The base of a wedge cut by a plane passing through the y-axis from a parabolic
cylinder of height 1 m has the shape of the region enclosed by the curve x = 2 − y 2 and the y-axis
on the xy-plane.

(i) Find the volume of the wedge. [7 points]

Solution The cross section
√ of the solid by a plane perpendicular to the x-axis at x is a
1
rectangle with area 2 x · 2 2 − x. Hence the volume is:
y
2 √ 2
2
Z Z
V = x 2 − x dx = − xd(2 − x)3/2
0 0 3 Base of the wedge
1m

2 2 x
2 2
Z
(m)
= − x(2 − x)3/2 + (2 − x)3/2 dx
3 0 0 3
2 √
4 16 2
=− (2 − x)5/2 =
15 0 15

(Exercise: Use the substitution u = 2 − x to evaluate the integral above.)

Z √2
1 1
Another approach with an easier integral: V = √ · (2 − y 2 ) · (2 − y 2 )dy, since cross
− 2 2 2
sections perpendicular to the y-axis are right triangles.

(ii) If a container having the shape of the wedge above is filled with water, how much work is
required to pump all the water out of the spout 6 m above the base? [8 points]
(Water density: 1000 kg/m3 , gravity acceleration: g = 9.8 m/s2 .)

Solution The horizontal cross section h m above the base has the shape of the region
enclosed by the curve x = 2 − y 2 and x = 2h. i.e., its cross section area is given by the function
y
√ 2 2
4
Z
A(h) = 2 2 − xdx = − (2 − x)3/2
2h 3 2h
√ x=2h
4 3/2 8 2
= (2 − 2h) = (1 − h)3/2 x
(m)
3 3 Base of the wedge

1
Z √
16 2
(Exercise A(h)dh = volume = .)
0 15
So the work required to pump out a thin layer of water h meter above the base is roughly
√
8 2
(6 − h) · 9.8 · 1000 · (1 − h)3/2 ∆h
3
and the work required to pump all water up is therefore:
Z 1 √
8 2
W = 9.8 · 1000 · (1 − h)3/2 (6 − h)dh
0 3
√ Z
78400 2 1
= (1 − h)3/2 ((1 − h) + 5)dh
3 0
√ h √
78400 2 2 7/2 5/2 179200 2
i1
= − (1 − h) − 2(1 − h) (J)
3 7 0 3
(Remark If you want to consider the “triangular layers of water” or “rectangular layers of water” perpendicular
to the base, you should consider the center of mass of the layer when using the mgh formula.)