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Science Grade 9 Notes (Sound)

The document provides comprehensive notes on sound for Grade 9, covering its definition, propagation, characteristics, types of waves, and the human ear's anatomy. It explains key concepts such as frequency, amplitude, and the laws of reflection, along with phenomena like echoes and reverberation. Additionally, it discusses applications of ultrasound and sonar technology in various fields.

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Krishnakant Mishra
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34 views6 pages

Science Grade 9 Notes (Sound)

The document provides comprehensive notes on sound for Grade 9, covering its definition, propagation, characteristics, types of waves, and the human ear's anatomy. It explains key concepts such as frequency, amplitude, and the laws of reflection, along with phenomena like echoes and reverberation. Additionally, it discusses applications of ultrasound and sonar technology in various fields.

Uploaded by

Krishnakant Mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Science Grade 9 Notes (Sound)


1. Sound: Sound is a form of energy which produces a sensation of hearing in
our ears.

2. Source of sound and its propagation: A source of vibration motion


of an object is normally a source of sound.

3. Characteristics of the medium required for the propagation of sound:

(i) Medium must be elastic so that the medium particles have the tendency
to return back to their original positions after the displacement.

(ii) Medium must have the inertia so that its particles have the capacity to
store the energy. The frictional resistance of the medium should be
negligible to minimize the loss of energy in propagation.

4. Types of waves

(i) Mechanical waves: A mechanical wave is a periodic disturbance which


requires a material medium for its propagation. On the basis of motion of
particles the mechanical waves are classified into two parts.

(a) Transverse wave


(b) Longitudinal wave

(a) Transverse wave: When the particles of the medium vibrate in a


direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave, the wave
is known as the transverse wave. For example, waves produced in a
stretched string.

(b) Longitudinal wave: When the particles of the medium vibrate along the
direction of propagation of the wave then the wave is known as the
longitudinal wave. For example sound wave in air.

(ii) Electromagnetic waves: The waves which do not require medium for
propagation are called electromagnetic waves these waves can travel
through vacuum also. For example, light waves, X-rays.

5. Characteristics of a sound wave

(i) Frequency: The number of complete vibrations per second is called


frequency. The unit of frequency is hertz (Hz).

(ii) Amplitude: The maximum displacement of each particle from its mean
position is called amplitude.
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The S.I. unit of amplitude is metre (m).

(iii) Time period: The time taken to complete one vibration is called time
period.

Frequency=1/(Time period) or v= 1/T

(iv) Wavelength: The distance between two nearest (adjacent) crests or


troughs of a wave is called its wavelength.

(v) Velocity of wave: The distance travelled by a wave in one second is


called velocity of the wave (or speed of the wave). The S.I. unit for the velocity
of a wave is metres per second (m/s or ms-1).

(vi) Pitch: Pitch is the sensation (brain interpretation) of the frequency of


an emitted sound and is the characteristic which distinguishes a shrill (or
sharp) sound from a grave (or flat) sound.

(ii) Loudness: It is a measure of the sound energy reaching the ear per
second.

6. Reflection of sound: When sound waves strike a surface, they return


back into the same medium. This phenomenon is called reflection.

7. Laws of reflection: (i)Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.


(ii) The incident wave, the reflected wave and the normal all lie in the same
plane.

8. Echo: Phenomenon of hearing back our own sound is called an echo. It is


due to successive reflection from the surfaces obstacles of large size.

9. Relation between speed of sound, time of hearing echo and distance of


reflecting body: If ‘t’ is the time at which an echo is heard, ‘d’ is the
distance between the source of sound and the reflecting body and ‘v’ is
the speed of sound. The total distance travelled by the sound is 2d.
So, speed of sound,(v) =2d/t or d= vt/2

10. Conditions for the formation of Echoes


(i) The minimum distance between the source of sound and the reflecting
body should be 17.2 metres.
(ii) The wavelength of sound should be less than the height of the reflecting
body.
(iii) The intensity of sound should be sufficient so that it can be heard after
reflection.

11. Reverberation: Persistence of sound after its production is stopped, is


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called reverberation. A short reverberation is desirable in a concert hall


(where music is being played)
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because it gives ‘life’ to sound. Too much reverberation confuses the


programmers and must be reduced to reduce reverberation certains materials
which absorb sound is placed around the hall to prevent unwanted reflection
of sound.

12. Range of Hearing: The audible range of sound for human beings extends
from about 20Hz to 20,000 Hz (one Hz = one cycle/s). Sounds of frequencies
below 20 Hz are called infrasonic sound or infrasound for example sound
produced at the time of earthquake at the earth’s surface, during vibration
of pendulum. Some animals like Rhinoceroses, whale and elephants etc..
Frequencies higher than 20 kHz are called ultrasonic sound or ultrasound.
Ultrasound is produced by dolphins, bats. Dog can hear sound of frequency
upto 50 kHz and bat upto 100 kHz.

13. Applications of ultrasound: The ultrasound is commonly used for


medical diagnosis and therapy, and also as a surgical tool. It is also used
in a wide variety of industrial
applications and processes. Some creatures use ultrasound for information
exchange and for the detection and location of objects. Also some bats and
Porpoises are found to use ultrasound for navigation and to locate food in
darkness or at a place where there is inadequate light for vision (method of
search is called echolocation).

14. Sonar: SONAR means Sound Navigation And Ranging. In this sound
waves (ultrasonic) are used [microwaves are absorbed by water)]. Sound
waves are emitted by a source. These waves travel in water with velocity v.
The waves reflected by targets (like submarine bottom sea) are detected.

Uses

(i) The SONAR system is used for detecting the presence of unseen
underwater objects, such as a submerged submarine, a sunken ship, sea rock
or a hidden iceberg, and locating them accurately.

(ii) The principle of SONAR is also used in industry of detection of flaws in


metal blocks or sheets without damaging them.

15. Human ear: It is a highly sensitive part of the human body which
enables us to hear asound. It converts the pressure variations in air with
audible frequencies into electric signals which travel to the brain via the
auditory nerve.

The human ear has three main parts. Their auditory functions are as follows:

(i) Outer ear: The outer ear is called `pinna’. It collects the sound from the
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surrounding. The collected sound passes through the auditory canal. At the
end of the auditory canal there is a thin membrane called the ear drum or
tympanic membrane. When compression of the medium produced due to
vibration of the object reaches the eardrum, the pressure on the outside of
the membrane increases and forces the eardrum inward. Similarly, the
eardrum moves out ward when a rarefaction reaches. In this way the
eardrum vibrates.

(ii) Middle ear: The vibrations are amplified several times by three bones
(the hammer, anvil and stirrup) in the middle ear which act as levers. The
middle ear transmits the amplified pressure variations received from the
sound wave to the inner ear.
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(iii) Innerear:
Intheinnerear,thepressurevariationsareturnedintoelectricalsignalsbythecochl
ea. These electrical signals are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve, and
the braininterpretsthemas sound.

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