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978-1-108-41166-0 — Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level Additional Mathematics Coursebook

Sue Pemberton
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Chapter 1
Functions
This section will show you how to:
■ understand and use the terms: function, domain, range (image set), one-one function, inverse
function and composition of functions
■ use the notation f(x ) = 2x 3 + 5 , f : x ↦ 5x − 3, f −1 (x ) and f 2 (x )
■ understand the relationship between y = f(x ) and y = |f(x )|
■ solve graphically or algebraically equations of the type |ax + b | = c and |ax + b | = cx + d
■ explain in words why a given function is a function or why it does not have an inverse
■ find the inverse of a one-one function and form composite functions
■ use sketch graphs to show the relationship between a function and its inverse.

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978-1-108-41166-0 — Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level Additional Mathematics Coursebook
Sue Pemberton
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Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Additional Mathematics

1.1 Mappings
Input Output

1 2
2 3
3 4 is called a mapping diagram.
4 5

The rule connecting the input and output values can be written algebraically
as: x ↦ x + 1.
This is read as ‘x is mapped to x + 1’. x+1
The mapping can be represented graphically by
plotting values of x + 1 against values of x.

The diagram shows that for one input value

there is just one output value. O x
It is called a one-one mapping.
The table below shows one-one, many-one and
one-many mappings.
one-one many-one one-many
2
x+1 x2 ± x

O x
O x

O x
For one input value For two input values For one input value
there is just one output there is one output there are two output
value. value. values.

Exercise 1.1
Determine whether each of these mappings is one-one, many-one or
one-many.
1 x ↦x +1 x ∈ℝ 2 x ↦ x2 + 5 x ∈ℝ

3 x ↦ x3 x ∈ℝ 4 x ↦ 2x x ∈ℝ
1
5 x ↦x x ∈ ℝ, x > 0 6 x ↦ x2 + 1 x ∈ ℝ, x ⩾ 0

12
7 x ↦ x ∈ ℝ, x > 0 8 x ↦±x x ∈ ℝ, x ⩾ 0
x

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Cambridge University Press
978-1-108-41166-0 — Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level Additional Mathematics Coursebook
Sue Pemberton
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Chapter 1: Functions

1.2 Definition of a function

A function is a rule that maps each x value to just one y value for a defined set
of input values.
one-one
This means that mappings that are either are called functions.
many-one
The mapping x ↦x + 1 where x ∈ ℝ, is a one-one function.
f:x↦x+1 x ∈ℝ
It can be written as
f(x) = x + 1 x ∈ℝ
(f : x ↦x +1 is read as ‘the function f is such that x is mapped to x + 1’ )
f(x) represents the output values for the function f.
So when f(x) = x + 1, f(2) = 2 + 1 = 3.
The set of input values for a function is called the domain of the function.
The set of output values for a function is called the range (or image set) of
the function.

worked example 1

f(x) = 2x − 1 x ∈ ℝ, −1 ⩽ x ⩽ 3
a Write down the domain of the function f. 3
b Sketch the graph of the function f.
c Write down the range of the function f.

Answers
a The domain is −1 ⩽ x ⩽ 3.
b The graph of y = 2x − 1 has gradient 2 and a y-intercept of −1.
When x = −1, y = 2(−1) − 1 = −3
When x = 3, y = 2(3) − 1 = 5
f(x)

(3, 5)
Range

x
O

(–1, –3)

Domain

c The range is −3 ⩽ f(x) ⩽ 5.

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Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Additional Mathematics

worked example 2

The function f is defined by f (x ) = (x − 2 )2 + 3 for 0  x  6.

Sketch the graph of the function.
Find the range of f.

Answers
f (x ) = (x − 2 )2 + 3 is a positive quadratic function so the graph will be of the form

(x − 2 )2 + 3 This part of the expression is a square so it will always be ⩾ 0.

The smallest value it can be is 0. This occurs when x = 2.
The minimum value of the
y (6, 19)
expression is 0 + 3 = 3 and this
minimum occurs when x = 2.
So the function f (x ) = (x − 2 )2 + 3
Range
will have a minimum point at
the point (2, 3).
When x = 0, y = ( 0 − 2 )2 + 3 = 7. 7
When x = 6, y = ( 6 − 2 )2 + 3 = 19.
The range is 3  f (x )  19 . (2, 3)
x
O
4 Domain

Exercise 1.2
1 Which of the mappings in Exercise 1.1 are functions?
2 Find the range for each of these functions.
a f (x ) = x − 5 , −2  x  7 b f (x ) = 3x + 2 , 0x 5
c f (x ) = 7 − 2x , −1  x  4 d f (x ) = x 2 , −3  x  3
1
e f (x ) = 2x , −3  x  3 ,f f (x ) = 1x  5
x
3 The function g is defined as g(x ) = x 2 + 2 for x  0.
Write down the range of g.
4 The function f is defined by f (x ) = x 2 − 4 for x ∈ ℝ.
Find the range of f.
5 The function f is defined by f (x ) = (x − 1)2 + 5 for x  1.
Find the range of f.
2 1
6 The function f is defined by f (x ) = (2x + 1) − 5 for x  − .
2
Find the range of f.
7 The function f is defined by f : x ↦ 10 − (x − 3)2 for 2  x  7.
Find the range of f.

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978-1-108-41166-0 — Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level Additional Mathematics Coursebook
Sue Pemberton
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Chapter 1: Functions

8 The function f is defined by f (x ) = 3 + x − 2 for x  2.

Find the range of f.

1.3 Composite functions

Most functions that you meet are combinations of two or more functions.
For example, the function x ↦ 2x + 5 is the function ‘multiply by 2 and then
add 5’. It is a combination of the two functions g and f where:
g:x ↦ 2x (the function ‘multiply by 2’)
f :x ↦x + 5 (the function ‘add 5’)
So, x ↦ 2x + 5 is the function ‘first do g then do f’.
g f

x g(x) fg(x)

fg
5
When one function is followed by another function, the resulting function is
called a composite function.

fg(x) means the function g acts on x first, then f acts on the result.

Note:
f 2 (x) means ff(x), so you apply the function f twice.

worked example 3

The function f is defined by f (x ) = (x − 2 )2 − 3 for x > −2.

2x + 6
The function g is defined by g (x ) = for x > 2.
x −2
Find fg(7).

Answers
2 (7 ) + 6
fg ( 7 ) g acts on 7 first and g ( 7 ) = =4
7−2
= f (4 ) f is the function ‘take 2, square and then take 3’
= ( 4 − 2 )2 − 3
=1

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Sue Pemberton
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Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Additional Mathematics

worked example 4

f (x ) = 2x − 1 for x ∈ ℝ g (x ) = x 2 + 5 for x ∈ ℝ

Find a fg(x) b gf(x) c f 2(x).

Answers
a fg(x) g acts on x first and g(x) = x2 + 5
= f(x 2 + 5) f is the function ‘double and take 1’
= 2(x 2 + 5) − 1
= 2x 2 + 9
b gf(x) f acts on x first and f(x) = 2x − 1
= g(2x − 1) g is the function ‘square and add 5’
= (2x − 1)2 + 5 expand brackets
= 4x 2 − 4x + 1 + 5
= 4x 2 − 4x + 6

c f2(x) f2(x)means ff(x)

= ff(x) f acts on x first and f(x) = 2x − 1
= f(2x − 1) f is the function ‘double and take 1’
= 2(2x − 1) − 1
= 4x − 3
6

Exercise 1.3
1 f :x ↦ 2x + 3 for x ∈ ℝ
g : x ↦ x2 − 1 for x ∈ ℝ
Find fg(2).
2 f (x ) = x 2 − 1 for x ∈ ℝ
g(x ) = 2x + 3 for x ∈ ℝ
Find the value of gf(5).
3 f (x ) = (x + 2)2 − 1 for x ∈ ℝ
Find f 2(3).
4 The function f is defined by f (x ) = 1 + x − 2 for x  2.
10
The function g is defined by g(x ) = − 1 for x > 0.
x
Find gf(18).
5 The function f is defined by f (x ) = (x − 1)2 + 3 for x > −1.
2x + 4
The function g is defined by g(x ) = for x > 5.
x−5
Find fg(7).

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978-1-108-41166-0 — Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level Additional Mathematics Coursebook
Sue Pemberton
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Chapter 1: Functions

6 h:x ↦ x + 2 for x > 0

k : x ↦ x for x > 0
Express each of the following in terms of h and k.
a x ↦ x +2 ↦ x +2
b x
7 The function f is defined by f : x ↦ 3x + 1 for x ∈ ℝ.
10
The function g is defined by g : x ↦ for x ≠ 2.
2−x
Solve the equation gf(x) = 5.
8 g(x ) = x 2 + 2 for x ∈ ℝ
h(x ) = 3x − 5 for x ∈ ℝ
Solve the equation gh (x) = 51.
9 f (x ) = x 2 − 3 for x > 0
3
g(x ) = for x > 0
x
Solve the equation fg(x) = 13.
3x + 5
10 The function f is defined, for x ∈ ℝ, by f : x ↦ , x ≠ 2.
x −2
x −1
The function g is defined, for x ∈ ℝ, by g : x ↦ .
2
Solve the equation gf(x) = 12.
11 f (x ) = (x + 4)2 + 3 for x > 0 7
10
g(x ) = for x > 0
x
Solve the equation fg(x) = 39.
12 The function g is defined by g (x ) = x 2 − 1 for x  0.
The function h is defined by h (x ) = 2x − 7 for x  0.
Solve the equation gh(x) = 0.
13 The function f is defined by f : x ↦ x 3 for x ∈ ℝ.
The function g is defined by g : x ↦ x − 1 for x ∈ ℝ.
Express each of the following as a composite function, using only f and/or g:
a x ↦ (x − 1)3 b x ↦ x3 − 1 c x ↦x −2 d x ↦ x9

1.4 Modulus functions

The modulus of a number is the magnitude of the number without a sign
attached.
The modulus of 4 is written | 4 |.
| 4 | = 4 and | −4 | = 4
It is important to note that the modulus of any number (positive or negative) is
always a positive number.
The modulus of a number is also called the absolute value.

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Sue Pemberton
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Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Additional Mathematics

The modulus of x, written as | x |, is defined as:

x if x > 0
|x| = 0 if x = 0
−x if x < 0

class discussion
Ali says that these are all rules for absolute values:
|x + y| = |x| + |y| |x − y| = |x| − |y|
x |x|
|x y| = |x| × |y| = ( | x | ) 2 = x2
y |y|
Discuss each of these statements with your classmates and decide if they are:

Always true Sometimes true Never true

You must justify your decisions.

8 The statement x = k , where k  0, means that x = k or x = − k .

This property is used to solve equations that involve modulus functions.
So, if you are solving equations of the form ax + b = k , you solve
the equations
ax + b = k and ax + b = −k
If you are solving harder equations of the form ax + b = cx + d , you solve
the equations
ax + b = cx + d and ax + b = − (cx + d ).
When solving these more complicated equations you must always check your
answers to make sure that they satisfy the original equation.

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Sue Pemberton
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Chapter 1: Functions

worked example 5

Solve.
2
a 2x + 1 = 5 b 4x − 3 = x c x − 10 = 6 d x − 3 = 2x

Answers
a 2x + 1 = 5 b 4x − 3 = x
2x + 1 = 5 or 2x + 1 = −5 4x − 3 = x or 4x − 3 = −x
2x = 4 2x = −6 3x = 3 5x = 3
x =2 x = −3 x =1 x = 0.6
CHECK: 2 × 2 + 1 = 5 ✓ and CHECK: 4 × 0.6 − 3 = 0.6 ✓ and
2 × −3 + 1 = 5 ✓ 4 × 1 − 3 = 1✓
Solution is: x = −3 or 2. Solution is: x = 0.6 or 1.

c x 2 − 10 = 6 d x − 3 = 2x
2 2
x − 10 = 6 or x − 10 = −6 x − 3 = 2x or x − 3 = −2x
x = 16 2
x =4 2 x = −3 3x = 3
x = ±4 x = ±2 x =1
2
CHECK: ( −4 ) − 10 = 6 ✓, CHECK: −3 − 3 = 2 × −3 ✗
2 2
( −2 ) − 10 = 6 ✓, ( 2 ) − 10 = 6 ✓ and 1 − 3 = 2 × 1 ✓
2 Solution is: x = 1. 9
and ( 4 ) − 10 = 6 ✓
Solution is: x = −4, −2, 2 or 4.

Exercise 1.4
1 Solve
a 3x − 2 = 10 b 2x + 9 = 5 c 6 − 5x = 2
x −1 2x + 7 7 − 2x
d =6 e =1 f =4
4 3 2
x x + 1 2x
g −5 =1 h + =4 i 2x − 5 = x
4 2 5
2 Solve
2x − 5 3x + 2 x + 12
a =8 b =2 c 1+ =3
x +3 x +1 x +4
d 3x − 5 = x + 2 e x+ x−5 =8 f 9 − 1 − x = 2x

3 Solve
a x2 − 1 = 3 b x 2 + 1 = 10 c 4 − x2 = 2 − x
d x 2 − 5x = x e x2 − 4 = x + 2 f x2 − 3 = x + 3
g 2x 2 + 1 = 3x h 2x 2 − 3x = 4 − x i x 2 − 7x + 6 = 6 − x

4 Solve each of the following pairs of simultaneous equations

a y =x+4 b y =x c y = 3x
y = x 2 − 16 y = 3x − 2x 2 y = 2x 2 − 5

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Sue Pemberton
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Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Additional Mathematics

1.5 Graphs of y = | f(x) | where f(x) is linear

Consider drawing the graph of y = x . y
First draw the graph of y = x. y =x

O x

You then reflect in the x-axis the part of the line y

that is below the x-axis.
y =|x|

O x

10 worked example 6

1
Sketch the graph of y = x − 1 , showing the coordinates of the points where the
graph meets the axes. 2

Answers y
1
First sketch the graph of y = x − 1. y = –12 x – 1
2
1
The line has gradient and a
y-intercept of −1. 2
O 2 x
–1

You then reflect in the x-axis the part

of the line that is below the x-axis. y
y = |–12 x – 1 |
1

O 2 x

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