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- Most non-academic writings do not include

Module 1: Language Used in references, citations or a list of sources. Nor are they
extensively well-researched as academic writing.
Academic Texts - often does not have a rigid structure as academic
writing.
- It is often free-flowing and reflects the style and
Academic writing personality of the writer.
- formal and rather impersonal mode of writing
that is intended for a scholarly audience. Examples of non-academic texts are the following:
- It tends to depend heavily on research, factual
1. Email messages
evidence, and opinions of educated researchers and
2. Personal opinions
scholars. Scholarly essays, research papers,
dissertations, etc. are some examples of academic 3. Newspapers
writing. All these types of writings have rigid structure 4. Magazine
and layout, which include an introduction, thesis, an 5. Blog article
overview of topics discussed, and a well-written
conclusion. Point of view of non-academic text
- The main aim of academic writing is to inform the - Subjective and personal – It is based on
audience while providing non-biased information and personal opinions and feelings rather than on
backing up the writer’s claims with solid evidence.
facts that come from reliable sources.
- academic writing heavily contains vocabulary typical
- Asking rhetorical questions – It is self-evident
to a specific field. Citations and a list of references or
sources are other important features in academic and used for style as an impressive persuasive
writing. Moreover, the tone in academic writing should device. It may have an obvious answer, but the
always be objective and formal. questioner asks it to emphasize the point.

Some Tips for Academic Writing What is academic language?

❖ Always use formal language. Avoid using - is the language used in the classroom and
colloquialisms or slang. workplace, the language of text, the language of
❖ Don’t use contractions (shortened verb forms). assessments, the language of academic
❖ Use the third-person point of view and avoid the success, and the language of power.
first-person point of view.
❖ Don’t pose questions; convert the questions into
statements. Features of Academic Language
❖ Avoid exaggerations or hyperbole. Academic language has a unique set of rules: it should
❖ Don’t make sweeping generalizations be explicit, formal and factual as well as objective and
❖ Be clear and concise and avoid repeating analytical in nature. Students often think that academic
language should sound complex and be difficult to write
What is Non-Academic Writing? and understand but that is not necessarily the case.
Instead, academic writing should be clear and concise in
- Is writing that is not intended for an academic
order to communicate its contents in the best way. It is
audience.
important to remember that academic texts are written
- written for a lay audience or the mass public.
with an academic audience in mind and your writing
- may be personal, impressionistic, emotional, or
style needs to conform to the conventions of the field
subjective in nature.
you are studying.
- The language in non-academic writing is
informal or casual. Some types of non-academic
The language used at university has various features that
writing may even contain slang. Newspaper
distinguish it from the language styles used in other contexts.
articles, memoirs, magazine articles, personal or Consider the language used in novels, conversation,
business letters, novels, websites, text newspapers or law courts. Each has its own style, with varying
messages, etc. are some examples of degrees of formality and objectivity. Academic language is:
non-academic writing.
- The content of these writings is often a general topic, ● formal objective
unlike academic writing, which mainly focuses on a ● impersonal
specific field. ● precise
- the main aim of a piece of non-academic writing is to
inform, entertain or persuade the readers.
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These features ensure that ideas and arguments are Using third person:
communicated in a clear, convincing ‘I discovered that…’ becomes ‘Research reveals that…’
and professional manner. ‘We can see that….’ becomes ‘It is evident that…’

Making things rather than people the subject of

Formal
sentences:
‘I show...’ becomes ‘The report shows...’
Formal writing requires considerable effort to construct ‘I interpret the results as...’ becomes ‘The results indicate...
meaningful sentences, paragraphs, and arguments that
make the text easy to comprehend. Choose words
precisely and carefully so that the reader can accurately Module 2: Text Structure
understand the concepts within the text.

The tone used in academic writing is usually formal,

Text Structure
- It is how information in a passage is organized
meaning that it should not sound conversational or
- refers to the internal organization of a text. As
casual. You should particularly avoid colloquial,
authors write a text to communicate an idea,
idiomatic, slang, or journalistic expressions in favor of
they will use a structure that goes along with the
precise vocabulary. Informal and colloquial language is
idea (Meyer,1985).
often imprecise, so is open to misinterpretation, and can
be inaccessible to non-native English speakers.
The six common patterns of organization:
Objective
Academic writing is based on research and not on the writer’s Chronological
own opinion about a given topic. When you write objectively,
- information is organized in order of time.
you are concerned about facts and not influenced by personal
- Chrono = time
feelings or biases. When presenting an argument to the reader,
try to show both - Logic = order
sides if you can and avoid making value judgments. - All stories are told chronologically.
Signal words: shortly, since, second, third, immediately,
At the same time, you will probably have to do an analysis or a etc.
discussion. In order to convey attitude without using for
example “I think”, you may use words such as “apparently,”
“arguably,”“ideally,”“strangely” and “unexpectedly.” Note that
the attitude you are expressing

should not be based on personal preferences but rather on the

evidence that you are presenting.

Impersonal
Academic language is impersonal in that you generally do not Cause and Effect
refer to yourself as the performer of actions. This involves - of an action and its result are explained.
avoiding the personal pronouns ‘I’ and ‘we’. For - Don’t confuse it with chronological.
example, instead of writing ‘I will show’, you might write ‘this
- Won’t have a beginning, middle, and end.
report will show’. The second person, ‘you’, is also to be
avoided.
- Time won’t progress much.
Signal words:
(Causes – because, due to, for this reason, if this, etc.)
Avoiding personal pronouns (Effects – as a result, consequently, hence, resulting,
If you need to avoid using the first or second person, in since, therefore etc.)
your writing, here are some ways of doing it:

Using passive voice:

‘We administered the questionnaire...’ (active voice)
Compare and Contrast
‘The questionnaire was administered...’ (passive voice)
- tells how two things are similar and different.
Signal words:
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(Comparison –also, as well as, both, compared to, in Tips to identify the organization of the text:
comparison, similarly, and etc.) 1. Ask, “what is the author doing in this paragraph?” Put
(Contrast – although, on the contrary, on the other hand, it in your own words.
in spite of, unlike etc.) 2. Have a hunch? Use the graphic organizer to see if the
information fits.
3. Look for signal words.

Module 3: Summarizing
Academic Texts
Summarizing
Problem and Solution - a short retelling of a longer passage, containing
- a problem and answer are suggested. the author’s most important ideas.
- It is presented as a problem - helps improve both your reading and writing
Signal words: answer, challenge, improve, respond, skills.
suggest and etc. - To summarize, you must read a passage closely,
finding the main ideas and supporting ideas.
Then, you must briefly write down those ideas in
a few sentences or a paragraph.
- A paraphrase is simply a rewriting of a passage
in your own words. A summary, on the other
hand, contains only the main idea and the
supporting ideas of a passage.
- to briefly present the key points of a theory or
Sequence / Process Writing work to provide context for your
- information is listed step-by-step and explains argument/thesis.
how to do it or how it happens. - Summarizing is used to support an argument,
Signal words: next, later, last, finally, in the end, at first provide context for a paper’s thesis, and
etc. literature reviews, and annotate a bibliography.
The benefit of summarizing lies in showing the
“big picture,” which allows the reader to
contextualize what you are saying.

Basic Rules
1. Erase things that don’t matter. Delete unimportant details
that are unnecessary for one’s understanding.
2. Only write down important points. If it is not something that
will help you understand or remember, then don’t write it
down.
Spatial / Descriptive Writing 3. Erase things that repeat. Delete redundant material. In
note-taking, time and space are precious.
- describes something in the order of space and
4. Trade, general terms for specific names. Substitute
describes how something looks
superordinate terms for lists (e.g., flowers for daisies,
Signal words: above, adjacent to, away, below, behind, tulips for roses). Focus on the big picture. Long, technical
nearby, toward lists are hard to remember. If one word will give you the
meaning, then less is more.
5. Use your own words to write the summary. Do not just
copy the sentences from the original text. However, do not
inject your opinion in your summary.
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Summarizing Strategies First Then Finally

- the technique helps students summarize events
Somebody Wanted But So Then in chronological order. The three words
- is an excellent summarizing strategy for stories. represent the beginning, main action, and
Each word represents a key question related to conclusion of a story, respectively:
the story's essential elements: - First: What happened first? Include the
- Somebody: Who is the main character? main character and main event/action.
- Wanted: What does the main charter - Then: What key details took place
want? during the event/action?
- But: Identify a problem that the main - Finally: What were the results of the
character encountered. event/action?
- So: How does the main character solve
the problem? Give Me the Gist/ Outlining
- Then: Tell how the story ends. - When someone asks for "the gist" of a story,
they want to know what the story is about. In
SAAC Method other words, they want a summary—not a
retelling of every detail.
- is an acronym for "State, Assign, Action,
- An outline is a map of your essay. It shows what
Complete." Each word in the acronym refers to a
information each section or paragraph will
specific element that should be included in the
contain and in what order.
summary.
- Modern and traditional outlining
- State: the name of the article, book, or
I. Main Idea
story
A. Supporting Details
- Assign: the name of the author
B. Supporting Details
- Action: what the author is doing
II. Main Idea
(example: tells, explains)
A. Supporting Details
- Complete: complete the sentence or
B. Supporting Details
summary with keywords and important
details
- This method is particularly helpful for students who
are learning the format of a summary and need
reminders to include the title and author's name.
Module 4: Thesis Statement
However, SAAC does not include clear guidance Thesis Statement
about what details to include, which some students - Is the claim or stands that you will develop in
might find tricky. If you use SAAC, be reminded of the your paper. It is the controlling idea of your
types of details that belong in a summary before you
essay.
do summarize.
- Tell the reader how you will interpret the
significance.
5 Ws, 1 H
- Present your argument.
- relies on six crucial questions: who, what, when,
where, why, and how. These questions make it
easy to identify the main character, important
Strong Thesis Statement
details, and main idea. - Should offer a debatable enough to let your
- Who is the main character of the story? readers agree or disagree with you.
- What did they do?
- When did the action take place? Guidelines on Writing
- Where did the story happen? 1. Avoid making overly-opinionated stands. Probe
- Why did the main character do what it first and don’t impose your opinions.
she/he did? 2. Avoid making announcements.
- How did the main character do what 3. Avoid stating facts alone.
she/he did?
- Then, use the answers to the Five Ws and One
H to write a summary.
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Parts of Thesis Statement - Only stick with one outline

1. Topic- subject
2. Position- your stand 4. Principle of Coordination
3. Reason- explanation of your position - Big and small ideas
4. Concession- opposing viewpoint - Small ideas fall under big ideas.

How to write a Thesis Statement: Outline Format

MODELS: - Start with thesis statement
1. Basic Thesis Statement: Topic + Position - Body is divided and subdivided
2. Basic Thesis Statement with Concession: Basic a. Detail
Thesis Statement + Concession b. Minor
- Use conjunctions - Outlining an article, you cannot add ideas to the
3. Basic Thesis Statement with Concession + original.
Reason - Copied heading should be enclosed in quotes,
4. Basic Thesis Statement + Reasons otherwise you commit plagiarism.

Kinds of Outline
Module 5: Outline 1. Reading Outline- used main ideas of a text that
is already written.
Outline 2. Writing Outline- guide to organizing your ideas
- Is a summary that gives the essential features of and one phrase/s.
a text.
- Essentially every writing and skeleton Steps in Reading Outline:
- A general plan of material that is presented in a 1. Read and skim
speech. 2. Thesis Statement
3. Key ideas
Types of Outlines: 4. Topic sentence and group related
Topic Outline 5. Arrange the contents according to chronological
- Hierarchical list of a speech’s main point. order, spatial order, and etc.
- Tends to use keywords and short phrases rather 6. Go back to the text and double check it.
completely.
Different Misconduct in Writing
Headings = Roman Numerals 1. Plagiarism- copying one’s work or ideas as your
Sub- Headings = Letters own with or without consent or proper
acknowledgement,
Sentence Outline 2. Fabrication of Data- data without actual
- Also known as Expanded Outline experimentation; making up data
- Expresses central ideas of a speech in a 3. Falsification of Data- tampering data, not
complete sentence. following procedures to see results you want or
- More detailed than topic outlines. manipulating research data.
- Less detailed than first drafts.
Ways to Avoid Misconduct
Basic Principle and Rules
1. Principle of Division 1. Paraphrasing- your personal version of
- Based on division borrowed text.
- Always have 2 or more divisions 2. Summary- a concise representation of an
academic text and making a shortened version
2. Principle of Classification of a long one.
- Similar ideas should go together.
- No overlapping One way to summarize is called ‘’Precis’’ or Abstract.
- A gist (essence) of a passage expressed in as few
3. Principle of Coordination words as possible.
- Ideas of equal rank, value - Should not go beyond ⅓ of the original text.
- The main idea should still be present in the text.
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- Assess or evaluate the merits of a piece of work.

Module 6: Writing a Balanced Critique according to Swales and Feak (2012, p.228)
Review/ Reaction/ Critique Paper Is a french for ‘’critical assessment’’ which can mean a
positive or negative judgment on the work, or a
Critique writing is a product of Critical Thinking and combination of both.
Reading
- Expanded version of a Reaction Paper.
Reaction, Review, Critique - Uses a criteria to evaluate.
- Are specialized forms writing in which an author
reviews a subject. FILM CRITERIA:
- Find good and bad points of the subject. 1. Plot
2. Acting
Subject 3. Cinematography
1. Scholarly works- academic books, research, 4. Musical Score
articles. 5. Special Effects
2. Works of Art- literary text, plays, films, and 6. Editing
7. Script
dance
3. Designs- buildings, fashion design
RESTAURANT CRITERIA:
4. Graphic Design- poster, billboard, commercials
1. Taste and Food Criteria
2. Atmosphere
- It can be written in 250 to 750 words but
3. Service
sometimes, it is only 500 words for students.
4. Price
- Present summaries and opinions but with proof.
5. Cleanliness
- Have similar evaluation

Review Paper
Common Format:
- Objective judgment of something.
1. Introduction
- Good and bad points
2. Body
- Informed judgment
a. Summary- claims
- Made by knowledgeable people
b. evaluation - support
3. Conclusion
Parts of a Review:
Terms:
Hook (Title)
Criticize- to judge or evaluate someone or something.
Critique- product of criticizing
Introduction
Critic- the person who criticizes
- Background information
a. Film
Reaction Paper
- An interesting fact or bit of information
- Personal opinions
that relates to the film’s plot, character,
- Made by everyone
or theme.
- It is not enough to simply praise the strengths or
- A dialogue from the film.
criticize the weaknesses of the text in question.
- A dramatic statement about the overall
More than that, you must be able to justify your
impact of the film.
‘’reaction’’.
b. Restaurant
- It is important to provide reasons why.
- Background information about the
- Support your reasons with theories or statistical
establishment.
datas to prove your reaction.
- Should be only 3-5 sentences long.
Critique Paper
Plot Summary
- Mostly academic
- Film: Synopsis
- Future improvement
- Main Idea/ Thesis Statement
- Focused on analyzing components
- Made by experts
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Body/ Analysis:
- Employ the set of criteria
Module 7: Concept Paper
- Explains the good points first then the negative
side, this is to show that the review is done Concept Paper
objectively. - Contains elucidation of a major concept paper in
the study.
Conclusion/ Evaluation: - The aim is to objectively inform the reader about
- The writer may implicitly or explicitly state the idea or concept.
whether to recommend the film/restaurant. - Embodiment/ Express your ideas on a certain
- A rating may be provided topic.
- General opinion - Examines the ‘’what-ness’’ of the nature of
something.
Purpose of Critique Elucidate
- To gauge usefulness of work. - Explain and expand information
a. Creativity - Clear/ Understandable
b. Message - Short summary of what the project is and why is
c. Impact it important and how it is carried out.
- Understand the work will be critiqued. - Minimum of 5 pages.
a. Study the work under discussion
b. Make notes Purpose of Concept Paper
- To explain; clarify words and understand terms
Approaches to Writing a Critique - To convince
1. Formalism
- Intrinsic properties and treat each work. 3 Ways of Elucidating a Concept Paper:
- Text under discussion is considered
primarily as a structure of words. 1. Definition- logical technique
- The main focus is on the language, Techniques:
rather on implication. a. Formal- term + genu + differentia
2. Feminism b. By synonym
- Rights of women c. Origin
3. Reader and Response Criticism d. Illustration
- Reviewer’s reaction as an audience. e. Analysis
4. Marxist Criticism f. Function
- Economic classes and capitalist. g. Contrast
5. Sociological Criticism
- Society relationships Definition Style:
1. Standard Definitions- rarely changed and are universally
- Beliefs and values
accepted.
6. Structuralism
2. Regulatory Definitions- meanings assigned by organizations
- Human behavior by social, cultural, and and change depending on how it is used.
psychological structures. 3. Personal Definitions- depends on the interpretations or
7. Gender Criticism assigned meaning of the interpretations or assigned meaning
- Both women and men, LGBTQIA+ of the writer himself.
8. Historical 4. Invented Definitions- meanings given to the words that are
- Past events newly coined as already being used by society.

Why do we cite sources? FORMAL STYLE:

- Gives credit to the author Genus et differentia
- Provides you and the reader with more - a concept is defined by first giving the class to which
information about the sources. the term belongs and then proceeding to a discussion of
- It shows the writer’s credibility (a trusted source the characteristics that make the term different from
when providing citations and preferences) other related terms.
- Prevents plagiarism
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INFORMAL STYLE- based on a person’s personal Ex: Surveys, scales, questionnaires, etc.
views. c. Data collection and procedures
- Organize data
Technical Definitions d. Data Analysis scheme to be used
- Uses technical terms or jargons - Analyze the data
Ex: Discord, Statistical, Cluster
Popular Definitions
- Explained in Layman’s terms (simple language 6. Timeline
that can be understood by the average person) a. Duration of the research (Gantt Chart)
and in simple words. - How long you will commit to this
research
2. Explication- an attempt to reveal the meaning by - Gantt Chart is the graphical
calling attention. representation of the activity of time.
- Choose relevant topic and expand
7. Reference
3. Clarification- explanation in which points are a. List of books, journals, and other resources cited
organized. in your paper.
- General to specific
Signal Words: namely, to clarify CONCEPT PAPER FOR A PROJECT
1. Cover Page
PARTS OF CONCEPT PAPER IN RESEARCH WORKS a. Proponent’s name
b. Proponent’s contact number, email address
1. Title Page
c. Proponent’s agency
a. Research title- very interesting and attractive
d. Date of submission
title that will attract attention.
b. Name of School 2. Introduction
c. Date of Submission a. A short description of the proponent’s agency, major
accomplishments and capability to undertake the
2. Background of the Study proposed project.
a. State the field you are researching on b. Reasons why the funding agency should support the
Ex: Humanities, Social Science, Natural project.
Science, Applied Science
3. Rationale or Background
b. State the problem to be addressed by the
a. State the problem to be solved.
research and provide statistics/ previous studies b. State the project's significance.
to prove your claim.
c. Reasons in conducting the research 4. Project Description
d. Theoretical and practical implications a. Objective of the project.
b. Methodology (Action Plan)
3. Preliminary Literature Review c. Timeline
a. Provide theoretical framework d. Anticipated outcome
e. How the outcome will be evaluated
b. Provide atleast 5 major related literature review
c. Provide a brief synthesis of the reviewed
5. Project Needs and Cost
literature and studies. a. Budget, item description, and the amount
b. Personnel or equipment needed.
4. Statement of the Problem/ Objectives
a. State the general problem in one sentence.
b. State specific research questions of objectives.

5. Methodology
a. Context and Participants of the study
- Demographic profile
b. Instruments to be used
- Why did you use this instrument
- Instruments used in research