Abstract— The sunlight consists of harmful radiations which affects the skin.

The Ultraviolet radiations are of3 types Ultraviolet A, Ultraviolet B and

Ultraviolet C. This article gives a detailed review on different types of
Ultraviolet radiation. To protect our skin from Ultraviolet radiation sunscreen
formulations are used which either absorbs scatters or reflects the radiation.
The harmful effects on skin like photo aging, skin cancer, DNA damage are
explained. The present review explains the various types of sunscreen
formulations and the agents used for the purpose of sun screening. The agents
are of two type’s physical and chemical sun screening agents. The physical
agents which block the sun light and the chemical agents which absorb the
sunlight are listed and explained. To know the efficacy of the formulation sun
protection factor calculation is done. The equation used to calculate the Sun
Protection Factor value is explained in detail. The ultraviolet spectroscopic
method is employed to calculate the Sun Protection Factor. The proposed
method is found to be easy and rapid for the calculation of Sun Protection
Factor values in the in vitro studies. The herbal formulation is more
advantageous than the chemical formulation because of its fewer side effects.
Few herbal sun screen agents are listed and explained its activity. KEYWORDS:
UV radiations, Sunscreen agents, Sun Protection Factor, Herbal sunscreens
INTRODUCTION Sunscreens are those agents which absorbs, scatter or block
UV radiation It controls the deleterious effects like premature aging which can
lead to sagging, wrinkling, hyperplasia associated with UV radiation. The active
ingredients used in Sunscreen preparation are divided into Organic and
Inorganic filters based on the mechanism of action and chemical composition.
Organic filters absorb the UV radiation while Inorganic filters protect skin by
scattering and reflecting UV radiation This agents arefound as over-the-counter
products in supermarkets and pharmacies, even it is sold by physicians in USA
directly, in Italy by hospitals and in Australia by Cancer charities and Cancer
control Organisation .The largest organ of the body is skin which covers 15% of
the total body mass of an adult. Integument is an outer covering of skin whichis
derived from the Latin word integere. The skin not only varies from one
individual to other but it varies because of the geographical location and with
respect to colour, actexture, thickness of the skin layers and adrenal structures
like sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles. www.ijcrt.org © 2023 IJCRT |
Volume 11, Issue 6 June 2023 | ISSN: 2320-2882 IJCRT2306065 International
Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org a584 Skin structure
consists of mainlythree layers: (a) Epidermis, (b) Dermis (c) Hypodermis and
their functions are different from one another It mainly protects from
pathogens, UV light, chemical and injury because of its structure made up of
intricate network which acts asa barrier. It also regulates the temperature and
amount of water released into the external environment Sunlight is an
electromagnetic radiation of continuous spectrum which is divided into three
mainspectrumof wavelength: (a) Ultraviolet (b) Visible (c) Infrared Ultraviolet
(UV) radiation is further divided into three ranges (a) UV-A (320-400 nm),
(b)UV- . Fig.Skin B (280-320 nm), (c) UV-C((200-280 nm) among which UV-A has
highest wavelength and less energy, UV-C has high energy and shorter
wavelength while UV-B remains in the mid- range. Around 80-90% of UV-A and
1-10% of UV-B reach the earth’s surface while UV- C gets absorbed to earth’s
atmosphere .UV-A can penetrate to deeper layer dermis and it can damage
DNA by indirect photosensitizing reaction by production of reactive oxygen
species. UV-B is reaches to epidermis layer and it is absorbed by DNA which
results in molecular rearrangements forming photoproducts like cyclobutene
dimers and pyrimidine (6- 4) pyrimidine (6-4 photoproducts)as shown in Figure
1 and UV-C gets absorbed to ozone layer of earth’s stratosphere , exposure is a
main reason for age related changes such as development of skin cancer
because of skin’s anatomic location at external part of body ,To overcome this
problem. Sunscreen Agents are used. Ideal properties of Sunscreen products: 1.
Sunscreen should absorb a broad range of UV spectrum for protecting the
skinfromUV rays. 2. There should be no chemical breakdown which will result
into decrease inefficacyor increased toxicity or irritation because of by-
products. 3. It should have suitable properties while formulating with cosmetic
base and itshould 4. penetrate the skin easily. 5. For effective results, frequent
re-application of sunscreens should not berequired. 6. At low concentration, it
should be effective. It should not cause irritation, sensitization LITERATURER
SURVEY:- Yangmyung Ma ,et al..(2021): With the global sunscreen market
expected to reach $24.4 billion worldwide by 2029, this demonstrates the
increasing awareness of the damaging effects of sunlight. Sunscreen has been
gradually evolving, and new photoprotective ingredients are continuing to be
produced in response to growing scientific evidence onthe effect of solar
radiation on the skin.This literature review aims to provide an updated view of
the history of sunscreens.A literature search was conducted with the keywords
“Sunscreen, www.ijcrt.org © 2023 IJCRT | Volume 11, Issue 6 June 2023 | ISSN:
2320-2882 IJCRT2306065 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts
(IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org a585 history, regulation, ultraviolet A, ultraviolet B, visible
light” from PubMed, Medline, and onlinesearch engines. Leslie K Dennis, et al
..(2003): Originally developed to protect against sunburn, sunscreen has been
assumed to prevent skin cancer. However, conflicting reports include claims
that sunscreen increases risk for melanoma. Classification of Sunscreen:
Classification of sunscreen agents is based on the composition and mechanism
of action is shown inSunscreen agents works by different method by blocking,
reflecting and scattering the Uv radiation. Fig.classification ofsunscreen agents
1. Organic sunscreens These are generally aromatic compounds linked with a
carbonylgroup. They are broadly classified into three categories based onthe
range of protection; UVB (290– 320 nm) and UVA (320–400 nm) and broad-
spectrum sunscreens that cover the entirespectrum (290–400 nm) (GA bard,
2009). Examples of organic sun-screens covering UVB include (PABA) and its
derivative padimate O. salicylates including octisalate and homosalate,
cinnamates including octinoxate and cinoxate, octocrylate, benzsulidone
anddibenzoyl menthanes. UVA filters include benzophenones; oxyben- zone
and sulisobenzone, avobenzone and meradimate, Methyl anthranilanate and
ecamsule. Broad spectrum organic filters thatcover both UVA and UVB include
besoctrizole, silatriazole among others. Fig. organic sunscreen creams 2.
Inorganic sunscreens These are particles that scatter and reflect UV rays back
to the environment.They act as a physical barrier to indent ultraviolet and UV
light. The most commonly used particulate sunscreens are (titanium dioxide
and zinc oxide). They are considered broad spectrum as they cover the entire
ultraviolet spectrum. The inorganic sunscreens are also referred to as sun
blocks, a term coined from their mechanism of photo protection. Fig.Inorganic
Sunscreen 3. Systemic sunscreens These are sunscreens that are absorbed into
the body and accumulate in the skin affording protection from the UV rays.
Common examples under this category are .The use of systemic sunscreens for
daily routine is minimal,as such the focus of this article ison topical sunscreens
as these predominate in the market.Sunscreens act by preventing and
minimizing the damaging effects of the ultraviolet sun rays following exposure
to the sun.Sunscreens have been demonstrated to increase the tolerance ofthe
skin to UV exposure. Mechanism of photo protection mechanisms as detailed
gives a pictorial perspective of the mechanisms of action stated. Scattering and
reflection of UV energy from the skin surface.Mineral based (Inorganic
sunscreens work primarily through this mechanism. They provide a coating that
blocks sun rays from penetrating through the skin (Dransfield, 2000).
Absorption of the UV energy by converting it to heat energy thus reducing its
harmful effects and reduce the depth through which it can penetrate the skin.
Organic sunscreens work primarily through this mechanism (Dransfield,
2000;)Lademann et al., 2005; Manaia et al., 2013) www.ijcrt.org © 2023 IJCRT
| Volume 11, Issue 6 June 2023 | ISSN: 2320-2882 IJCRT2306065 International
Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org a586 Benefits of
sunscreen 1. Reduce risk ofskin cancer 2. Protect against sunburn 3. Avoid
inflammation and redness 4. Avoid blotchyskin and hyperpigmentation 5. Stop
DNAdamage 6. Prevent the earlyonset ofwrinkles and fine lines 7. Lower skin
cancer risk 8. Shields fromharmful UV ras 9. Maintain the brightness of your
natural complexion 10. Maintain the look and textureof your skin 11. Delays
premature signs of aging 12. Reflects UVAand UVB rays 13. Works immediately
when applied on the skin. Advantages. • Easilyavailable • No side effects • No
special equipment needed for preparation • Theyare inexpensive • Ingredients
are easilyavailable • Renewable resources • Be non toxic and non irritant • Be
neutral • Be stable to heat • Easy to manufacture Disadvantages • Theyare
difficult to hide taste and odour • Manufacturing process are time consuming
and complicated • Herbal drug have slow effects as compare to allopathic
dosage form it also requires longterm therapy. Main role of ingredients used in
formulation Aloe vera is a good active ingredient to reach in Sunscreen
arsenal.it has been proven to both treat and prevent burns on your skin .the
leaves of aloe vera and A. Barbadensisare the source of aloe vera gel .aloe vera
gel is used in cosmetics lotion for its moisturizing and revitalizinaction it blocks
UVA and UVB rays and maintain skin natural moisture balance.It stop the
sunburn and stimulate immune system intervention.aloe vera gel can be used
to help with the healing process of sunburn it help relieve pain and redness by
reducing inflammation the gel also stimulate the production of collagen which
help a the healing process. Fig.Aloevera Butterfly pea flower: Packed
withantioxidant Butterfly pea flower contain many antioxidant such as
flavonoids authocyanin and polyphenols.your skin need antioxidant to improve
general health and elasticity.antioxidant helpto minimize fine line and improve
your skin and appearance.Butterfly pea flower it helped calm itching and
general irritation.The butterfly pea flower used for use inrejuvenating the skin.
Reduce redness Because of butterfly pea flowers ability to soothe irritated
skin,it also minimize redness caused by acne.dryness,and general
irritation.these nourishing properties are further enhanced when combined
www.ijcrt.org © 2023 IJCRT | Volume 11, Issue 6 June 2023 | ISSN: 2320-2882
IJCRT2306065 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT)
www.ijcrt.org a587 with other nutrientsthat benefit skin health. Improve
moisture retention This helps increase skin turnover to naturally restore itself.
moisture retention helps stop dryness and promote lipid balance. Improve the
skin barrier Because butterfly pea flower contain plant based antioxidants and
antioxidants vitamin such as vitamins ,it help imrove skin barrier Suitable for
allskinType Butterfly pea flower is a hidden skin ncare rockstar. It is gentle
enough for use on all skin types,no matter what time of year it is. Coconut oil:
Coconut oil keeps the skin soft and smooth while preventing premature ageing
of the skin . coconut oil for skin use as a moisturizer ,remove dead skin cells.
coconut oil moisturizing dry skin including in people with condition such as
eczema.promoting wound healing it have antibacterial,antifungal and antiviral
properties which prevents free radicals from causing damage to the skin
coconut oil has anti-inflammatory properties which reduce rednees on skin this
can be helpful for both dry and oily skin conditions byreducing inflammation
ofthe skin. Rose Water: Rose water contain vitamin B. which often used in
Sunscreen and sun product .it helps to bolster the effectiveness of SPF .rose
water can be used to lighten the skin pigmentation .Rose water can remove oils
and dirt from your skin by unclogging yours pores. It helps maintain pH level of
your skin .It is hydrating and nourishing agent for skin and protect skin against
harmful environmental aggressors, gulabjal has antioxidant levels that tackle
free radicals and keep skin healthyand glowing. Fig. Rose Water. VitaminE
Vitamin E it provides extra protection against acute UVB damage and protect
against cell mutation caused by sun and pollution exposure. vitamin E it help
cleanse your skin and removing the impurities from and help improve skin
elasticity .vitamin E combination with lemon juice it help to whiten the skin. it
is most commonly known for its benefits of skin health and appearance. it has
antioxidant and anti-inflammatoryproperties. Fig. Vitamin E FORMULATION OF
SUNSCREEN Formulationof butterfly pea flower extract: To make an extract of
butterfly pea flower for herbal sunscreen ,steep about a dozen fresh or dried
flower leaves in a cup of boiling water . After about 15minutes ,strain the liquid
and discard the leaves . The deep blue water is then ready to be used in
Sunscreen cream. Butterfly pea flower contain Formulation of sunscreen cream
was prepared by following procedure I have to take butterfly pea flower
extract.then I have take aloe vera gel because it has proven to both treat and
prevent burns on skin. Then added rose water in mixture rose water provide
cooling effect.then gradually add coconut oil and vitamin E.all the ingredients
were mixed vigorously using spatula for about 20-30min and placed List of
ingredients used in formulation Soluble minerals 8.94mg Ash. 0.9mg Crude
protein. 41.27mg Soluble carbohydra tes. 29.18mg www.ijcrt.org © 2023 IJCRT
| Volume 11, Issue 6 June 2023 | ISSN: 2320-2882 IJCRT2306065 International
Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org a588 Final Product
Evaluation of sunscreen cream for sunscreening activityEffectiveness of
sunscreen: The effectiveness ofsunscreen is usually expreesed by sunscreen
protection factor (SPF),which is the ratio of uv energy required to produce a
minimal erthemal dose in protected skin to unprotected skin .A simple ,rapid
and reliable in vitro method of calculating the spf is to screen the absorbance
of the product between 290-320nm at every5nm intervals .SPF can be
calculatedby applying the following formula known as Mansur equation. SPF
spectrophotometric=CF×€EF(wavelength)×I(wavelength) ×Abs(wavelength)
Where CF=correction factor ,EE=erythmogenic effect of radiation with
wavelength, Abs= spectro photometric absorbance values at wavelength.The
value ofEE×I constants. PH of the cream: The ph meter was calibrated using
standard buffer solution.about 0.5 of the cream was weighedand dissolved in
50.0ml of distilled water and its pH was measured. Homogeneity: The
formulations were tested for the homogeneity by visual appearance and by
touch. Appearance:The appearance of cream was judged by its colour , pearl
scence and roughness and graded. Removal: The ease of removal of the cream
applied was examined by washing the applied part with tap water. After feel:
Emolliency , slipperiness and amount of residue left after the application of
fixedamount of cream was checked. Type of smear: After application
ofcream,the type or filmor smear formed on the skin were checked Types of
skin and SPF Observations Sr.No Parameters Observation 1. Colour Light Blue 2.
Odour Characteristics 3. Spreadability Good And Uniform 4. Ph 6.2 Result To be
effective in preventing sunburn and other skin damage ,a sunscreen product
should have a wide range of absorbance .during the storage and handling of
cosmetic formulation spreadability and viscosity are the prime parameter
which affects the formulation acceptability.the formulated cream exhibited no
redness, inflammation and irritation .when formulation were kept for long time
,it found that no change in colour of cream .The cream was easily removed by
washing with tap water. Conclusion The study attempted to develop herbal
sunscreen cream using extract of butterfly pea flower and examined their
efficacy for preventing sun burn . Aloe vera. 5 gm Rose water. 2ml Butterflypea
flowerExtract. 4gm vitamin E. 2gm coconut oil. 2ml types Description SPF.
Character 1. Alwayz burn easily. And never tans More than 8. Sensitive 2.
Always burn and tan. minimally 6-7 sensitive 3. Burn moderatory and tan
gradually. 4-5 normal 4. Burn minimal and always tan well 2-3 normal 5. Barely
burn and tan.profusely 2 insensitive 6. Never burn and become deeply
pigmented none insensitive www.ijcrt.org © 2023 IJCRT | Volume 11, Issue 6
June 2023 | ISSN: 2320-2882 IJCRT2306065 International Journal of Creative
Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org a589 Reference 1. Boyd AS, Naylor M,
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